Bermudian English

Often described as one of the least researched dialects of English, Bermudian English was never creolised and is technically a koiné — a dialect arising from contact between multiple varieties of the same language.Cecilia Cutler, Stephanie Hackert and Chanti Seymour, "Bermuda and Bahamas", in Ulrich Ammon (ed.), Sociolinguistics. An International Handbook. 2nd ed. Vol. 3. Walter de Gruyter, 2006. {{ISBN|3-11-018418-4}}. p. 2066. It has been influenced by British and Irish Englishes, Caribbean Englishes (including early influence from Bahamian English and Turks and Caicos Creole, as well as later influence from Jamaican Patwah), North American Englishes, and Azorean Portuguese.{{Cite web |title=Bermudian English |url=https://www.oed.com/information/understanding-entries/pronunciation/world-englishes/bermudian-english |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007134305/https://www.oed.com/information/understanding-entries/pronunciation/world-englishes/bermudian-english/ |archive-date=2024-10-07 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=Oxford English Dictionary}} While some scholars have argued for its inclusion as a dialect of American English, English writer and historian Rosemary Hall says it should be considered in a category of its own. Hall says, "While it's true that Bermudian English shares a range of words and sounds with British, American, and Caribbean Englishes, it also has many unique features, meaning it's probably most accurate to say that it's a dialect in a category of its own." Scholars have also noted that there are differences between the English used by white Bermudians, which may be closer to North American English; and that used by Black Bermudians, which may be closer to Caribbean English.

The first detailed scholarly study of Bermudian English conducted by Harry Morgan Ayers in 1933, stated this type of speech "would create least remark, if indeed any, between, say, Norfolk, Virginia, and Charleston, South Carolina". Bermuda was settled from England, as an extension of the Colony of Virginia, Charleston and the Carolina Province were settled from Bermuda, and Bermuda retained close links with both into the 19th century. The start of Bermuda's tourism industry in the latter 19th century would see transport connections move to the North East of the United States, from where most of its visitors continue to come.Harry Morgan Ayres, "Bermudian English", American Speech 8:1 (1933), p. 4. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3181810 Available online to JSTOR subscribers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901215717/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3181810 |date=2018-09-01 }}

In certain aspects of vocalization, some Bermudian English dialects are close to some versions of Caribbean English,Cecilia Cutler, "English in the Turks and Caicos Islands: A look at Grand Turk" in Contact Englishes of the Eastern Caribbean, ed. Michael Aceto and Jeffrey P. Williams. John Benjamins: 2003, pp. 51–80. {{ISBN|90-272-4890-7}}. p. 60. and some would bracket all these varieties to the broad region of the "English-speaking West Indies".John Wells, Accents of English 3: Beyond the British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982. {{ISBN|0-521-29719-2}}. p. 561. West Indian workers arrived on the island from the 1900s, primarily working in construction, while Americans arrived due to a US airbase stationed on the island from 1941 to 1995. There is evidence to suggest that the St. David's dialect could actually be a decreolised English variety.{{cite web |title=St. David’s dialect: a decreolised English variety? |publisher=Torossian-Imami, M., Amuzu, E.K. |work=St. David’s dialect |date=2017 |url=http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/items/1eba1345-9d10-4816-8654-fdc7fc85ca30 |access-date=2024-04-13}}

Azorean Portuguese influenced Bermudian English to a lesser degree, as a result of immigration after slavery was made illegal on the island in 1834.

The dialect's most evident characteristic is a variation in letter/sound assignment. The switching of {{IPA|[v]}} and {{IPA|[w]}},[https://books.google.com/books?id=9hM6lBsiHswC&q=%22The+Bermudian+inflection+is+characterized%22 Dependents information on Bermuda], United States. Dept. of the Air Force, 1956, page 3 characteristic of many dialects in Southern England during the 18th and 19th centuries,[http://www.humnet.unipi.it/slifo/articolosantipolo.pdf On the Opposite Sides of the Continuum: Standard British English and Cockney. A Historical Outline of the Parallel Developments of the Two Varieties] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206055350/http://www.humnet.unipi.it/slifo/articolosantipolo.pdf |date=2011-02-06 }}, Matteo Santipolo, Università degli Studi di Padova, Department of Linguistic and Literary Studies and of {{IPA|[d]}} and {{IPA|[dʒ]}} (similarly to the dialects of English speakers of Gaelic heritage), when combined with a front vowel, can both be seen in the title of a humorous glossary, {{lang|en-BM|italic=yes|Bermewjan Vurds}} (Bermudian Words).Peter A. Smith and Fred M. Barritt, [https://pdos.csail.mit.edu/archive/decouto/bvurds.html Bermewjan Vurds - a Dictionary of Conversational Bermudian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526002811/https://pdos.csail.mit.edu/archive/decouto/bvurds.html |date=2024-05-26 }}. Hamilton, Bermuda: Lizard Press, 1988.

Bermuda was administratively part of continental British America until the 1783 independence of the colonies that became the United States of America, and thereafter was part of British North America, within which it was grouped with the Maritimes until 1867, at which point, as an Imperial fortress, it was left out of the formation of the Canadian dominion and remained under the administration of the British Government, which increasingly grouped Bermuda for convenience with the British West Indian colonies (usually termed the West Indies and Bermuda or the Caribbean and Bermuda).{{cite news |author= |title=Caribbean Regiment Trains In U.S. For Active Service |work=Trinidad Guardian |location=Port-of-Spain, Trinidad |date=1944-06-08 |quote=(Secretary of State for War Sir Percy James Grigg, KCB, KCSI, PC) I should like to send to you and to all the officers and men in your battalion my best wishes on your departure for an active theatre of operations.
The army is glad to welcome you and I feel sure that the men from the Caribbean and Bermuda will carry on the fine traditions founded by their fathers in the last war.}}{{cite news |author= |title=Caribbean Regiment Trains In U.S. For Active Service |work=Trinidad Guardian |location=Port-of-Spain, Trinidad |date=1944-06-08 |quote=(Secretary of State for the Colonies (Major (Honorary Colonel, TA) Oliver Stanley, {{post-nominals|country=GBR|MC|PC|MP|size=100}}, Royal Field Artillery)) Now that your battalion has left its home base to take its place overseas with Allied Forces, I should like to send you and all ranks my best wishes for your success. I know how much you and your friends in the Caribbean and Bermuda have wished for this opportunity, and I have no doubt that you will make the very most of it, and that your bearing and discipline, in all circumstances, will fulfil the high expectation of us all. Good luck to all of you.}}

It is unclear whether any similarities between Bermudian English and Newfoundland English date from this period, or pre-date it. The use of {{IPA|[æ]}} and {{IPA|[ɛ]}} is interchangeable and vowels are often elongated. [θ] and [ð] turn into [f] and [v], respectively. Bermudian is also non-rhotic, like British English or the New York accent. There's a simplification of codas like 'best' and 'soft" become {{lang|en-BM|italic=yes|bes}} and {{lang|en-BM|italic=yes|sof}}. Coda [ɫ] is semivocalized to [w].{{cn|date=January 2023}}

{{Infobox language

|name=Bermudian Creole

|nativename=

|states=Bermuda

|agency= not regulated

|speakers=

|familycolor=Creole

|fam1=English creole

|fam2=Atlantic

|fam3=Western

|fam4=Jamaican Patois

|glotto=

|glottorefname=

|lingua=

}}

Bermudian Creole is a creolized form of Bermudian English (similar and related to the English-based creoles: Caymanian English, Turks and Caicos Creole, and San Andrés–Providencia Creole). It is a dialect of Jamaican Patwah, which is also spoken in Bermuda, especially among Bermuda's younger generations.

Bermudian Creole is significantly influenced by Jamaican Patwah and shares many of the same words such as Bredren (Friend), Di (The), Gwine (Going), and Wahm (What's happening).Cassidy, F. G., Le Page, R. B. (2007). Dictionary of Jamaican English. (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 148, 217. https://www.amazon.com/Dictionary-Jamaican-English-Frederic-Cassidy/dp/9766401276Chang, Larry (2014). Biesik Jumiekan: Introduction to Jamaican Language. Washington DC: Chuu Wod (Gnosophia Publishers). pp. 195, 199, 205. https://www.amazon.com/Biesik-Jumiekan-Introduction-Jamaican-Language/dp/0977339181 Which is due to a shared heritage, and the close familial ties that many Bermudians have to Jamaica, such as Premier David Burt (politician),{{cite news|url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/news/20170723/new-bermuda-premier-miracle-baby|title=New Bermuda Premier A 'Miracle Baby'|work=The Gleaner|date=23 July 2017|access-date=17 December 2017}} Wayne Caines (MP),{{cite news|url=https://www.royalgazette.com/other/lifestyle/article/20140428/caines-twins-combine-to-tell-their-story/|title=Caines twins combine to tell their story|work=The Royal Gazette|date=2 April 2014|access-date=25 July 2024}} and former Premier Ewart Brown.{{cite news|url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/news/20230529/former-bermuda-premier-praises-formative-years-jamaica-book-launch|title=Former Bermuda premier praises formative years in Jamaica at book launch|work=The Gleaner|date=29 May 2023|access-date=23 July 2024}} Similarly Bermuda has also produced a number of internationally renowned Dancehall and Reggae artists such as Mishka (musician), and Collie Buddz, who are both native Creole speakers.

{{cite web | url=https://wiwords.com/dictionary/bermuda/all | title=The caribbean dictionary (Bermuda) }}{{cite web | url=http://www.bermemes2017.com/vurds?start=15 | title=Bermemes - Learn Bermudian words and phrases }}{{cite web | url=https://pdos.csail.mit.edu/~decouto/bvurds.html#a | title=Bermewjan Vurds }}{{cite web | url=http://www.jamaicanpatwah.com | title=Jamaican Patwah Dictionary - Learn Patwah }}

(Shared words: Bermudian / Jamaican) *

• Turks and Caicos Creole
• Cayman Islands English
• Jamaican Patois
• San Andrés–Providencia Creole

• {{cite book

| last = Cassidy

| first = Frederic G.

| title = Jamaica Talk: Three Hundred Years of the English Language in Jamaica

| location = Kingston

| publisher = University Press of the West Indies

| isbn = 978-9-7664017-0-2

}}

• {{cite book

| last = Cassidy, F. G.

| first = Le Page, R. B.

| date = 2009

| title = Dictionary of Jamaican English (Second ed.)

| location = Cambridge

| publisher = Cambridge University Press

| isbn = 978-0-5211184-0-8

}}

• {{cite book

| last = Chang

| first = Larry

| date = 2014

| title = Biesik Jumiekan: Introduction to Jamaican Language

| url = https://www.amazon.com/Biesik-Jumiekan-Introduction-Jamaican-Language-ebook/dp/B00MHE14WU

| location = Washington DC

| publisher = Gnosophia Publishers (Chuu Wod imprint)

| isbn = 978-0-9773391-8-1

}}

• {{cite book

| last = Eberle

| first = Nicole

| date = 2021

| title = Bermudian English: A sociohistorical and linguistic profile

| location = Amsterdam

| publisher = John Benjamins Publishing Company

| isbn = 978-9-0272085-4-5

}}

{{Reflist}}

• [https://www.oed.com/discover/introducing-bermudian-english/ OED Introducing Bermudian English]

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