Bernard Knox

{{Short description|British-American classical scholar (1914–2010)}}

{{Infobox writer

| name = Bernard Knox

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| birth_date = {{Birth date|1914|11|24|df=yes}}

| birth_place = Bradford, West Yorkshire, England

| death_date = {{Death date and age|2010|07|22|1914|11|24|df=yes}}

| death_place = Bethesda, Maryland, United States

| occupation = Professor, author

| language = English

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| genre = Classics

| education = {{nowrap|St John's College, Cambridge (BA)}}
Harvard University (MA)
Yale University (PhD)

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| notableworks = The Norton Book of Classical Literature (1993); The Oldest Dead White European Males and Other Reflections on the Classics (1993); Introductions to The Iliad (1991), The Odyssey (1997), and The Aeneid (2006)

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| awards = Jefferson Lecture (1992)

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Bernard MacGregor Walker Knox (November 24, 1914 – July 22, 2010Wolfgang Saxon, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/17/books/17knox.html "Bernard Knox, 95, Classics Scholar, Dies"], The New York Times, August 16, 2010.) was an English classicist, author, and critic who became an American citizen. He was the first director of the Center for Hellenic Studies.[http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5388?menuId=5 History of the Center for Hellenic Studies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211005711/https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5388?menuId=5 |date=2018-12-11 }} at CHS website (retrieved May 26, 2009).[http://www.nybooks.com/authors/229 Bernard Knox author listing] at New York Review of Books website (retrieved May 25, 2009). In 1992 the National Endowment for the Humanities selected Knox for the Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for achievement in the humanities.Nadine Drozan, [https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/09/nyregion/chronicle-620292.html "Chronicle"], The New York Times, March 9, 1992.

Biography

Knox was born in 1914 in the City of Bradford, Yorkshire, England. He was educated at Battersea Grammar School, and received his B.A. in classics from St John's College, Cambridge.Clay, Diskin, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/102937 "Knox, Bernard MacGregor Walker (1914–2010)"], Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2024. {{subscription}} In 1936, he joined and was wounded in combat with the International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War, which he joined alongside John Cornford, Tom Wintringham, John Sommerfield and Jan Kurzke.The Good Comrade, Memoirs of Kate Mangan and Jan Kurzke, International Institute of Social History (IISH), Amsterdam. He served in the United States Army during World War II.{{cite news|first=Bernard|last= Knox|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-jul-15-bk-22387-story.html |title=Premature Anti-Fascist|date=July 15, 2001|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=May 22, 2020}}Hugh Lloyd-Jones, [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n11_v45/ai_13923234/ "The Oldest Dead White European Males-book reviews"], National Review, June 7, 1993. In 1939 he married an American, Betty Baur, a novelist who wrote under the pen name Bianca van Orden;G.W. Bowersock, [http://www.tnr.com/article/books-and-arts/77450/the-warrior-humanist-bernard-knox?page=0,0 "The Warrior-Humanist: Bernard M.W. Knox (1914–2010).] The New Republic, September 4, 2010. she died in 2006. His son, Macgregor Knox, is a prominent historian of 20th century Europe.

Bored with his first Army assignment with an anti-aircraft battery in England, Knox volunteered for work with the Office of Strategic Services as he spoke French and some German. The OSS assigned him to the Jedburgh program, and he parachuted into Brittany on July 7, 1944 with team GILES. His team evaded German capture while working with the area resistance, arranging clandestine air parachute drops of weapons, and, when the regulars arrived, did liaison work between the US forces and the French resistance in order to sweep the German Army out of Brittany. In the spring of 1945, he deployed to Italy with an OSS team to work with the Italian Partisans scouting for Allied forces. It was here, during a firefight, where he was pinned down in a monastery filled with books that he resolved to take up his studies in the classics should he survive the war.Benjamin F. Jones, [http://www.wlajournal.com/15_1-2/jones%20323-333.pdf "Looking for Bernard Knox: Warrior, Ancient and Modern"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718073350/http://www.wlajournal.com/15_1-2/jones%20323-333.pdf |date=July 18, 2011 }} in War, Literature & the Arts 15:323 (2003). He did so and received an M.A. from Harvard, and a PhD from Yale.[http://www.arts.cornell.edu/english/awards/nathan/previous.html#1977 1976-77: Bernard Knox biography at Previous Winners of the George Jean Nathan Award for Dramatic Criticism], Cornell University website. In the army, he achieved the rank of captain.

Knox taught at Yale until 1961, when he was appointed the first director of Harvard's Center for Hellenic Studies in Washington, D.C. After fulfilling a previous commitment to spend a year as Sather Lecturer at the University of California, Berkeley, Knox served as director of the Center from 1962 until his retirement in 1985. He continued to write prolifically.

Knox is known for his efforts to make classics more accessible to the public.[https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/02/arts/5-arts-awards-announced.html?partner=rssnyt&emc=rss "5 Arts Awards Announced"], The New York Times, September 2, 1990. In 1959 his translations of Oedipus Rex were used to produce a series of television films for Encyclopædia Britannica and the Massachusetts Council for the Humanities, featuring the cast of the Canadian Stratford Shakespeare Festival.[http://www.afana.org/barnesfilmog.htm Barnes Filmography] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302090349/http://www.afana.org/barnesfilmog.htm |date=2009-03-02 }} at Academic Film Archive website (retrieved May 26, 2009). He taught the poet Robert Fagles at Yale, and became Fagles's lifelong friendChris Hedges, [https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/13/nyregion/public-lives-a-bridge-between-the-classics-and-the-masses.html "Public Lives: A Bridge Between the Classics and the Masses"], The New York Times, April 13, 2004. This article quotes Fagles, then age 70, speaking of his relationship with Knox: "'He is very much the professor, and I am still the student,' he said with a smile. 'It is not his fault. I stand in awe of him. I cherish our friendship.'" and the author of the introductions and notes for Fagles's translations of Sophocles's three Theban plays, Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, and Virgil's Aeneid.Charles McGrath,[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/29/books/29fagles.html "Robert Fagles, Translator of the Classics, Dies at 74"], The New York Times, March 29, 2008. Reviewing the Fagles Iliad in The New York Times, classicist Oliver Taplin described Knox's 60-page introduction as "His Master's Voice, taking the best of contemporary scholarship and giving it special point and vividness, as only Mr. Knox can."Oliver Taplin, [https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/11/15/nnp/fagles-iliad.html "Bringing Him Back Alive"], The New York Times, November 15, 1998. His combat experiences in World War II subtly inform these introductions.

Knox was the editor of The Norton Book of Classical LiteratureChristopher Lehmann-Haupt, [https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/29/books/books-of-the-times-putting-in-a-word-for-homer-herodotus-plato-etc.html "Books of The Times; Putting In a Word for Homer, Herodotus, Plato, Etc."], The New York Times, April 29, 1993. and also wrote extensively for The New York Review of Books. Knox received the 1977 George Jean Nathan Award for Dramatic Criticism for one of his New York Review pieces, a review of Andrei Şerban's controversial Lincoln Center production of Agamemnon;Bernard Knox, [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1977/jul/14/chez-atreus/ "Chez Atreus"], New York Review of Books, July 14, 1977. the award committee described Knox's work as "a brilliant review of a major theatrical event" in which Knox "recognized that the director was attempting to solve the central problem of this play by finding a new way to express long passages of lyric language that have lost their immediacy for modern audiences." In 1990 he received the first PEN/Diamonstein-Spielvogel Award for the Art of the Essay for his book Essays Ancient and Modern.David Streitfield, [https://archive.today/20130131161107/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/72574248.html?dids=72574248:72574248&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Mar+11,+1990&author=David+Streitfeld&pub=The+Washington+Post+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Book+Report&pqatl=google "Book Report"], The Washington Post, March 11, 1990.

Knox is also known for his role in the controversy over similarities between Stephen Spender's World Within World and David Leavitt's While England Sleeps: it was Knox, reviewing Leavitt's book for The Washington Post, who first pointed out its similarities to Spender's older memoir (which Knox had reviewed in 1951).{{cite news |last=Knox |first=Bernard |date=1993-09-12 |title=War Within and Without |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=2020-05-13 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1993/09/12/war-withing-and-without/1ee3a8dc-c519-4237-90d0-5ac0c8ffa6b8/}}John Sutherland, Stephen Spender: a literary life (Oxford University Press US, 2005), {{ISBN|978-0-19-517816-6}}, p.547, [https://books.google.com/books?id=z1EK8OW0UMEC excerpt] available at Google Books. This ultimately led to Spender suing Leavitt and forcing the withdrawal and revision of Leavitt's book.James Atlas, [https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/20/weekinreview/ideas-trends-who-owns-a-life-asks-a-poet-when-his-is-turned-into-fiction.html "Ideas & Trends; Who Owns a Life? Asks a Poet, When His Is Turned Into Fiction"], The New York Times, February 20, 1994.Stephen Spender, [https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/04/26/specials/leavitt-spender.html "My Life Is Mine: It Is Not David Leavitt's"], The New York Times, September 4, 1994.

The National Endowment for the Humanities awarded Knox the Charles Frankel Prize in 1990,[http://www.neh.gov/whoweare/CharlesFrankelPrize.htm Charles Frankel Prize] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512041758/http://www.neh.gov/whoweare/CharlesFrankelPrize.htm |date=May 12, 2009 }} at NEH website (retrieved May 25, 2009). and in 1992 it selected Knox for the Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for achievement in the humanities.[http://www.neh.gov/whoweare/jefflect.html Jefferson Lecturers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020121101/http://www.neh.gov///whoweare/jefflect.html |date=2011-10-20 }} at NEH Website (retrieved May 25, 2009). Knox's lecture, which he gave the intentionally "provocative" title "The Oldest Dead White European Males",Nadine Drozan, [https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/06/style/chronicle-879492.html "Chronicle"], The New York Times, May 6, 1992. became the basis for Knox's book of the same name, in which Knox defended the continuing relevance of classical Greek culture to modern society.

He died of heart failure on July 22, 2010.http://chs.harvard.edu/ He was buried with honors at Arlington National Cemetery.{{cite web |title=Arlington National Cemetery Explorer |url=https://ancexplorer.army.mil/publicwmv/#/arlington-national/search/ |website=Arlington National Cemetery |accessdate=21 June 2020}}

Awards and honors

1945: Two Bronze Stars and the Croix de Guerre{{cite magazine |title=Bernard Knox's Jedburgh Operation |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/77431/bernard-knox-jedburgh-operation-world-war-two |magazine=The New Republic |date=4 September 2010 |publisher=The New Republic |accessdate=2 September 2020|last1=Knox |first1=Bernard }}
1956: Guggenheim Fellowship{{cite web |title=Bernard M. Knox |url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/bernard-m-knox/ |website=www.gf.org |publisher=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation |accessdate=2 September 2020}}
1977: George Jean Nathan Award for Dramatic Criticism, "for his review of Andrei Serban’s production of Agamemnon at Lincoln Center, published in the New York Review of Books"{{cite web |title=George Jean Nathan Award for Dramatic Criticism |url=https://english.cornell.edu/george-jean-nathan-award-dramatic-criticism#previous-winners |website=english.cornell.edu |publisher=Cornell University Department of English |accessdate=4 September 2020}}
1977: Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences{{cite web |title=Bernard MacGregor Walker Knox |url=https://www.amacad.org/person/bernard-macgregor-walker-knox |website=www.amacad.org |publisher=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |accessdate=2 September 2020}}
1985: Elected to the American Philosophical Society{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Bernard+Knox&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}
1990: Charles Frankel Prize, from the National Endowment for the Humanities
1990: PEN/Diamonstein-Spielvogel Award for the Art of the Essay, for Essays Ancient and Modern{{cite web |title=PEN/Diamonstein-Spielvogel Award Winners |url=https://pen.org/pendiamonstein-spielvogel-award-winners/ |website=pen.org |publisher=PEN America |accessdate=2 September 2020 |date=April 28, 2016}}
1992: Selected for the Jefferson Lecture by the National Endowment for the Humanities
2004: The Thomas Jefferson Medal, awarded by the American Philosophical Society{{cite web |title=Thomas Jefferson Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences |url=https://www.amphilsoc.org/prizes/thomas-jefferson-medal-distinguished-achievement-arts-humanities-and-social-sciences |website=amphilsoc.org |publisher=American Philosophical Society |accessdate=7 September 2020}}

Publications

Books:

Bernard Knox, Cleanth Brooks, Maynard Mack, Tragic Themes in Western Literature: Seven Essays by Bernard Knox and Others (Yale University Press, 1955), {{ISBN|978-0-300-00328-4}}.
Bernard Knox, Oedipus at Thebes (Yale University Press, 1957), reissued as Oedipus at Thebes: Sophocles' Tragic Hero and His Time (Yale University Press, 1998), {{ISBN|978-0-585-37637-0}}.
Bernard Knox, The heroic temper: studies in Sophoclean tragedy (University of California Press, 1964), {{ISBN|978-0-520-04957-4}}.
Bernard Knox, Word and Action: Essays on the Ancient Theater (1979) (reprint, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), {{ISBN|978-0-8018-3409-7}}
Bernard Knox, Essays Ancient and Modern (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989), {{ISBN|978-0-8018-3789-0}}.
Bernard Knox, editor, The Norton Book of Classical Literature (Norton, 1993), {{ISBN|978-0-393-03426-4}}.
Bernard Knox, The Oldest Dead White European Males and Other Reflections on the Classics (1993) (reprint, W. W. Norton & Company, 1994), {{ISBN|978-0-393-31233-1}}.
Bernard Knox, Backing Into the Future: The Classical Tradition and Its Renewal (W.W. Norton, 1994), {{ISBN|978-0-393-03595-7}}.

Articles and Book Chapters:

[http://dmr.bsu.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/BSUPrvstLec&CISOPTR=829&REC=7 The Continuity of Greek Culture, Perspectives on Culture and Society, Volume 1 (1988), pages 149-164]
Premature Anti-Fascist, The Antioch Review, Volume 57, Number 2, Essays, Personal & Political, Spring 1999, pp. 133–149.

Selected introductions

Sophocles, tr. Robert Fagles, notes by Bernard Knox, The three Theban plays (Viking Press, 1982), {{ISBN|978-0-670-69805-9}}.
Homer, tr. Robert Fagles, intro. Bernard Knox, The Iliad (Penguin Classics, 1991), {{ISBN|978-0-14-044592-3}}.
Homer, tr. Robert Fagles, intro. Bernard Knox, The Odyssey (Penguin Classics, 1997), {{ISBN|978-0-14-026886-7}}.
Virgil, tr. Robert Fagles, intro. Bernard Knox, The Aeneid (Viking, 2006), {{ISBN|978-0-670-03803-9}}.
Moses I. Finley, intro. Bernard Knox, The World of Odysseus (New York Review of Books, 2002), {{ISBN|978-1-59017-017-5}}.