Bernhard Neumann

{{Short description|German-born British mathematician (1909–2002)}}

{{Infobox scientist

| name = Bernhard Neumann

| image = Bernhard Neumann.jpg

| image_size = 200px

| caption =

| birth_date = {{Birth date|1909|10|15|df=y}}

| birth_place = Berlin, Germany

| death_date = {{Death date and age|2002|10|20|1909|10|15|df=y}}

| death_place = Canberra, Australia

| nationality = British and Australian

| fields = Mathematics

| workplaces = Australian National University
University of Manchester

| alma_mater = University of Berlin
University of Cambridge

| thesis_title =

| thesis_url =

| thesis_year =

| doctoral_advisor = Issai Schur
Philip Hall

| doctoral_students = Gilbert Baumslag
John Britton
James Wiegold

| known_for = Petr–Douglas–Neumann theorem
Hahn–Mal'cev–Neumann series
HNN extension
Outer billiard
Absolute presentation of a group

| awards = Adams Prize (1952)

}}

Bernhard Hermann Neumann {{post-nominals|country=AUS|sep=,|size=100%|AC|FRS}}{{Cite journal | last1 = Praeger | first1 = C. E. | author-link = Cheryl Praeger| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.2010.0002 | title = Bernhard Hermann Neumann AC. 15 October 1909 -- 21 October 2002 | journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society | volume = 56 | pages = 285–316 | year = 2010 | doi-access = }} (15 October 1909 – 21 October 2002) was a German-born British-Australian mathematician, who was a leader in the study of group theory.{{MacTutor Biography|id=Neumann_Bernhard}}{{MathGenealogy|id=17973}}

Early life and education

After gaining a D.Phil. from Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität in Berlin in 1932 he earned a Ph.D. at the University of Cambridge in 1935 and a Doctor of Science at the University of Manchester in 1954. His doctoral students included Gilbert Baumslag, László Kovács, Michael Newman, and James Wiegold. After war service with the British Army, he became a lecturer at University College, Hull, before moving in 1948 to the University of Manchester, where he spent the next 14 years. In 1954 he received a DSc from the University of Cambridge.

In 1962 he migrated to Australia to take up the Foundation Chair of the Department of Mathematics within the Institute of Advanced Studies of the Australian National University (ANU), where he served as head of the department until retiring in 1975.{{cite web|url=https://archivescollection.anu.edu.au/index.php/department-of-mathematics-research-school-of-physical-sciences|title=ANU Department of Mathematics, Research School of Physical Sciences|work=Australian National University|date=n.d.|access-date=3 September 2022}} In addition he was a senior research fellow at the CSIRO Division of Mathematics and Statistics from 1975 to 1977 and then honorary research fellow from 1978 until his death in 2002.

His wife, Hanna Neumann, and sons, Peter M. Neumann and Walter Neumann, are also notable for their contributions to group theory.

He was an invited speaker of the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1936 at Oslo{{cite book|author=Neumann, B. H.|chapter=Identical relations in groups|title=In: Comptes Rendus du Congrès International des Mathématiciens, Oslo, 1936|volume=2|pages=18–19|chapter-url=http://www.mathunion.org/ICM/ICM1936.2/Main/icm1936.2.0018.0019.ocr.pdf}} and in 1970 at Nice. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1959. In 1994, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC).[https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/881423 It's an Honour: AC]

The Australian Mathematical Society awards a student prize named in his honour.{{Cite web | url=https://austms.org.au/awards-grants/awards/the-bernhard-neumann-prize/ | title=Aust MS : The Bernhard Neumann Prize}} The group-theoretic notion of HNN (Higman-Neumann-Neumann) extension bears the names of Bernard and his wife Hanna, from their joint paper with Graham Higman (who later supervised the PhD of their son Peter).

Career

Assistant lecturer, University College, Cardiff, 1937–40.
Army Service, 1940–45.
Lecturer, University College, Hull, (now University of Hull), 1946–48
Lecturer, senior lecturer, reader, Manchester, 1948–61
Professor and head of Department of Mathematics, Institute of Advanced Studies, ANU, Canberra, 1962–74; Emeritus Professor, 1975–2002.
Senior research fellow, CSIRO Division of Mathematics and Statistics, 1975–77; honorary research fellow, 1978–99.
Founding member of the World Cultural Council, 1981.{{cite web | title = About Us | publisher = World Cultural Council | url = http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/about-us/ | access-date = November 8, 2016}}