Beryl oil field
{{Infobox oil field|name=Beryl oil field|coordinates={{coord|59|32|47|N|01|32|14|E|region:GB_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}|location_map=North Sea|relief=yes|country=United Kingdom|region=North Sea|locblock=9/13|offonshore=Offshore|operator=Mobil (to 2012), Apache (from 2012)|owner=see text|discovery=1972|startofproduction=1976 (Beryl A), 1984 (Beryl B)|producingformations=Sandstones}}
The Beryl oil field is a major crude oil production field in the UK sector of the northern North Sea, 335 km north east of Aberdeen. Production of oil started in 1976 and the field is still producing oil and gas (2021).
The field
The Beryl oil field is located in Block 9/13a of the UK North Sea. It is named after Beryl Solomon wife of Charles Solomon the President of Mobil Europe at the time of the field’s discovery.{{Cite book|last=Department of Trade and Industry|title=The Energy Report|publisher=HMSO|year=1994|isbn=0115153802|location=London|pages=32 and map 7}} The Beryl field was discovered in May 1972 and is a Triassic and Jurassic sandstone at an average depth of 11,000 feet (3,353 m).{{Cite book|last=Oilfield Publications Limited|title=The North Sea Platform Guide|publisher=Oilfield Publications Limited|year=1985|location=Ledbury|pages=51-68}} The reservoir and the fluids have the following characteristics: {{Cite journal|last=Knutson|first=C.A. and J.C. Munro|date=1991|title=The Beryl Field, Block 9/13, UK North Sea|url=https://mem.lyellcollection.org/content/14/1/33|journal=Geological Society London, Memoirs|volume=14|pages=33-42}}
| class="wikitable"
|+Beryl reservoirs !Reservoir !Porosity % !Permeability md !Water saturation % !Net/Gross ratio % |
| Bruce
|14 |100 |10 |68 |
| Upper Beryl
|17 |300 |8 |90 |
| Middle Beryl
|15 |100 |12 |42 |
| Lower Beryl
|15 |100 |12 |80 |
| Lewis
|15 |20 |30 |50 |
| class="wikitable"
|+Beryl reservoir fluids !Parameter !Value |
| API gravity
|36.5°API |
| Gas Oil Ratio
|1,300 standard cubic feet/barrel |
| Sulfur content
|0.3 % |
| Recoverable reserves Beryl A
|500 million barrels |
| Recoverable reserves Beryl B
|300 million barrels |
| Recoverable gas
|1.6 trillion cubic feet |
= Owners and operators =
The Beryl field was originally licensed to partners comprising Mobil North Sea Ltd (50%), Amerada Hess (UK) Ltd (20%), Texas Eastern North Sea Inc. (20%), and Enterprise Oil Ltd. (10%). Mobil was the Beryl field operator. In January 2012 the Apache Corporation acquired all the assets of Mobil North Sea and from then was the operator of the Beryl field with a 50% interest. The other owners are Hess Limited (22.22%), Enterprise Oil (22.78%) and OMV (UK) Ltd (5%).{{Cite web|title=Beryl Field|url=https://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/beryl-field/|url-status=live|access-date=16 October 2021|website=Offshore Technology|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507114955/http://www.offshore-technology.com:80/projects/beryl-field/ |archive-date=2010-05-07 }}
Development
The field was initially developed in 1975 by a single integrated drilling, production and accommodation platform Beryl Alpha (or Beryl A) located in the south of the field. Beryl A has oil storage compartments in the gravity base structure. Oil is exported from Beryl A through a pair of SPM (single point mooring) buoys located 2.0 km from Beryl A. Beryl Bravo (Beryl B) was installed in 1983 and located 8 km north of Beryl A to exploit the northern part of the oil field. Oil is exported from Beryl B to Beryl A through a 20-inch pipeline.
As a ‘stranded asset’ with limited infrastructure gas was injected into the reservoir and the surplus was flared. From 1992 gas was exported via the 203 miles (327 km) 30-inch SAGE (Scottish Area Gas Evacuation) pipeline to St. Fergus. In 1990 a riser tower was added to Beryl A to accommodate risers and gas compression equipment to export gas into SAGE.{{Cite web|date=2016|title=Charting 40 Years Of Production From The Beryl Field|url=https://issuu.com/aynsleysmith/docs/beryl_40_-_final-hi_45ea489191cd56|url-status=live|access-date=16 October 2021|website=issuu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017044456/https://issuu.com/aynsleysmith/docs/beryl_40_-_final-hi_45ea489191cd56 |archive-date=2021-10-17 }} The principal data of the Beryl field platforms is given in the following table.
| class="wikitable"
|+Beryl field platforms !Installation !Beryl A !Beryl B !Beryl Riser Access Tower (RAT) |
| Coordinates
|59°32’47”N 01°32’14”E |59.610342N 1.512742E |59.545178N 1.535725E |
| Water depth, metres
|117 |120 |117 |
| Fabrication substructure
|Norwegian Contractors Stavanger |RGC Methil | |
| Fabrication topsides
|Aker Arendal |Bechtel Middlesbrough & Cherbourg | |
| Topside weight, tonnes
|28,000 |34,300 | |
| Function
|Drilling, production, storage, accommodation |Drilling, production, accommodation |Risers, compression |
| Accommodation
|290 |200 |– |
| Type
|Condeep |Steel jacket |Steel jacket |
| Legs
|3 |8 |4 |
| Substructure
|19 concrete fuel cells |32 skirt piles | |
| Well slots
|40 |21 |Nil |
| Throughput oil, bpd
|300,000 (including B) |100,000 |– |
| Throughput gas, MMSCFD
|150 |137 |– |
| Oil storage capacity, barrels
|900,000 |Nil |Nil |
| Gas injection, million m3/day
|4.0 |3.7 |– |
| Water injection
|100,000 bwd |Nil |Nil |
| Installed
|July 1975 |May 1983 |1990 |
| Production start
|June 1976 |July 1984 |1990 |
| Oil production to
|SPM buoys |Beryl A |Beryl A |
| Gas production to
|Flare, RAT |SAGE |SAGE |
The Beryl partners had sanctioned the construction of Beryl B on the understanding that uplift on allowances against Petroleum Revenue Tax would be available for the expenditure. But the UK Government intended to restrict the uplift. Mobil, on behalf of the Beryl partners, argued that if it had been known that uplift was to be withdrawn the investment in Beryl B would not have been made.{{Cite book|last=Kemp|first=Alex|title=The official history of North Sea oil and gas|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|isbn=9781138019034|location=Abingdon|pages=522}}
Export of oil from the field was by SPM buoys, the design details of the buoys was as follows.
| class="wikitable"
|+Beryl SPM loading buoys | |SPM A (SPM1) |SPM B (SPM2) |
| Coordinates
|59.554322 1.562667 |59.534403 1.559217 |
| Type
|Articulated lattice tower |Articulated cylindrical tower |
| Water depth, metres
|119 |120 |
| Supply from
|32-inch pipeline from Beryl A |32-inch pipeline from Beryl A |
| Capacity, barrels/h
|40,000 |40,000 |
| Loading hose
|16-inch |16-inch |
| Height, metres
|149 |166 |
| Weight, tonnes
|1,200 |2,415 |
| Fabrication
|CFEM |ACMP, Marseille |
| Installation
|September 1975 |September 1982 |
In 1985 SPM1 broke free from its moorings and was damaged beyond repair. A replacement, SPM3, was installed in 1987.
An emergency flare is bridge-linked to Beryl A. This comprises a 600 feet (183 m) horizontal steel bridge. The bridge is supported by a 410 feet (125 m) high steel tower with a concrete gravity base.
Production
Beryl A was planned to have 30 production wells and 10 gas or water injection wells.
The processing plant on Beryl A had a nominal capacity of 300,000 barrels of oil per day. There are two parallel process trains each capable of processing 150,000 bbl/day. Oil from the wellheads flows to one of the two High Pressure Separators operating at 150 psi where gas flashes off. Oil then passes to the Low Pressure Separator operating at 3 psi for further gas removal. From here oil flows to the storage tanks prior to export via the SPM buoys. Off-gas from the LP separators is compressed to 150 psi in a centrifugal compressor capable of compressing 12 MMSCFD. The compressed gas is mixed with off-gas from the HP Separator the combined flow of 150 MMSCFD is compressed in 2 stages to 5,200 psi and is injected into the reservoir. Gas injection started in November 1977.
Deoxygenated seawater was injected into the reservoir at up to 100,000 barrels per day, this commenced in January 1979.
Beryl B was planned to have 14 production wells, 5 water injection and 2 gas injection wells.
Processing plant comprised a single 3-phase Separator and an electric motor driven gas compressor.
Redevelopment
Further fields in the Beryl area were developed through Beryl A and B.{{Cite web|last=A Barrel Full|date=2015|title=Beryl Oil Field|url=http://abarrelfull.wikidot.com/beryl-oil-field|url-status=live|access-date=16 October 2021|website=a barrel full|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520153822/http://abarrelfull.wikidot.com:80/beryl-oil-field |archive-date=2012-05-20 }}
From 1979 oil was produced from three subsea satellite wells. These were connected to Beryl A by 6-inch flowlines.
| class="wikitable"
|+Beryl subsea wells |Well |9/13a-6A |9/13a-15 |9/13a-20B |
| Distance
|3.35 km |7.01 km |4.57 km |
| Installation
|November 1978 |January 1979 |September 1979 |
| First production
|End 1979 |End 1979 |End 1979 |
Further developments included production from small oil and gas fields in the Beryl area. Information on these fields is summarized in the table. {{Cite web|date=2017|title=OSPAR Inventory of Offshore Installations - 2017|url=https://odims.ospar.org/en/search/?datastream=offshore_installations|url-status=live|access-date=16 October 2021|website=ospar.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017044457/https://odims.ospar.org/en/search/?datastream=offshore_installations |archive-date=2021-10-17 }} Nevis, Ness and Linnhe are named after Scottish lochs.
| class="wikitable"
|+Beryl area satellite fields |Field |Nevis South |Nevis North, Central, West |Ness |Buckland |Skene |Linnhe |
| Block
|9/13 |9/13 |9/13b |9/18 |9/19 |9/13 |
| Discovery
| | |1986 |1999 |2001 |1988 |
| Recoverable reserves, million tonnes
| | |5.4 | | | |
| Oil gravity, °API
| | |37 | |– | |
| Water depth, metres
|108 | |113 |120 |118 |123 |
| Production start
|1996, now ceased | |1988 |1999 |2001 |1989, ceased 1991 |
| Production rate
| | |1.0 million tonnes/year |30,000 bbl/d |180 MMSCFD | |
| Production to
|Beryl A |Beryl B |Beryl B |Beryl A |Beryl A |Beryl B |