Betsy Head Park

{{Infobox park

|name=Betsy Head Park

|image=Betsy Head Play Center, Hopkinson and Livonia Ave., Brooklyn, New York. LOC gsc.5a03418.jpg

|image_size=300px

|image_alt=

|image_caption=Exterior of the Betsy Head Play Center

|map=

|map_width=

|type=

|location=Brownsville, Brooklyn, New York

|coordinates={{Coord|40|39|48|N|73|54|45|W|type:landmark_region:US-NY|display=inline,title}}

|area={{convert|10.55|acre}}

|created=1915

|operator=New York City Department of Parks and Recreation

|visitation_num=

|status=open

|designation=

|open=6 a.m. to 1 a.m.

| embedded = {{Infobox historic site

| embed = yes

| designation1 = NYCL

| designation1_date = September 16, 2008{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2008|ps=.|p=1}}

| designation1_number = 2246

| designation1_free1name = Designated entity

| designation1_free1value = Bathhouse facade and pool

}}

Betsy Head Park is a {{Convert|10.55|acre||adj=on|abbr=}} public park in the Brownsville neighborhood of Brooklyn in New York City. The park occupies two non-contiguous plots diagonally across from each other at the intersection of Dumont Avenue and Thomas S. Boyland Street, covering a collective {{convert|10.55|acre}}. The modern-day park contains a playground, a swimming complex, and fields for baseball, football, tennis, and basketball. The park's swimming complex, the Betsy Head Play Center, was designed by Ely Jacques Kahn and consists of a bathhouse, a general swimming pool, and an infilled diving pool. The park is operated by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, also known as NYC Parks.

The construction of the park was funded by Betsy Head, a rich Briton who died in 1907. Plans for Betsy Head Park were completed in 1914 by Henry Beaumont Herts, and the park opened on September 30, 1915, with a bathhouse and a pool complex. The current Art Moderne style pool was built by Aymar Embury II and John Matthews Hatton during a Works Progress Administration project in 1935–1936. The bathhouse was not originally set to be renovated, unlike at other city parks with large pools, but it was rebuilt following a 1937 fire. The park's facilities were renovated from 1979 to 1983 and again in the late 2010s. The Betsy Head Play Center was designated as a landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 2008.

Recreation fields

Betsy Head Park is in two non-contiguous plots of unequal size, diagonally across the intersection of Dumont Avenue and Thomas S. Boyland Street.{{cite web|url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/betsy-head-memorial-playground/history|title=Betsy Head Park|publisher=New York City Department of Parks and Recreation|access-date=October 3, 2016|archive-date=October 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005105434/https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/betsy-head-memorial-playground/history|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1914/05/17/archives/new-brownsville-playground-planned-as-most-elaborate-in-city.html|title=New Brownsville Playground Planned as Most Elaborate in City; Construction Will Start Soon on $200,000 Recreation Centre to Include Many Notable Features.|date=May 17, 1914|work=The New York Times|access-date=October 14, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014012942/https://www.nytimes.com/1914/05/17/archives/new-brownsville-playground-planned-as-most-elaborate-in-city.html|url-status=live}} The park's recreational facilities include three baseball fields, two football fields, eight tennis courts, and six basketball courts. The football fields and four of the basketball courts overlap with the baseball fields and cannot be utilized when the baseball field is in use.{{Cite web|url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/permits/field-and-court/issued/B008|title=Field and Court Usage Report for Betsy Head Park : NYC Parks|website=www.nycgovparks.org|access-date=October 14, 2019|archive-date=October 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014012942/https://www.nycgovparks.org/permits/field-and-court/issued/B008|url-status=live}}

The larger plot, at the southwestern corner of Dumont Avenue and Thomas S. Boyland Street, measures {{Convert|8.262|acre|m2|abbr=}}{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2008|ps=.|p=15}} and is bounded by Thomas S. Boyland Street to the east, Dumont Avenue to the north, Livonia Avenue to the south, and Strauss Street to the west. The plot measures {{Convert|500|ft||abbr=}} along the western and eastern boundaries and {{Convert|720|ft|m|abbr=}} on the northern and southern boundaries. It occupies three typical city blocks. Before 2021, the western two-thirds of the larger plot contained two baseball fields, an overlapping football field, and eight handball courts and one basketball court on the southern border of the plot. In 2021, four of the handball courts were replaced with a full basketball court, and two handball courts were built in another part of the plot.{{cite web|date=2021-03-17|title=The New Betsy Head Park Is a Pandemic-Friendly Retreat for Brooklynites|url=https://www.metropolismag.com/architecture/landscape/betsy-head-park-brooklyn/|access-date=2021-04-27|website=Metropolis|archive-date=April 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430000711/https://www.metropolismag.com/architecture/landscape/betsy-head-park-brooklyn/|url-status=live}} A four-lane running track and a synthetic turf field were also added during the 2021 renovation, within what was previously the baseball and football field.{{cite web|last=Richling|first=Billy|date=2021-02-05|title=After $30-Million Renovation, Betsy Head Park in Brownsville Re-Opens to the Public|url=https://bklyner.com/after-30-million-renovation-betsy-head-park-in-brownsville-re-opens-to-public/|access-date=2021-04-27|website=Bklyner|archive-date=September 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914042921/https://bklyner.com/after-30-million-renovation-betsy-head-park-in-brownsville-re-opens-to-public/|url-status=live}}{{cite web|date=2021-03-03|title=Brooklyn's Betsy Head Park emerges from $30 million revamp with rich plantings and a parkour course|url=https://www.archpaper.com/2021/03/brooklyn-betsy-head-park-emerges-from-30-million-revamp/|access-date=2021-04-27|website=The Architect’s Newspaper|archive-date=March 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304011032/https://www.archpaper.com/2021/03/brooklyn-betsy-head-park-emerges-from-30-million-revamp/|url-status=live}}

A smaller plot exists at the northeastern corner of Dumont Avenue and Thomas S. Boyland Street. This plot, measuring {{Convert|2.293|acre||abbr=}}, is bounded by Blake Avenue to the north, Bristol Street to the east, Dumont Avenue to the south, and Thomas S. Boyland Street to the west. The plot measures {{Convert|500|ft||abbr=}} along the western and eastern boundaries and {{Convert|200|ft|m|abbr=}} on the northern and southern boundaries. It occupies one typical city block. Before 2021, this section of the park contained another baseball field with overlapping football field and four overlapping basketball courts; one non-overlapping basketball court; and four tennis courts. One early feature in the smaller plot was a farmhouse and rest station with a "model kitchen", which in turn was adjacent to a small urban farm with 500 plots for schoolchildren to tend. During the 2021 renovation, a skate park, parkour course, and event area was added.

Betsy Head Play Center

= Original facilities =

The original facilities were modeled after Armour Square Park in Chicago.{{cite news|title=Brownsville Leads Way for Playgrounds|last=Stevenson|first=Frederick Boyd|date=August 10, 1913|work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle|pages=[https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/37177582/ 19], [https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/37177501/ 20]|via=newspapers.com {{open access}}}} The western two-thirds of Betsy Head Park's larger southwestern section was originally designed with a 15,000-to-20,000-capacity stadium containing a running track. A two-story field house, measuring {{Convert|25|by|100|ft|abbr=}}, was just east of the stadium. The field house contained restroom facilities on the ground floor, and 25 club-rooms and 25 lockers on the second floor, as well as space for special events. Gymnasiums for men and women were to the north and south of the field house, each with numerous indoor recreation facilities for basketball, handball, tennis, and other sports.

The eastern third of the park's southwestern section contained a swimming pool and bathhouse. The original swimming pool was described as being {{Convert|150|by|60|ft|abbr=}} with the long edge being parallel to the eastern boundary of the park's larger plot. The original bath building was composed of two portions, one wing each to the north and south, just east of the swimming pool. The bathhouse could accommodate 400 people per hour or 4,000 per day, and a boiler room and towel room was in the basement.

= Current modernist design =

{{quotebox

|align=right

|width=30%

|quote=The structure had to be adaptable to a multiplicity of uses: hence the locker rooms can become basketball courts in winter; the roof is a stadium for viewing water pageants held in the pool. [...] Above all, the building is intended for enjoyable use.

|author=Ely Jacques Kahn

|source=Architectural Record, September 1941

}}

The replacement bathhouse was designed in the Art Moderne style, similar to the Astoria Play Center, in Astoria, Queens. The building was upheld by the architect Ely Jacques Kahn as being "above all...intended for enjoyable use",{{harvnb|ps=.|Kahn|1941|p=84}} while parks commissioner Robert Moses called its plans "better than that adopted in any of the existing pools". On the other hand, Embury, known to be a traditionalist in his designs, criticized the style. He once said of modernist architects: "They leave off all ornamentation because, they say, the ornaments do not aid the structure to do its job." Architectural historian Robert A. M. Stern said the Betsy Head Play Center was "perhaps the most inventive and most

overtly Modernist structure" of the WPA bathhouses erected by the New York City government.{{cite NY1930|page=717}}

Unlike its counterparts around the city, the Betsy Head Play Center never contained a wading pool. It included a main swimming pool, as well as a diving pool that was later filled in.{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2008|ps=.|p=14}}

== Bathhouse ==

The bathhouse is in Betsy Head Park's southwestern section, with its main entrance along Thomas S. Boyland Street to the east. The eastern facade consists mostly of glass-bricked walls set into a bonded brick wall, which correspond to the walls of the locker rooms inside. Stone coping is at the bottom and top of the facade, and a metal railing is above the stone coping at the top, serving as the handrail for the rooftop deck.{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2008|ps=.|p=12}} The facade was built with materials that could not be easily stolen.{{harvnb|ps=.|Kahn|1941|p=85}} The central section of the facade contains the building's main entrance, which is flanked by a curving glass brick wall on either side, and is accessed by a flight of four steps and a wheelchair ramp on the northern side of the steps. The western facade, adjacent to the pool, is similar to the eastern facade, but has two steps up from the pool area to the lobby. The curving glass wall on the northern side of the western facade was replaced for the installation of an elevator, and a wheelchair ramp extends along the southern half of the western facade.

File:Betsy Head Play Center, Hopkinson and Livonia Ave., Brooklyn, New York. LOC gsc.5a03434.jpg

The lobby is in the central section of the bathhouse, separating the men's and women's locker rooms to the north and south, respectively. There are no walls or doorways to the west or east, allowing the facade to be lit naturally. Rather, roll-down metal gates are across the western and eastern entrances. The lobby contains a bluestone-tiled floor, while the white-plaster ceiling contains stepped concentric squares, with the innermost squares being slightly higher.{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2008|ps=.|p=13}} A circular brick column rises through the center of the lobby.{{harvnb|ps=.|Kahn|1941|p=86}} A ticket booth was in the lobby, but is no longer operational, as the pool and bathhouse are free to use. There are plaster-and-marble walls separating the lobby from each locker room and various smaller rooms such as the office area to the south and the first-aid room to the north. Above the doorways to each room are Art Deco-style letters indicating the room's purpose, such as the words "MEN" and "WOMEN" above the respective genders' locker rooms. There are metal double-doors leading to each of the locker room areas.

The locker rooms contained several hundred lockers each and are outfitted with concrete floors and brick-with-terracotta walls. The locker rooms are designed with waterproof stepped ceilings similar to the lobby, and as a result, the acoustic quality of the locker rooms is weak. During winters, each locker room could be converted to gym facilities for each gender. The identical shower rooms, at the opposite end of the locker rooms, also contain entrances from the pool area to the west. The pool entrances are recessed into the building, and are flanked by curved walls with cinder blocks that are designed similarly to the original glass blocks. The letters "MEN" and "WOMEN" are also above these entrances.

Above the building is a rooftop observation deck, accessed by stairs to the south and north of the bathhouse. The deck was shaded by a canopy supported by eight metal-clad parabolic arches, and there were concrete bleachers underneath the canopy. The roof is closed to the public.

== Pool ==

File:Betsy Head Play Center, Hopkinson and Livonia Ave., Brooklyn, New York. LOC gsc.5a03435.jpg

The pool area is west of the bathhouse, taking up much of the block between Livonia Avenue to the south and Dumont Avenue to the north. The main pool is rectangular, measuring {{Convert|330|by|165|ft|abbr=}} with the longer axis running north–south, and has a depth of {{convert|4.25|ft}}.{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/67847266/|title=Taking the plunge|first=Lisa|last=Rein|date=1999-06-30|work=New York Daily News|access-date=2021-01-17|page=164|via=newspapers.com {{open access}}|archive-date=May 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509134450/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/67847266/taking-the-plunge/|url-status=live}} A cement deck surrounds the pool and is encircled by a chain link fence. Two small islands are in the center of the pool and contain triangular-capped filtration systems. Until the pool was renovated in the early 1980s, these islands contained fountains.

The diving pool was south of the main pool. After it was infilled in 2005–2006, the space has contained a volleyball court. A storage area used by NYC Parks is on the east side of the pool area.

Concrete bleachers, along with a filter house, were on the southern side of the pool area adjacent to the volleyball court. The concrete bleachers were built with the original bathhouse in 1917 and were surrounded by a wall made of Flemish bond brickwork. The space underneath the bleachers contained five circular windows facing toward Livonia Avenue to the south. The bleacher was replaced with a new entrance in 2021. A two-story brick filter house is to the west and contains a metal doorway and short flight of steps that leads to Livonia Avenue. The former bleachers and filter house area are surrounded by a chain link fence.

History

= Early history =

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Brownsville was a densely populated Jewish neighborhood.{{harvnb|Gutman|2008|ps=.|p=546}} An estimated 25,000 people lived in Brownsville by 1900, many of whom lived in severely overcrowded tenements.{{harvnb|ps=.|Thomas|Pritchett|Moss|Vater|2002|p=13}} The neighborhood had little open space, and a local group, the Hebrew Educational Society, recommended the establishment of a public park within Brownsville. Furthermore, Brooklyn in general had very few playgrounds: by the time Betsy Head Park was approved in 1913, there were only eight playgrounds in Brooklyn.

Betsy Head, a rich Briton, died in 1907.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1907/06/15/archives/mrs-betsy-head-dead-g-c-taylors-wealthy-housljeeper-had.html|title=Mrs. Betsy Head Dead|date=June 15, 1907|work=The New York Times|access-date=October 14, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014021744/https://www.nytimes.com/1907/06/15/archives/mrs-betsy-head-dead-g-c-taylors-wealthy-housljeeper-had.html|url-status=live}} Head's $365,000 estate ({{Inflation|index=US|value=365000|start_year=1907|r=-3|fmt=eq}}) was divided almost equally between facilities for New York City parks and various city charities; Head's daughter received only $5 ({{Inflation|index=US|value=5|start_year=1907|r=0|fmt=eq}}), as she disliked that her daughter had married a foreman.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1907/07/14/archives/daughter-gets-5-of-365000-estate-mrs-betsy-head-housekeeper-for.html|title=Daughter Gets $5 of $365,000 Estate; Mrs. Betsy Head, Housekeeper for John G. Taylor, Resented Her Marrying a Foreman|date=July 14, 1907|work=The New York Times|access-date=October 14, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014012942/https://www.nytimes.com/1907/07/14/archives/daughter-gets-5-of-365000-estate-mrs-betsy-head-housekeeper-for.html|url-status=live}} As part of Head's will, $190,000 ({{Inflation|index=US|value=190000|start_year=1907|r=-3|fmt=eq}}) was allocated to New York City park facilities. The sum allocated to Betsy Head Park in Brooklyn was originally allocated for a park of the same name at Corlears Hook in the Lower East Side.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1908/12/03/archives/slot-machines-may-go-public-service-commission-to-determine-if-they.html|title=Slot Machines May Go; Public Service Commission to Determine If They Are Subway Obstructions Betsy Head Cash for a Playground.|date=December 3, 1908|work=The New York Times|access-date=October 14, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014171643/https://www.nytimes.com/1908/12/03/archives/slot-machines-may-go-public-service-commission-to-determine-if-they.html|url-status=live}} The money was never used for this purpose, so in early 1913 some Brownsville residents asked the New York City Comptroller, William A. Prendergast, for the use of the funds for their own park. This caused controversy, as the land under the proposed park would be funded by a tax paid by landowners in the surrounding community, some of whom opposed paying said tax.{{cite news|url=https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/37177330/|title=Playground Stirs Near Riot in Board|date=June 26, 1913|work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle|access-date=October 14, 2019|page=3|via=Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com {{open access}}|archive-date=May 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511171729/https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/37177330/playground-stirs-near-riot-in-board/|url-status=live}} In July 1913, the city approved the acquisition of the parkland.{{cite news|url=https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/37178155/|title=Brownsville Gets Big Playground|date=July 31, 1913|work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle|access-date=October 14, 2019|page=2|via=Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com {{open access}}|archive-date=May 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511171732/https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/37178155/brownsville-gets-big-playground/|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/37178085/|title=Brownsville Playground|date=July 31, 1913|work=Brooklyn Times-Union|access-date=October 14, 2019|page=8|via=newspapers.com {{open access}}|archive-date=May 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510125652/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/37178085/brownsville-playground/|url-status=live}} The land under the Betsy Head Playground was purchased for $240,000 ({{Inflation|index=US|value=240000|start_year=1913|r=-3|fmt=eq}}) and paid-for by Brownsville landowners living within {{Convert|1|mi||abbr=}} of the site. The playground's facilities were funded by the estate of Betsy Head.

Plans for Betsy Head Park were completed in May 1914 by Henry Beaumont Herts, who proposed to include numerous facilities in each section of the park. The larger section would be composed of wading and swimming pools, a bathhouse, a running track, and tennis courts. The smaller section would comprise an administration building, a rest pavilion, a playground, and a garden for schoolchildren. This would help make Betsy Head Park into "one of the finest in the world". Betsy Head Park opened on September 30, 1915.{{cite news|url=https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/37177124/|title=Betsy Head's Gift Put to Public Use|date=September 30, 1915|work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle|access-date=October 14, 2019|page=18|via=Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com {{open access}}|archive-date=May 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511171729/https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/37177124/betsy-heads-gift-put-to-public-use/|url-status=live}} The park contained a stadium with a running track, and a two-story field house with capacity for 4,000 people per day. As the only play area in the neighborhood, it was "overcrowded" upon opening.{{harvnb|ps=.|Thomas|Pritchett|Moss|Vater|2002|p=16}} In the 1915 Panama–Pacific International Exposition, Betsy Head Park's design received first prize in the New York City Parks portion of the competition.

= Works Progress Administration renovation =

File:Betsy Head Play Center, Hopkinson and Livonia Ave., Brooklyn, New York. LOC gsc.5a03429.jpg

In 1934, mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia nominated Robert Moses to become commissioner of a unified New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. At the time, the United States was experiencing the Great Depression; immediately after La Guardia won the 1933 election, Moses began to write "a plan for putting 80,000 men to work on 1,700 relief projects".{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2008|ps=.|pp=4–5}}{{harvnb|ps=.|Rodgers|1952|p=82}} By the time he was in office, several hundred such projects were underway across the city.{{harvnb|ps=.|Rodgers|1952|p=84}}

Moses was especially interested in creating new pools and other bathing facilities, such as those in Jacob Riis Park, Jones Beach, and Orchard Beach.{{Cite Power Broker|page=456}} He devised a list of 23 pools around the city, including one at Betsy Head Park.{{Cite news|date=July 23, 1934|title=23 Bathing Pools Planned by Moses; Nine to Be Begun in a Month to Meet Shortage of Facilities Caused by Pollution|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1934/07/23/archives/23-bathing-pools-planned-by-moses-nine-to-be-begun-in-a-month-to.html|access-date=August 9, 2019|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=August 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809035319/https://www.nytimes.com/1934/07/23/archives/23-bathing-pools-planned-by-moses-nine-to-be-begun-in-a-month-to.html|url-status=live}}{{Cite press release|title=Public Swimming Facilities in New York City.|date=1934-07-23|publisher=New York City Department of Parks and Recreation|access-date=2021-01-06|page=3 (PDF p. 30)|url=http://nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/41861934_press_releases_part1.pdf|archive-date=January 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108104839/http://nyc.gov/html/records/pdf/govpub/41861934_press_releases_part1.pdf|url-status=live}} The pools would be built using funds from the Works Progress Administration (WPA), a federal agency created as part of the New Deal to combat the Depression's negative effects.{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35042789/|title=City to Construct 9 Pools To Provide Safe Swimming|date=July 23, 1934|work=New York Daily News|access-date=August 18, 2019|page=8|via=newspapers.com {{open access}}|archive-date=May 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509134446/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35042789/city-to-construct-9-pools-to-provide/|url-status=live}} Eleven of these pools were to be designed concurrently and open in 1936. Moses, along with architects Aymar Embury II and Gilmore David Clarke, created a common design for these proposed aquatic centers. Each location was to have distinct pools for diving, swimming, and wading; bleachers and viewing areas; and bathhouses with locker rooms that could be used as gymnasiums. The pools were to have several common features, such as a minimum {{Convert|55|yd|m|abbr=|adj=on}} length, underwater lighting, heating, filtration, and low-cost construction materials. To fit the requirement for cheap materials, each building would be built using elements of the Streamline Moderne and Classical architectural styles. The buildings would also be near "comfort stations", additional playgrounds, and spruced-up landscapes.{{cite web | title=History of Parks' Swimming Pools | publisher=New York City Department of Parks and Recreation | url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/pools | access-date=2021-01-15 | archive-date=January 17, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117002610/https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/pools | url-status=live }}{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2008|ps=.|p=7}}{{Cite news|last=Shattuck|first=Kathryn|date=2006-08-14|title=Big Chill of '36: Show Celebrates Giant Depression-Era Pools That Cool New York|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=limited|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/14/arts/design/big-chill-of-36-show-celebrates-giant-depressionera-pools-that.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-01-08|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110031731/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/14/arts/design/big-chill-of-36-show-celebrates-giant-depressionera-pools-that.html}}

Construction for some of the 11 pools began in October 1934.{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=October 4, 1934|title=Park Work Is Begun on 2 Bathing Pools; Construction Under Way at High Bridge and Hamilton Fish -- 7 Others to Be Started Soon|language=en-US|page=48|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1934/10/04/93645601.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=January 13, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=May 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509134446/http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1934/10/04/93645601.html?pdf_redirect=true&site=false}} Even though there was already a pool at Betsy Head Park, Moses described its existing pool facilities as "an antiquated tank" that contained no filtration facilities; he proposed to refurbish it entirely as part of the WPA initiative.{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2008|ps=.|p=2}} The existing field house largely remained intact, except for some modifications to make way for an enlarged pool. The field house's lockers were replaced by baskets, and its interior was expanded so that 4,660 bathers per day could use the facilities, rather than 4,000.{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2008|ps=.|p=8}} By mid-1936, ten of the eleven WPA-funded pools were completed and were being opened at a rate of one per week. Except for the Betsy Head Pool, each opening featured elaborate performances attended by La Guardia. Betsy Head Park's pool was the ninth to open citywide.{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2008|ps=.|pp=18}}{{harvnb|Gutman|2008|ps=.|p=555}}{{efn|The pools opened in the following chronological order: Hamilton Fish Park, Thomas Jefferson Park, Astoria Park, Tompkinsville Pool, Highbridge Park, Sunset Park, Crotona Park, McCarren Park, Betsy Head Park, Colonial Park, and Red Hook Park.}} On August 7, 1936, Betsy Head Park's pool area opened without any ceremony or the mayor in attendance; over eight hundred children spread the news of the opening by word of mouth. The opening was arranged at the last minute, and the diving and wading pools were not yet complete.{{cite news|url=https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/37178724/|title=Hey! Skinny, the Pool's Open|date=August 7, 1936|work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle|access-date=October 14, 2019|page=3|via=Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com {{open access}}|archive-date=May 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511171730/https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/37178724/hey-skinny-the-pools-open/|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1936/08/08/archives/city-pool-is-opened-without-ceremonies-project-in-brownsville-just.html|title=City Pool Is Opened Without Ceremonies; Project in Brownsville Just Lets Children Come and 800 of Them Respond.|date=August 8, 1936|work=The New York Times|access-date=October 14, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014170135/https://www.nytimes.com/1936/08/08/archives/city-pool-is-opened-without-ceremonies-project-in-brownsville-just.html|url-status=live}}{{harvnb|Gutman|2008|ps=.|pp=546–547}}

In September 1936, work started on converting the main pool to winter use, with workers temporarily draining the pool and adding basketball, handball, shuffleboard, tennis, and volleyball facilities. The original bathhouse was destroyed by fire on August 17, 1937,{{cite news|url=https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/37179202/|title=Kids Watch With Gloom as Fire Ruins Betsy Head Park Quarters|date=August 17, 1937|work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle|access-date=October 14, 2019|page=1|via=Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com {{open access}}|archive-date=May 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511171731/https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/37179202/kids-watch-with-gloom-as-fire-ruins/|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1937/08/18/archives/fire-in-park-building.html|title=Fire in Park Building|date=August 18, 1937|work=The New York Times|access-date=October 14, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014170131/https://www.nytimes.com/1937/08/18/archives/fire-in-park-building.html|url-status=live}}{{harvnb|Gutman|2008|ps=.|p=547}} and the pool was closed for the rest of the season.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1937/09/27/archives/city-parks-show-gain-in-public-use-rise-in-revenue-also-noted-in.html|title=City Parks Show Gain in Public Use; Rise in Revenue Also Noted in Reports on 368 Tennis Courts, 10 Golf Courses, 2 Beaches|date=September 27, 1937|work=The New York Times|access-date=October 14, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014170131/https://www.nytimes.com/1937/09/27/archives/city-parks-show-gain-in-public-use-rise-in-revenue-also-noted-in.html|url-status=live}} Park commissioner Moses's letter to La Guardia, addressed three days later, advocated for the total replacement of the bathhouse. The pool area was reopened for the 1938 season,{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1938/05/29/archives/12-outdoor-pools-are-opened-by-city-facilities-free-to-children-at.html|title=12 Outdoor Pools Are Opened by City; Facilities Free to Children at Certain Hours--season to End on Labor Day the City Opens Its Swimming Pools to the Youngsters|date=May 29, 1938|work=The New York Times|access-date=October 14, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014170134/https://www.nytimes.com/1938/05/29/archives/12-outdoor-pools-are-opened-by-city-facilities-free-to-children-at.html|url-status=live}} with a temporary one-story structure that housed the showers. The current one-story bathhouse was opened on May 27, 1939. By 1941, the other athletic facilities in the larger southwestern portion of the park were nearly complete.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1941/06/24/archives/park-is-nearing-completion.html|title=Park Is Nearing Completion|date=June 24, 1941|work=The New York Times|access-date=October 14, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014173252/https://www.nytimes.com/1941/06/24/archives/park-is-nearing-completion.html|url-status=live}}

A new indoor playground in Betsy Head Park, to serve as a community recreation center during the winter, was announced in May 1948 and was supposed to begin the next year.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1948/05/18/archives/city-to-construct-indoor-play-area-first-project-of-its-kind-here.html|title=City to Construct Indoor Play Area; First Project of Its Kind Here Planned for Brownsville Next Year, Moses Announces New Playground Opened Heckscher Foundation's Gift to Union Settlement House Praised by Commissioner|date=May 18, 1948|work=The New York Times|access-date=October 14, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014173251/https://www.nytimes.com/1948/05/18/archives/city-to-construct-indoor-play-area-first-project-of-its-kind-here.html|url-status=live}} However, by mid-1949 construction still had not started.{{cite news|url=https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/37180089/|title=City Envisages Recreation Centers to Replace 'Social' Clubs|date=June 26, 1949|work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle|access-date=October 14, 2019|page=1|via=Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com {{open access}}|archive-date=May 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511171733/https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/37180089/city-envisages-recreation-centers-to/|url-status=live}} A running track was opened at Betsy Head Park in 1952, one of eighteen opened citywide.{{Cite news|date=1952-04-07|title=City to Open 18 Running Tracks|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1952/04/07/archives/city-to-open-18-running-tracks.html|access-date=2021-01-04|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=May 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511171722/https://www.nytimes.com/1952/04/07/archives/city-to-open-18-running-tracks.html|url-status=live}} The rest of the indoor Betsy Head Recreation Center was removed from the NYC Parks budget, and the money was instead allocated to the Brownsville Boys Club, which the city acquired in 1954.{{Cite news|date=1954-09-20|title=Moses Promises More Play Units; Says 6 Year-round Buildings and 37 Outdoor Areas Will Be Started in 1955|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1954/09/20/archives/moses-promises-more-play-units-says-6-yearround-buildings-and-37.html|access-date=2021-01-04|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=April 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421132516/https://www.nytimes.com/1954/09/20/archives/moses-promises-more-play-units-says-6-yearround-buildings-and-37.html|url-status=live}} In the mid-20th century, Brownsville became a mostly African American neighborhood,{{harvnb|ps=.|Thomas|Pritchett|Moss|Vater|2002|p=84}} and Betsy Head Park's patrons came to include boxer Riddick Bowe, who lived in Brownsville.{{Cite news|last=Anderson|first=Dave|date=November 15, 1992|title=Sports of The Times; A Different Brownsville Champion|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=limited|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/15/sports/sports-of-the-times-a-different-brownsville-champion.html|access-date=October 14, 2019|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014220437/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/15/sports/sports-of-the-times-a-different-brownsville-champion.html|url-status=live}} Despite segregation being present at comparable facilities at the time, African American and white children and adults used the facilities without any conflict.{{harvnb|Gutman|2008|ps=.|pp=548, 551}}

= Decline and renovations =

File:Betsy Head Play Center. LOC gsc.5a30640.jpg

Over the years, multiple children and young adults have drowned at Betsy Head Pool. For instance, a 7-year-old boy drowned in 1947,{{Cite news|date=July 4, 1947|title=Boy, 7, Drowns in Pool|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1947/07/04/archives/boy-7-drowns-in-pool.html|access-date=October 14, 2019|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014174909/https://www.nytimes.com/1947/07/04/archives/boy-7-drowns-in-pool.html|url-status=live}} and a 4-year-old boy also drowned in 1988.{{Cite news|date=July 11, 1988|title=Boy, 4, Drowns in Crowded Pool|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=limited|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/11/nyregion/boy-4-drowns-in-crowded-pool.html|access-date=October 14, 2019|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014174903/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/11/nyregion/boy-4-drowns-in-crowded-pool.html|url-status=live}} A third child, a 4-year-old girl drowned in the pool in 1995, despite the presence of ten lifeguards.{{Cite news|last=Nossiter|first=Adam|date=August 24, 1995|title=Child Dies in Brooklyn Pool Amid 10 Lifeguards|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=limited|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/24/nyregion/child-dies-in-brooklyn-pool-amid-10-lifeguards.html|access-date=October 14, 2019|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014174904/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/24/nyregion/child-dies-in-brooklyn-pool-amid-10-lifeguards.html|url-status=live}} The drowning of the 4-year-old girl resulted in greater scrutiny, especially due to the lack of lifeguards around the pool,{{Cite news|last=Kennedy|first=Randy|date=August 25, 1995|title=More Lifeguards Were Urged at Pool Where Girl, 5, Drowned|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=limited|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/25/nyregion/more-lifeguards-were-urged-at-pool-where-girl-5-drowned.html|access-date=October 14, 2019|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014174903/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/25/nyregion/more-lifeguards-were-urged-at-pool-where-girl-5-drowned.html|url-status=live}} and resulted in the implementation of more stringent rules the following season, wherein kids under a certain height had to be accompanied by guardians.{{Cite news|last=Herszenhorn|first=David M.|date=July 4, 1996|title=For Pint-Size Swimmers, New Rules Are a Stretch|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=limited|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/04/nyregion/for-pint-size-swimmers-new-rules-are-a-stretch.html|access-date=October 14, 2019|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014174905/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/04/nyregion/for-pint-size-swimmers-new-rules-are-a-stretch.html|url-status=live}} In 1999, an 18-year-old woman also drowned in the pool.{{Cite news|last=Jacobs|first=Andrew|date=July 8, 1999|title=Woman, 18, Drowns in a City Pool in Brooklyn|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=limited|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/08/nyregion/woman-18-drowns-in-a-city-pool-in-brooklyn.html|access-date=October 14, 2019|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014174901/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/08/nyregion/woman-18-drowns-in-a-city-pool-in-brooklyn.html|url-status=live}}

By the 1970s, Betsy Head Park and other city parks were in poor condition following the 1975 New York City fiscal crisis, and were widely seen as being unsafe. NYC Parks commenced a project to restore the pools in several parks in 1977, including at Betsy Head Park. In 1979, the agency set aside an estimated $5.2 million for the restoration of Betsy Head Park.{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2008|ps=.|p=10}} The renovation of Betsy Head Park was approved in January 1981,{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/37181154/|title=Park work approved|date=January 19, 1981|work=New York Daily News|access-date=October 14, 2019|page=232|via=newspapers.com {{open access}}|archive-date=May 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511171726/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/37181154/park-work-approved/|url-status=live}} despite a shortage of employees in general across the NYC Parks system.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/15/nyregion/parks-department-to-start-hiring-for-first-time-since-fiscal-crisis.html|title=Parks Department to Start Hiring for First Time Since Fiscal Crisis|last=Carmody|first=Deirdre|date=March 15, 1981|work=The New York Times|access-date=August 9, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=August 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809191156/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/15/nyregion/parks-department-to-start-hiring-for-first-time-since-fiscal-crisis.html|url-status=live}} The diving and swimming pools were rebuilt, the bathhouse was retrofitted with handicapped-accessible locker rooms, and the other recreational facilities in Betsy Head Park were rebuilt. The reconstructed park reopened on June 28, 1983.{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/37181070/|title=Renovated pool is open|last=Seaton|first=Charles|date=June 29, 1983|work=New York Daily News|access-date=October 14, 2019|page=89|via=newspapers.com {{open access}}|archive-date=May 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511171730/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/37181070/renovated-pool-is-open/|url-status=live}}

NYC Parks continued to face financial shortfalls in the coming years, and the pools retained a reputation for high crime.{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2008|ps=.|p=11}} For the summer of 1991, mayor David Dinkins had planned to close all 32 outdoor pools in the city, a decision that was only reversed after a $2 million donation from a trust created upon the death of real estate developer Sol Goldman{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/16/nyregion/donation-will-keep-32-public-pools-open.html|title=Donation Will Keep 32 Public Pools Open|date=May 16, 1991|work=The New York Times|access-date=August 9, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=August 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809191146/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/16/nyregion/donation-will-keep-32-public-pools-open.html|url-status=live}} and $1.8 million from other sources. To prevent nighttime trespassing, NYC Parks added a heavy steel fence in 1993, which was attached to the existing chain-link fence around the pool.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/21/nyregion/lure-splashes-night-with-safety-mind-parks-dept-battles-young-trespassers.html|title=The Lure of Splashes in the Night; With Safety in Mind, Parks Dept. Battles Young Trespassers|last=Marriott|first=Michel|date=August 21, 1993|work=The New York Times|access-date=October 14, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014174901/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/21/nyregion/lure-splashes-night-with-safety-mind-parks-dept-battles-young-trespassers.html|url-status=live}} Additionally, in the 1990s, a practice called "whirlpooling" became common in New York City pools such as Betsy Head Park, wherein women would be inappropriately fondled by teenage boys.{{Cite news|last=Marriott|first=Michel|date=July 7, 1993|title=A Menacing Ritual Is Called Common in New York Pools|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=limited|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/07/nyregion/a-menacing-ritual-is-called-common-in-new-york-pools.html|access-date=January 18, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=August 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809191148/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/07/nyregion/a-menacing-ritual-is-called-common-in-new-york-pools.html|url-status=live}}{{cite news|date=July 11, 1994|title=Deep at City Pool; Sex harass is pervasive|first=Lauren|last=Terrazzano|pages=[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34725131/ 7], [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/67963278/ 20]|work=New York Daily News|via=newspapers.com {{open access}}}} By the beginning of the 21st century, crimes such as sexual assaults had decreased in parks citywide due to increased security. In 2008, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the Betsy Head Play Center a landmark, making it the first individual landmark in Brownsville.{{cite web | last=Chan | first=Sewell | title=Ex-Dog Biscuit Factory Is Among 5 Landmarks | website=City Room | date=September 16, 2008 | url=//cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/09/16/ex-dog-biscuit-factory-is-among-5-landmarks/ | access-date=October 14, 2019 | archive-date=October 2, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002114133/https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/09/16/ex-dog-biscuit-factory-is-among-5-landmarks/ | url-status=live }} The commission had previously considered the pool for landmark status in 1990, along with the other ten WPA pools in the city.{{harvnb|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2008|ps=.|p=1}}{{Cite news|last=Brozan|first=Nadine|date=1990-07-30|title=A Crumbling Pool Divides a Neighborhood|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url-access=limited|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/30/nyregion/a-crumbling-pool-divides-a-neighborhood.html|access-date=2021-01-11|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110105137/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/30/nyregion/a-crumbling-pool-divides-a-neighborhood.html|url-status=live}}

Prototype designs for the construction of Betsy Head Playground were unveiled in 2009. The Rockwell Group was selected to design the play area.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/18/nyregion/in-a-brooklyn-park-design-movable-parts-at-play.html|title=In a Brooklyn Park Design, Movable Parts at Play|last=Dwyer|first=Jim|date=December 17, 2013|work=The New York Times|access-date=October 14, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014174907/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/18/nyregion/in-a-brooklyn-park-design-movable-parts-at-play.html|url-status=live}} In early 2016, the playground inside the park was renovated for $5.05 million, with an "Imagination Playground" surrounded by a {{convert|6|ft|m|-tall|adj=mid}} wooden pathway. The new play area, which features movable foam play blocks, is based on the group's Burling Slip playground in Lower Manhattan.{{cite web|url=http://archpaper.com/2016/04/rockwell-group-designed-imagination-playground-opens-in-brownsville-brooklyn/|title=Rockwell Group–designed Imagination Playground opens in Brownsville, Brooklyn|last=Wachs|first=Audrey|date=April 20, 2016|access-date=October 3, 2016|newspaper=The Architect's Newspaper|archive-date=October 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005112218/http://archpaper.com/2016/04/rockwell-group-designed-imagination-playground-opens-in-brownsville-brooklyn/|url-status=live}} Later that year, $30 million was allocated for further improvements to the park's recreational facilities as part of the city's Anchor Parks program.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/19/nyregion/5-neglected-new-york-city-parks-to-get-150-million-for-upgrades.html|title=5 Neglected New York City Parks to Get $150 Million for Upgrades|last=Neuman|first=William|date=August 18, 2016|work=The New York Times|access-date=October 14, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014174905/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/19/nyregion/5-neglected-new-york-city-parks-to-get-150-million-for-upgrades.html|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2016/08/18/the-poor-get-richer-brownsville-park-is-slated-for-a-30m-makeover/|title=The Poor Get Richer: Brownsville Park is slated for a $30M makeover|date=August 18, 2016|website=Brooklyn Eagle|access-date=October 14, 2019|archive-date=October 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014174905/https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2016/08/18/the-poor-get-richer-brownsville-park-is-slated-for-a-30m-makeover/|url-status=live}} Work on these improvements commenced in 2019.{{cite web|url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/betsy-head-memorial-playground/pressrelease/21648|title=NYC Parks Breaks Ground on $30 Million Anchor Parks Project at Betsy Head Park in Brownsville|date=March 19, 2019|publisher=New York City Department of Parks and Recreation|access-date=October 14, 2019|archive-date=October 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014012958/https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/betsy-head-memorial-playground/pressrelease/21648|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://brooklyn.news12.com/story/40162342/city-breaks-ground-on-dollar30m-reconstruction-of-betsy-head-park|title=City breaks ground on $30M reconstruction of Betsy Head Park|date=March 19, 2019|website=News 12 Brooklyn|access-date=October 14, 2019|archive-date=October 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014174904/http://brooklyn.news12.com/story/40162342/city-breaks-ground-on-dollar30m-reconstruction-of-betsy-head-park|url-status=live}} The first phase of the renovation, consisting of renovations to the playground and adjacent recreational areas, was finished in June 2020 for $7 million. The second phase, composed of further recreational additions, was completed in April 2021 for $23 million, though some improvements were not completed until early 2022.{{cite web|date=Apr 12, 2021|title=Ribbon-Cutting Celebrates Second Phase Of Renovated Park|url=https://canarsiecourier.com/brownsville-ribboncutting-celebrates-second-phase-of-renovated-park-p7310-199.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-27|website=Canarsie Courier|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427212600/https://canarsiecourier.com/brownsville-ribboncutting-celebrates-second-phase-of-renovated-park-p7310-199.htm |archive-date=April 27, 2021 }}{{Cite web|date=2021-04-15|title=Betsy Head Park Begins Second Phase of Renovations Under Anchor Parks Initiative|url=https://nylssites.wpengine.com/citylandnyc/betsy-head-park-begins-second-phase-of-renovations-under-anchor-parks-initiative/|access-date=2021-04-27|website=CityLand|language=en-US|archive-date=May 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511171735/https://www.citylandnyc.org/betsy-head-park-begins-second-phase-of-renovations-under-anchor-parks-initiative/|url-status=live}}

References

=Notes=

=Citations=

=Sources=

{{cite web|url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2240.pdf|title=Betsy Head Play Center|last=Davis|first=Amanda B.|date=September 16, 2008|publisher=New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission|ref={{harvid|Landmarks Preservation Commission|2008}}}}
{{cite magazine|last=Gutman|first=Marta|date=November 1, 2008|title=Race, Place, and Play: Robert Moses and the WPA Swimming Pools in New York City|magazine=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians|publisher=University of California Press|volume=67|issue=4|pages=532–561|doi=10.1525/jsah.2008.67.4.532|issn=0037-9808}}
{{Cite magazine|last=Kahn|first=Ely Jacques|date=September 1941|title=City Play Center for All-Year Use|url=https://www.architecturalrecord.com/ext/resources/archives/backissues/1941-09.pdf?-894139200|magazine=Architectural Record|volume=90|pages=84–87}}
{{Cite book|last=Rodgers|first=Cleveland|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/528489|title=Robert Moses, Builder for Democracy|date=1952|publisher=Holt|location=New York|language=English|oclc=528489}}
{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ya7R_KRaNP4C|title=Brownsville, Brooklyn: Blacks, Jews, and the Changing Face of the Ghetto|last1=Thomas|first1=J.A.|last2=Pritchett|first2=Wendell E.|last3=Moss|first3=C.F.|last4=Vater|first4=M.|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-226-68446-8|series=Historical Studies of Urban America}}