Bhili language
{{Short description|Western Indo-Aryan language spoken in west-central India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Bhili
| nativename = {{script|Deva|भीली}}, {{script|Gujr|ભીલી}}
| states = India
| image = Bhili language.svg
| imagecaption = The word "Bhili" written in Devanagari script
| region = Bhil Pradesh (Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra)
| ethnicity = Bhil
| speakers = 3,206,533
| date = 2011 census
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = Indo-Iranian
| fam3 = Indo-Aryan
| fam4 = Western Indo-Aryan
| fam5 = Bhil
| fam6 = Central
| script = Devanagari, Gujarati{{cite web|url=http://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=language_detail&key=bhb|title=ScriptSource - Bhili|access-date =2017-02-13}}
| lc1 = bhb
| ld1 = Bhili (Bhagoria, Bhilboli, Patelia)
| lc3 = gra
| ld3 = Rajput Garasia (Dungri)
| lc2 = gas
| ld2 = Adiwasi Garasia
| glotto = bhil1251
| glottoname = Bhili
| glotto2 = rajp1235
| glottoname2 = Rajput Garasia
| glotto3 = adiw1235
| glottoname3 = Adiwasi Garasia
| map = Bhilispeakersmap.png
| mapcaption = Percentage Bhili speakers by Indian district, 2011
}}
Bhili (Bhili: {{script|Deva|भीली}}, {{script|Gujr|ભીલી}}), {{IPA|fr|bʱiːliː|IPA}}, is a Western Indo-Aryan language spoken in west-central India, in the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fkIgsfb95rAC|title=Language Shifts Among the Scheduled Tribes in India, A Geographical Study|last=Ishtiaq|first=M.|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|year=1999|isbn=9788120816176|location=Delhi}} Other name for the language include Bhilboli; several varieties are called Garasia. Bhili is a member of the Bhil languages, which are related to Gujarati and Rajasthani. The language is written using the Devanagari script.
Bhili has no official status in India.
Phonology
= Consonants =
class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | |
rowspan="4" |Stop
|{{IPA link|p}} |{{IPA link|t}} |{{IPA link|ʈ}} | |{{IPA link|k}} | |
---|
aspirated
|{{IPA link|pʰ}} |{{IPA link|tʰ}} |{{IPA link|ʈʰ}} | |{{IPA link|kʰ}} | |
voiced
|{{IPA link|b}} |{{IPA link|d}} |{{IPA link|ɖ}} | |{{IPA link|ɡ}} | |
breathy
|{{IPA link|bʱ}} |{{IPA link|dʱ}} |{{IPA link|ɖʱ}} | |{{IPA link|ɡʱ}} | |
rowspan="2" |Affricate
| | | |{{IPA link|tʃ}} | | |
voiced
| | | |{{IPA link|dʒ}} | | |
colspan="2" |Fricative
| |{{IPA link|s}} | |({{IPA link|ʃ}}) | |{{IPA link|h}} |
colspan="2" |Nasal
|{{IPA link|m}} |{{IPA link|n}} |{{IPA link|ɳ}} | |({{IPA link|ŋ}}) | |
colspan="2" |Lateral
| |{{IPA link|l}} |{{IPA link|ɭ}} | | | |
colspan="2" |Trill
| |{{IPA link|r}} | | | | |
colspan="2" |Approximant
|{{IPA link|w}} | | |{{IPA link|j}} | | |
- {{IPA|/w/}} may also be heard as {{IPA|[ʋ]}} in free variation.
- {{IPA|/ʃ/}} occurs in loanwords from Persian and Hindi.{{Cite book|last=Phillips|first=Maxwell P.|title=Dialect Continuum in the Bhil Tribal Belt: Grammatical Aspects|publisher=University of London|year=2012}}
- {{IPA|[ŋ]}} is heard as an allophone of {{IPA|/n/}} preceding {{IPA|/k/}}.
= Vowels =
class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! !Back |
align="center"
!High |{{IPA link|i}} | |{{IPA link|u}} |
align="center"
|{{IPA link|e}} | rowspan="2" |{{IPA link|ə}} |{{IPA link|o}} |
Mid-low
|{{IPA link|ɛ}} |{{IPA link|ɔ}} |
---|
align="center"
!Low |({{IPA link|æ}}) |{{IPA link|a}} | |
- Vowels {{IPA|/i, u/}} can also be heard as {{IPA|[ɪ, ʊ]}}.
- {{IPA|[æ]}} is borrowed from Hindi.
- {{IPA|/ə/}} may also be heard as {{IPA|[ɤ]}} in final position.{{Cite book|first=Yogendra Dhirubhai|last=Vyas|author-link=Yogendra Vyas|title=A linguistic study of Bhili dialects: A descriptive study of central and north Bhili|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/49002|location=Ahmedabad|publisher=Gujarat University|year=1967}}
Further reading
- Bodhankar, Anantrao. Bhillori (Bhilli) – English Dictionary. Pune: Tribal Research & Training Institute, 2002.{{fix|text=not Bhilori language?}}
- Jungblut, L. A Short Bhili Grammar of Jhabua State and Adjoining Territories. S.l: s.n, 1937.
- Thompson, Charles S. Rudiments of the Bhili Language. Ahmedabad [India]: United Printing Press, 1895.
See also
References
{{Reflist}}{{Incubator|bhb}}{{Indo-Aryan languages}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Western Indo-Aryan languages
Category:Languages of Madhya Pradesh
Category:Languages of Rajasthan
Category:Languages written in Devanagari
{{India-culture-stub}}