Bhili language

{{Short description|Western Indo-Aryan language spoken in west-central India}}

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}

{{Infobox language

| name = Bhili

| nativename = {{script|Deva|भीली}}, {{script|Gujr|ભીલી}}

| states = India

| image = Bhili language.svg

| imagecaption = The word "Bhili" written in Devanagari script

| region = Bhil Pradesh (Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra)

| ethnicity = Bhil

| speakers = 3,206,533

| date = 2011 census

| ref = {{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}

| familycolor = Indo-European

| fam2 = Indo-Iranian

| fam3 = Indo-Aryan

| fam4 = Western Indo-Aryan

| fam5 = Bhil

| fam6 = Central

| script = Devanagari, Gujarati{{cite web|url=http://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=language_detail&key=bhb|title=ScriptSource - Bhili|access-date =2017-02-13}}

| lc1 = bhb

| ld1 = Bhili (Bhagoria, Bhilboli, Patelia)

| lc3 = gra

| ld3 = Rajput Garasia (Dungri)

| lc2 = gas

| ld2 = Adiwasi Garasia

| glotto = bhil1251

| glottoname = Bhili

| glotto2 = rajp1235

| glottoname2 = Rajput Garasia

| glotto3 = adiw1235

| glottoname3 = Adiwasi Garasia

| map = Bhilispeakersmap.png

| mapcaption = Percentage Bhili speakers by Indian district, 2011

}}

Bhili (Bhili: {{script|Deva|भीली}}, {{script|Gujr|ભીલી}}), {{IPA|fr|bʱiːliː|IPA}}, is a Western Indo-Aryan language spoken in west-central India, in the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fkIgsfb95rAC|title=Language Shifts Among the Scheduled Tribes in India, A Geographical Study|last=Ishtiaq|first=M.|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|year=1999|isbn=9788120816176|location=Delhi}} Other name for the language include Bhilboli; several varieties are called Garasia. Bhili is a member of the Bhil languages, which are related to Gujarati and Rajasthani. The language is written using the Devanagari script.

Bhili has no official status in India.

Phonology

= Consonants =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

! colspan="2" |

!Labial

!Dental/
Alveolar

!Retroflex

!Palatal

!Velar

!Glottal

rowspan="4" |Stop

!voiceless

|{{IPA link|p}}

|{{IPA link|t}}

|{{IPA link|ʈ}}

|

|{{IPA link|k}}

|

aspirated

|{{IPA link|pʰ}}

|{{IPA link|tʰ}}

|{{IPA link|ʈʰ}}

|

|{{IPA link|kʰ}}

|

voiced

|{{IPA link|b}}

|{{IPA link|d}}

|{{IPA link|ɖ}}

|

|{{IPA link|ɡ}}

|

breathy

|{{IPA link|bʱ}}

|{{IPA link|dʱ}}

|{{IPA link|ɖʱ}}

|

|{{IPA link|ɡʱ}}

|

rowspan="2" |Affricate

!voiceless

|

|

|

|{{IPA link|tʃ}}

|

|

voiced

|

|

|

|{{IPA link|dʒ}}

|

|

colspan="2" |Fricative

|

|{{IPA link|s}}

|

|({{IPA link|ʃ}})

|

|{{IPA link|h}}

colspan="2" |Nasal

|{{IPA link|m}}

|{{IPA link|n}}

|{{IPA link|ɳ}}

|

|({{IPA link|ŋ}})

|

colspan="2" |Lateral

|

|{{IPA link|l}}

|{{IPA link|ɭ}}

|

|

|

colspan="2" |Trill

|

|{{IPA link|r}}

|

|

|

|

colspan="2" |Approximant

|{{IPA link|w}}

|

|

|{{IPA link|j}}

|

|

  • {{IPA|/w/}} may also be heard as {{IPA|[ʋ]}} in free variation.
  • {{IPA|/ʃ/}} occurs in loanwords from Persian and Hindi.{{Cite book|last=Phillips|first=Maxwell P.|title=Dialect Continuum in the Bhil Tribal Belt: Grammatical Aspects|publisher=University of London|year=2012}}
  • {{IPA|[ŋ]}} is heard as an allophone of {{IPA|/n/}} preceding {{IPA|/k/}}.

= Vowels =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

!

!Front

!Central

!Back

align="center"

!High

|{{IPA link|i}}

|

|{{IPA link|u}}

align="center"

!Mid-high

|{{IPA link|e}}

| rowspan="2" |{{IPA link|ə}}

|{{IPA link|o}}

Mid-low

|{{IPA link|ɛ}}

|{{IPA link|ɔ}}

align="center"

!Low

|({{IPA link|æ}})

|{{IPA link|a}}

|

  • Vowels {{IPA|/i, u/}} can also be heard as {{IPA|[ɪ, ʊ]}}.
  • {{IPA|[æ]}} is borrowed from Hindi.
  • {{IPA|/ə/}} may also be heard as {{IPA|[ɤ]}} in final position.{{Cite book|first=Yogendra Dhirubhai|last=Vyas|author-link=Yogendra Vyas|title=A linguistic study of Bhili dialects: A descriptive study of central and north Bhili|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/49002|location=Ahmedabad|publisher=Gujarat University|year=1967}}

Further reading

  • Bodhankar, Anantrao. Bhillori (Bhilli) – English Dictionary. Pune: Tribal Research & Training Institute, 2002.{{fix|text=not Bhilori language?}}
  • Jungblut, L. A Short Bhili Grammar of Jhabua State and Adjoining Territories. S.l: s.n, 1937.
  • Thompson, Charles S. Rudiments of the Bhili Language. Ahmedabad [India]: United Printing Press, 1895.

See also

References