Bibi-Heybat Mosque

{{Infobox religious building

| building_name = Bibi-Heybat Mosque

| native_name = {{langx|az|Bibiheybət məscidi}}

| image = Bibi Heybat Mosque Baku 1.jpg

| image_upright = 1.4

| caption = Exterior of the rebuilt mosque in 2008

| religious_affiliation = Islam

| status = Mosque {{bulleted list|(1282–1936)|(since 1997)}}

| functional_status = Active

| location = Baku, Absheron, Bibiheybət, Shikhov

| country = Azerbaijan

| map_type = Azerbaijan Baku

| map_size = 250

| map_relief = 1

| map_caption = Location of the mosque in Baku

| geo = {{Coord|40|18|31|N|49|49|13|E|region:AZ_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}}

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| architect = {{ubl|{{nowrap|Fahraddin Miralay (1282)}}|Sanan Sultanov (1997)}}

| architecture_type = {{nowrap|Mosque architecture}}

| architecture_style = {{ubl|Islamic|Shirvan style}}

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| year_completed = {{ubl|1282 (first mosque)|1997 (current mosque)}}

| date_destroyed = 1936 (by Soviet forces)

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| dome_quantity = Three

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| minaret_quantity = Two

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The Bibi-Heybat Mosque ({{langx|az|Bibiheybət məscidi}}) is located in the village of Bibiheybət, near Baku, Azerbaijan. The current structure, completed in the 1990s, replicates the original 13th-century mosque built at the behest of Shirvanshah Farrukhzad II Ibn Ahsitan II. The historic mosque was completely destroyed by the Bolsheviks in 1936.{{cite journal |last=Nurizade |first=Shahla |title=Биби-Эйбат. Здесь возносят молитвы, здесь обретают исцеление |lang=ru |journal=IRS |year=2007 |url=https://irs-az.com/new/pdf/1275844048892042186.pdf |url-status=dead |access-date=2010-07-11}}

It is occasionally called "the Mosque of Fatima", which is how Alexandre Dumas referred to it during his visit in the 1850s.

History

The mosque was built over the tomb of the daughter of the seventh Shiite Imam - Musa al-Kadhim, who fled to Baku from persecution of Abbasid caliphs.

An inscription carved in stone on the tomb indicates that Ukeyma Khanum belonged to the sacred family: "Here was buried Ukeyma Khanum, a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad, the granddaughter of the sixth Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq, the daughter of the Seventh Imam Musa al-Kadhim, sister of the eighth Imam Ali al-Ridha".{{cite web|last=Sharifov|first=Azad|title=Legend of the Bibi-Heybat Mosque: When Legends Shape Reality Decades Later |url=http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/63_folder/63_articles/63_bibiheybat.html|publisher=AZER.com, Azerbaijan International, Vol. 6:3 (Autumn 1998), pp. 44-45|access-date=11 July 2010}}

File:BibiEybatMosque.png

Based on the inscriptions on the south wall of the mosque, historians attribute its construction to the late 13th century. Arabic inscription on the mosque wall reads: "The work Mahmud ibn Sa'd", which is the same architect who built the Nardaran Fortress near Baku.{{cite book|last=Meshadi|first=Nemat|title=Azərbaycanda pirlər|year=1992|pages=36}}[http://www.mct.gov.az/?/ru/azculture/view/91/&PHPSESSID=689fc58770347ee67d54ba2ebe6d3a7d Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Azerbaijan:Развитие архитектуры в средние века] {{in lang|ru}}

Haji Sheikh Sharif was among many Muslims who is buried near the mosque. He arrived in Baku to spread Sufism, and spent the rest of his life in this mosque.

The renowned French writer Alexandre Dumas, who visited the region in 1858-1859, wrote about the mosque in his book Voyage to the Caucasus: “This mosque is a place of pilgrimage for barren women who come there on foot, spend nine days in prayer, and return home confident that they will bear a child within the year”. According to the writer, the poetess Khurshidbanu Natavan (whom Dumas refers to as Princess Khazar Utsmiyeva) made a pilgrimage to the mosque, and after she gave birth to a son, her husband, Khasay Khan Utsmiyev, built a road from the mosque to Baku as an expression of his gratitude.{{cite book |last1=Dumas |first1=Alexandre |title=Adventures in Caucasia |date=1962 |publisher=Chilton Books |location=Philadelphia |page=149}}

References to the mosque also appear in the writings of various local and European explorers and travelers, including Abbasgulu Bakikhanov, Ilya Berezin, Johannes Albrecht Bernhard Dorn, Nicholas Khanykov and Yevgeni Pakhomov.

In 1911, a new mosque building was constructed to the north of the tomb, funded by the Baku benefactor Alasgar Agha Dadashov and designed by architect Haji Najaf. The tomb and the original mosque underwent restoration.

= Demolition of the mosque =

File:Bibi Eybat Mosque destruction.jpg

After the establishment of Soviet power in Azerbaijan in 1920, the Bolsheviks initiated an anti-religious campaign. Religious structures of various denominations across the country became targets of the new regime's anti-religious policies. Among them were Baku’s Bibi-Heybat Mosque, the Russian Orthodox Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, and the Roman Catholic Church of the Immaculate Conception. As part of this campaign, the historic Bibi-Heybat Mosque was demolished in 1936.Pg 668 - {{cite book | last = Council of Europe: Parliamentary Assembly| author-link = Council of Europe| title = Official report of debates: 2006 ordinary session (third part), 26–30 June 2007, Vol. 3: Sittings 16 to 23|edition= 2007| publisher = Council of Europe| isbn= 978-92-871-6093-5 }}- Total pages: 535 to 816 (316 in total).

It was only after the destruction of the mosque that, later in the same year, the Soviet government in Moscow adopted a resolution on the preservation of architectural monuments of historical significance. Meanwhile, the chairman of Azerbaijan Committee for the Protection of Monuments of Antiquity, Art, and Nature (Azkomstarsis), Salamov, was sentenced to twenty years of exile in Siberia for his role in the mosque’s demolition.

= Reconstruction of the mosque =

After Azerbaijan gained independence in 1991, then-President Heydar Aliyev ordered the construction of a new building for the Bibi-Heybat Mosque in 1994, on the original site where the mosque had been destroyed. The layout and dimensions of the complex were reconstructed using photographs taken shortly before its demolition. Records from various travelers, including an important 1925 article by G. Sadigi describing the mosque’s condition in the mid-1920s, played a crucial role in guiding the mosque’s restoration.

A dedication ceremony, attended by President Heydar Aliyev, was held on July 11, 1997. The new mosque was officially inaugurated in May 1999, and in 2008, monuments to Shirvanshah Farrukhzad and Heydar Aliyev were unveiled.[http://mirtv.ru/content/view/37300/11/ В Баку закончилась реконструкция средневековой мечети Биби-Эйбат] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120718125947/http://mirtv.ru/content/view/37300/11/ |date=2012-07-18 }} {{in lang|ru}}

The mosque was reconstructed and expanded in 2005 by presidential decree. Additional halls were built to ensure greater comfort and convenience for visiting pilgrims.{{cite web |url=http://en.trend.az/news/official/chronicle/1245702.html |title=Azerbaijani President Takes Part in Inauguration of Bibi-Heybat Mosque |work=Trend.az |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707161934/http://en.trend.az/news/official/chronicle/1245702.html |archive-date=2012-07-07 |date= |access-date= }}

Architecture

= Historic mosque =

File:Bibi Eybat Mosque.jpg

The original mosque was located to the south of the tomb, with a minaret positioned on its western side. Subsequently, a crypt and two niches were added to the mosque, situated to the south of the minaret. Inscriptions on the niches bore the name of Fatali Khan, whose tombstone’s marble slab is currently housed in the Azerbaijan State Museum of History.

The minaret of the mosque was constructed between 1305 and 1313 by Mahmud ibn Sa'd. Its upper part was decorated with carvings and stalactites, and was topped with a semicircular ribbed dome. The balcony railings featured an ornate stone lattice. A graphical study showed that the minaret's height was about {{cvt|22|m}}.{{cite book |last=Sadigi |first=G. |title=Деревня Шихово (Биби-Эйбат) |lang=ru |year=1925 |publisher=Archaeological Committee of Azerbaijan |page=30 }}

The richly decorated interior of the complex featured intricate ornamental designs. The mosque’s interior consisted of an oblong rectangular prayer hall framed by a lancet arch. Beneath the dome hung a chandelier-candlestick ({{lang|az|shamdan}}), suspended from a hook and encircled by stained glass panels.

On the north side of the minaret and the mosque immediately adjoining the tomb, there was an inscription, which was discovered by Johannes Albrecht Bernhard Dorn. From the inscription, it is clear that the mausoleum was built in 1619 and that Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Bin Abid, who passed away the day after its completion, was interred there.

= Reconstructed mosque =

The modern restored mosque is a classic example of the Shirvan architectural school. It features three domes, which retain the traditional corrugated shape of the original structure, along with two minarets. From the inside, the domes are adorned with green and turquoise mirrors, bordered by gilded inscriptions from the Quran. The men's prayer room is located on the south side of the complex, while the women's prayer room is on the north side. The mausoleum is situated between them.

A local variety of limestone known as Gulbaht was used in the construction of the complex. The frontal sections of the portal are adorned with intricate Khatai ornamentation. The decorative elements of the Bibi-Heybat complex feature ornamental compositions such as Islimi, Shukufa, Bandy-Rumi, Zenjiri Seljuk (Seljuk chain), Shamsi, Jafari, and Achma-Yumma (background-free design). The interior marble walls are embellished with finely carved calligraphic inscriptions executed in various traditional scripts such as Muhaggah, Suls, Jami-Suls, Kufic, Kufi-Shatranj, Musalsag, Divani, Tugra, and others.