Bilen language#Writing system

"Blin" is the English spelling preferred by native speakers,{{Citation needed|date=June 2017}} but Bilin and Bilen are also commonly used. Bilin is the reference name arbitrarily used in the current initial English editions of ISO 639-3, but Blin is also listed as an equivalent name without preference. In the English list of ISO 639-2, Blin is listed in first position in both English and French lists, when Bilin is listed as an alternate name in the English list, and Bilen is the alternate name in the French list. The Ethnologue report lists Bilen as the preferred name, but also Bogo, Bogos, Bilayn, Bilin, Balen, Beleni, Belen, Bilein, Bileno, North Agaw as alternative names.

It is not clear if Bilen has tone. It may have pitch accent (Fallon 2004) as prominent syllables always have a high tone, but not all words have such a syllable.

Note: {{IPA|/tʃ/}} is found in loans, and the status of {{IPA|/ʔ/}} as a phoneme is uncertain.

/r/ is typically realised as a tap when it is medial and a trill when it is in final position.

Fallon (2001, 2004) notes intervocalic lenition, such as {{IPA|/b/}} → {{IPA|[β]}}; syncope, as in the name of the language, {{IPA|/bɨlín/}} → {{IPA|[blín]}}; debuccalization with secondary articulation preserved, as in {{IPA|/dérekʷʼa/}} → {{IPA|[dɛ́rɛʔʷa]}} 'mud for bricks'. Intriguingly, the ejectives have voiced allophones, which according to Fallon (2004) "provides an important empirical precedent" for one of the more criticized aspects of the glottalic theory of Indo-European. For example,

{{See also|Geʽez script#Adaptations to other languages}}

A writing system for Bilen was first developed by missionaries who used the Geʽez abugida and the first text was published in 1882. Although the Geʽez script is usually used for Semitic languages, the phonemes of Bilen are very similar (7 vowels, labiovelar and ejective consonants). The script therefore requires only a slight modification (the addition of consonants for {{IPA|ŋ}} and {{IPA|ŋʷ}}) to make it suitable for Bilen. Some of the additional symbols required to write Bilen with this script are in the "Ethiopic Extended" Unicode range rather than the "Ethiopic" range.

In 1985 the Eritrean People's Liberation Front decided to use the Latin script for Bilen and all other non-Semitic languages in Eritrea. This was largely a political decision: the Geʽez script is associated with Christianity because of its liturgical use. The Latin alphabet is seen as being more neutral and secular. In 1993 the government set up a committee to standardize the Bilen language and the Latin-based orthography. "This overturned a 110-year tradition of writing Blin in Ethiopic script." (Fallon, Bilen Orthography {{cite web|url=http://www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/36/paper1411.pdf|title=Blin Orthography: A History and an Assessment|date=18 September 2006|author=Paul D. Fallon|access-date=1 June 2014}})

As of 1997, the alphabetic order was:

:e, u, i, a, é, o, b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z, ñ, ñw, th, ch, sh, kh, kw, khw, qw, gw.

Their values are similar to the IPA apart from the following:

• Bilen people

{{Reflist}}

• {{Cite web |last1=Alibekit |first1=Tekie |last2=Hamde |first2=Kiflemariam |last3=Zemicael |first3=Fessehazion |date=2010 |orig-date=1994 |title=Some Standardization of Blin Writing |url=http://www.daberinet.com/Blin-files/Main-p-files/Some%20standardization%20of%20Blin%20Writing.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605051544/http://www.daberinet.com/Blin-files/Main-p-files/Some%20standardization%20of%20Blin%20Writing.pdf |archive-date=2014-06-05 |access-date=20 February 2012}}
• {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937/page/573 |title=The World's Writing Systems |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-507993-7 |editor-last=Daniels |editor-first=Peter T. |page=573 |chapter=Ethiopic Writing |editor-last2=Bright |editor-first2=William |url-access=registration}}
• {{Cite conference |last=Fallon |first=Paul D. |title=Consonant Mutation and Reduplication in Blin Singulars and Plurals |url=http://www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/35/paper1302.pdf |location=Somerville, MA |publisher=Cascadilla Proceedings Project |pages=114–124 |isbn=978-1-57473-410-2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060511084912/http://www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/35/paper1302.pdf |archive-date=2006-05-11 |book-title=Selected Proceedings of the 35th Annual Conference on African Linguistics |editor-first1=John |editor-last1=Mugane |editor-first2=John P. |editor-last2=Hutchison |editor-first3=Dee A. |editor-last3=Worman}}
• {{Cite web |date=2009-01-17 |title=Principles and Specification for Mnemonic Ethiopic Keyboards |url=http://keyboards.ethiopic.org/specification/GFF-MnemonicEthiopicKeyboardSpecification.pdf |access-date=20 February 2012 |publisher=The Ge'ez Frontier Foundation}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Woldemikael |first=Tekle M. |date=April 2003 |title=Language, Education, and Public Policy in Eritrea |url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4106/is_200304/ai_n9219176 |journal=African Studies Review |doi=10.2307/1514983 |jstor=1514983 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915052921/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4106/is_200304/ai_n9219176/ |archive-date=2010-09-15|url-access=subscription }}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20190426053209/http://www.people.vcu.edu/~gasmerom/Eritrean_languages/blin/ Online Blin language tutorial]

• {{Cite book |last=Appleyard |first=David L. |title=Morphologies of Asia and Africa |publisher=Eisenbrauns |year=2007 |editor-last=Kaye |editor-first=Alan S. |location=Winona Lake, IN |pages=481–504 |chapter=Bilin Morphology}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Fallon |first=Paul |year=2001 |editor-last=Simpson |title=Some phonological processes in Bilin |url=http://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/BLS/article/view/3421 |journal=Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society |volume=27 |issue=2 |page=49 |doi=10.3765/bls.v27i2.3421 |issn=2377-1666}}
• {{Cite conference |last=Fallon |first=Paul |date=2004 |editor-last=Akinlabi |editor-first=Akinbiyi |title=The Best is Not Good Enough |location=Köln |publisher=Rüdiger Köppe |isbn=978-3-89645-338-9 |book-title=Proceedings of the 4th World congress of African linguistics: Rutgers University, New Brunswick (NJ), June 17–22, 2003 |editor-last2=Adesola |editor-first2=Oluseye}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Palmer |first=F. R. |author-link=Frank R. Palmer |year=1957 |title=The Verb in Bilin |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=19 |pages=131–159 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00119251 |jstor=609637 |s2cid=162081536 |number=1}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Palmer |first=F. R. |date=June 1958 |title=The Noun in Bilin |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=376–391 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X0007275X |jstor=610548 |s2cid=170094313}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Palmer |first=F. R. |year=1965 |title=Bilin 'to be' and 'to have' |journal=African Language Studies |volume=6 |pages=101–111}}
• {{Cite book |last=Reinisch |first=Leo |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011719696 |title=Die Bilīn-sprache in Nordost-Afrika |publisher=Carl Gerold's Sohn |year=1882 |location=Vienna |language=de}}
• {{Cite book |last=Reinisch |first=Leo |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000981892 |title=Die Bilin-sprache |location=Leipzig |lccn=44015707 |language=de}}
• {{Cite book |last=Reinisch |first=Leo |title=Wörterbuch der Bilin-Sprache |publisher=Alfred Hölder |year=1884 |location=Vienna}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=A. N. |title=Linguistic Analyses: The Non-Bantu Languages of North-Eastern Africa |last2=Bryan |first2=M. A. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1966}}

{{Languages of Eritrea}}

{{Cushitic languages}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bilen Language}}

Category:Central Cushitic languages

Category:Languages of Eritrea