Billingshurst Unitarian Chapel

{{See also|History of Unitarianism}}

In England, people and ministers who worshipped outside the Church of England but were not part of the Roman Catholic Church were historically known as Dissenters or (Protestant) Nonconformists. Nonconformism became officially recognised after the Act of Uniformity 1662, which removed from their living those Church of England ministers who refused to recognise or abide by the Act's requirements.{{Harvnb|Beevers|Marks|Roles|1989|pp=42–43.}} Many alternative denominations developed, all focused on a person's personal relationship with God rather than on the rites and ceremonies of religious worship as in the Anglican and Roman Catholic churches.{{Harvnb|Beevers|Marks|Roles|1989|p=42.}} This trend was seen throughout Sussex, and by the late 17th century "the all-embracing medieval Church" existed alongside dozens of newly established groups and denominations.{{Harvnb|Beevers|Marks|Roles|1989|p=44.}}

One of these sects was the General Baptists. Along with the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) and the Presbyterians, they found significant early success in the area around the north Sussex market town of Horsham. By 1676 there were about 100 Nonconformists in the town, and the General Baptist cause was led by local radical and evangelist Matthew Caffyn.{{Cite web|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/Sussex/vol6/pt2/pp196-198|title=A History of the County of Sussex: Volume 6 Part 2 – Bramber Rape (North-Western Part) including Horsham. Horsham – Protestant Nonconformity|editor-last=Hudson|editor-first=T. P. |year=1986|work=Victoria County History of Sussex|publisher=British History Online|pages=196–198|access-date=1 May 2011}} Under his guidance a General Baptist chapel was founded in the town in 1719,{{Harvnb|Elleray|2004|p=33.}} bringing together Baptists who had met in small house-groups since 1669 or possibly as early as 1645.

File:Billingshurst Unitarian Chapel (Graveyard).JPG

Worshippers from across northern Sussex came to this chapel; many were from the village of Billingshurst a few miles away.{{Harvnb|Stell|2002|p=331.}} This group later became large enough to split from the Horsham congregation and establish a chapel in their home village. They chose a grassy, raised site set back from the west side of the High Street,{{Harvnb|Nairn|Pevsner|1965|p=104.}} and erected a modest cottage-like chapel in 1754.The Victoria County History of Sussex (1986) states, in relation to the Horsham chapel, that "...the Billingshurst members formed a separate congregation {{circa}} 1818". According to Stell (2002), this is in fact the date when the congregation became independent of Horsham following a membership dispute.{{Harvnb|Wales|1999|p=29.}}{{Harvnb|Elleray|2004|p=4.}} The founders were William Turner and William Evershed, whose initials are recorded on a dated stone tablet inside.{{Harvnb|Lines|2002|p=17.}} Evershed was a General Baptist preacher at Horsham who moved to a farm in Billingshurst in 1742; together with Turner he held and preached at small meetings in Billingshurst. The Evershed family maintained a 260 year connection with the chapel and more than 120 Eversheds of various generations, from William himself,{{Harvnb|Beevers|Marks|Roles|1989|p=41.}} to Susie Evershed, who died in August 2022, aged 90,‘The Last of the Eversheds'. ‘Impulse – Promoting Unitarianism in London and the South East’. Winter edition 2023. Page 11. are buried or commemorated in the graveyard,{{Harvnb|Lines|1995|p=87.}} a "surprisingly big" area which surrounds the chapel and helps it "make a display in spite of itself" and its modest architecture. After making plans for a chapel in the village in 1753, Turner and Evershed bought the site for three guineas (£{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|3.15|1754|r=-1}}}} as of {{CURRENTISOYEAR}}).{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}} The chapel was registered for worship in October 1754; its date of founding makes it one of the oldest Nonconformist places of worship in both the Horsham district and the whole of southeast England.

The congregation, like that at Horsham, gradually moved from General Baptist beliefs towards Unitarianism in the early 19th century.{{Harvnb|Stell|2002|p=332.}} The chapel took the name Billingshurst Free Christian Church and later the Billingshurst Unitarian Chapel or Billingshurst Unitarian and Free Christian Church.{{NHLE|num=1027100|desc=The Unitarian and Free Christian Church, High Street (west side), Billingshurst, Horsham, West Sussex|year=2011|accessdate=1 May 2011}}

William Evershed also had a house in Godalming, Surrey, at which conventicles attended by hundreds of people every week took place from the mid-18th century. In 1783 the congregation decided to build a meeting house, and a General Baptist chapel (which soon became Unitarian) was erected on Meadrow six years later. It is still in use as Meadrow Unitarian Chapel.{{Harvnb|Stock|1999|p=18.}}{{Harvnb|Hague|Hague|1986|p=60.}}

File:Billingshurst Unitarian Chapel.JPG

Billingshurst Unitarian Chapel is a simple Georgian Vernacular building, "like a demure Georgian cottage". It is a single storey high and has a two-window range with a gable-headed porch between the casement windows. The wide façade of three bays has been described as similar to the former Southover General Baptist Chapel (now in residential use){{Harvnb|Stell|2002|p=347.}} in Lewes, East Sussex.{{Harvnb|Stell|2002|p=329.}} The walls are of glazed grey and red brickwork laid in a Flemish bond pattern, and the roof is laid with tiles. Ian Nairn and Nikolaus Pevsner noted that "the architecture is utterly self-effacing". It is a good example of the contrast between the prominently sited, "wealthy established parish church with its centuries of tradition" and "the small impoverished Dissenting chapel", which occurs frequently in Sussex towns and villages. The east side of Billingshurst High Street is dominated by St Mary's Church, with its landmark steeple and elevated position,{{Harvnb|Nairn|Pevsner|1965|p=103.}} while "quietly hidden" behind iron fencing and hedges on the west side is the Unitarian Chapel. The site measures {{convert|40|sqft|sqm}} and sits {{convert|8|ft|m}} back from the High Street.

The interior measures {{convert|16|x|28+1/4|ft|m}}. A modest wooden gallery, supported on one pillar and with a panelled front, spans the north end of the ceiling. Some original timber tie-beams remain on the ceiling. Other interior fittings include an "impressive" clock manufactured in 1756 by Inkpen of Horsham, two coffin stools—on which a coffin would be placed before it was lowered into the grave—dating from 1787 and inscribed {{smallcaps|ik 87}} (James Knight, 1787),{{Harvnb|Beevers|Marks|Roles|1989|p=112.}} original pews including two carved with {{smallcaps|James Knight 1788}}, a brass chandelier with a dove figure, and an original communion table of oak.

File:Billingshurst Unitarian Chapel (Rear Elevation).JPG

Structural alterations were made at various times. The capacity was extended in the late 18th century when a wooden gallery was built; two named pews are dated 1788.{{Harvnb|Beevers|Marks|Roles|1989|p=156.}} A brick-built ground-floor extension dates from 1825, when rooms were built on the west side to house a baptistery and vestries. The baptistery was apparently roofless originally, but it was altered in 1880 or 1886 when it became a library and schoolroom. At the same time, the pulpit was moved from its original position near the entrance door to the wall on the south side, where it remains. The chapel is still set in the middle of its original graveyard, but modern housing development on the west side has come close to the boundaries, affecting the setting. The original approach from the east, along a small uneven path in a narrow gap between surrounding buildings (which almost hide the chapel from view from the High Street), survives.{{Harvnb|Beevers|Marks|Roles|1989|p=46.}}

The chapel was described in these terms by a 19th-century writer:Unattributed; quoted by Beevers, Marks & Roles (1989).{{Harvnb|Beevers|Marks|Roles|1989|p=56.}}

{{Quotation|A delightful plain rural chapel, with the men and women sitting on different sides, the deacons crouching around a table at [the] front of the pulpit, the singers in the gallery, the hymns introduced by the wail of a pitch pipe.}}

File:Billingshurst Unitarian Chapel (interior).jpg

Billingshurst Unitarian Chapel was listed at Grade II by English Heritage on 22 September 1959; this defines it as a "nationally important" building of "special interest{{Cite web|url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/caring/listing/listed-buildings/ |title=Listed Buildings |year=2012 |publisher=English Heritage |access-date=24 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126151823/http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/caring/listing/listed-buildings |archive-date=26 January 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }} As of February 2001, there were 1,628 Grade II listed buildings, and 1,726 listed buildings of all grades, in the district of Horsham.{{Cite web|title=Images of England — Statistics by County (West Sussex) |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/StatisticsPage/default.aspx?StatsCounty=WEST%20SUSSEX |work=Images of England |publisher=English Heritage |year=2007 |access-date=2 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014174226/http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/StatisticsPage/default.aspx?StatsCounty=WEST%20SUSSEX |archive-date=14 October 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}

The chapel is a member of the General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches, the umbrella organisation for British Unitarians.{{cite web|url=http://www.unitarian.org.uk/findcong.shtml?dist=London_and_SE |title=Find a Congregation: London and SE |year=2011 |publisher=The General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches (Great Britain) |access-date=17 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104232437/http://www.unitarian.org.uk/findcong.shtml?dist=London_and_SE |archive-date=4 November 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}

In 2012 the congregation set up "Evershed Arts", using the Old Library Room as an artspace to promote artistic expression in the local area.Between September 2014 and January 2015, the building was renovated, partly funded through English Heritage Lottery funding and partly through the fund raising efforts of the congregation. At this time, the congregation undertook a rebranding exercise and whilst it officially and constitutionally remains Billingshurst Unitarian Chapel, it is informally known as 'The Chapel.' Its website can be found at www.thechapelatbillingshurst.com.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukunitarians.org.uk/billingshurst/evershed.htm |title=Evershed Arts: Community Arts in the Weald Area |year=2012 |publisher=Billingshurst Unitarian Chapel |access-date=17 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514081528/http://www.ukunitarians.org.uk/billingshurst/evershed.htm |archive-date=14 May 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}

• List of places of worship in Horsham (district)

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• {{cite book|last1=Beevers|first1=David|last2=Marks|first2=Richard|last3=Roles|first3=John|title=Sussex Churches and Chapels|publisher=The Royal Pavilion, Art Gallery and Museums|location=Brighton|year=1989|isbn=0-948723-11-4}}
• {{cite book|last=Elleray|first=D. Robert|title=Sussex Places of Worship|year=2004|publisher=Optimus Books|location=Worthing|isbn=0-9533132-7-1}}
• {{cite book|last1=Hague|first1=Graham|last2=Hague|first2=Judy|title=The Unitarian Heritage: An Architectural Survey|year=1986|publisher=Unitarian Heritage|location=Sheffield|edition=1st|url=https://archive.org/details/unitarianheritag0000hagu|format=PDF|isbn=0-9511081-0-7|url-access=registration}}
• {{cite book|last=Lines|first=Wendy|title=Billingshurst|series=The Archive Photographs Series|publisher=Chalford Publishing Company|location=Chalford|year=1995|isbn=0-7524-0301-X}}
• {{cite book|last=Lines|first=Wendy|title=Images of England: Billingshurst and Wisborough Green|publisher=Tempus Publishing|location=Stroud|year=2002|isbn=0-7524-2482-3}}
• {{cite book|last1=Nairn|first1=Ian|authorlink1=Ian Nairn|last2=Pevsner|first2=Nikolaus|authorlink2=Nikolaus Pevsner|title=The Buildings of England: Sussex|publisher=Penguin Books|location=Harmondsworth|year=1965|isbn=0-14-071028-0}}
• {{cite book|last=Stell|first=Christopher|title=Nonconformist Chapels and Meeting-houses in Eastern England|year=2002|publisher=English Heritage|location=Swindon|isbn=1-873592-50-7}}
• {{cite book|last=Stock|first=Peter|title=Hidden Nonconformity: a study of Nonconformity in the Godalming area from the 17th century|year=1999|publisher=Arrow Press|location=Farnham}}
• {{cite book|last=Wales|first=Tony|title=The West Sussex Village Book|publisher=Countryside Books|location=Newbury|year=1999|isbn=1-85306-581-1}}

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{{List of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist churches|state=autocollapse}}

{{Sussex Nonconformism}}

Category:1754 establishments in England

Category:18th-century churches in the United Kingdom

Category:18th-century Protestant churches

Category:Billingshurst

Category:Churches completed in 1754

Category:Grade II listed churches in West Sussex

Category:Religious organizations established in 1754

Category:Unitarian chapels in England