Binary tetrahedral group

File:Cayley_graph_of_SL(2,3).svg of SL(2,3)]]

Explicitly, the binary tetrahedral group is given as the group of units in the ring of Hurwitz integers. There are 24 such units given by

:$\backslash \{\backslash pm\; 1,\backslash pm\; i,\backslash pm\; j,\backslash pm\; k,\backslash tfrac\{1\}\{2\}(\backslash pm\; 1\; \backslash pm\; i\; \backslash pm\; j\; \backslash pm\; k)\backslash \}$

with all possible sign combinations.

All 24 units have absolute value 1 and therefore lie in the unit quaternion group Sp(1). The convex hull of these 24 elements in 4-dimensional space form a convex regular 4-polytope called the 24-cell.

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The binary tetrahedral group, denoted by 2T, fits into the short exact sequence

:$1\backslash to\backslash \{\backslash pm\; 1\backslash \}\backslash to\; 2\backslash mathrm\{T\}\backslash to\; \backslash mathrm\{T\}\; \backslash to\; 1.$

This sequence does not split, meaning that 2T is not a semidirect product of {±1} by T. In fact, there is no subgroup of 2T isomorphic to T.

The binary tetrahedral group is the covering group of the tetrahedral group. Thinking of the tetrahedral group as the alternating group on four letters, {{nowrap|T ≅ A₄}}, we thus have the binary tetrahedral group as the covering group, {{nowrap|2T ≅ $\backslash widehat\{\backslash mathrm\{A\}\_4\}$.}}

The center of 2T is the subgroup {±1}. The inner automorphism group is isomorphic to A₄, and the full automorphism group is isomorphic to S₄.{{cite web|title=Special linear group:SL(2,3)|url=http://groupprops.subwiki.org/wiki/Special_linear_group:SL%282,3%29#Endomorphisms|website=groupprops}}

Image:Versor action on Hurwitz quaternions.svg-6 element: look at gray, blue, purple, and orange balls and arrows that constitute 4 orbits (two arrows are not depicted). ω itself is the bottommost ball: {{nowrap|1=ω = (−ω)(−1) = (−ω)⁴}}]]

The binary tetrahedral group can be written as a semidirect product

:$2\backslash mathrm\{T\}=\backslash mathrm\{Q\}\backslash rtimes\backslash mathrm\{C\}\_3$

where Q is the quaternion group consisting of the 8 Lipschitz units and C₃ is the cyclic group of order 3 generated by {{math|1=ω = −{{sfrac|1|2}}(1 + i + j + k)}}. The group Z₃ acts on the normal subgroup Q by conjugation. Conjugation by {{math|ω}} is the automorphism of Q that cyclically rotates {{mvar|i}}, {{mvar|j}}, and {{mvar|k}}.

One can show that the binary tetrahedral group is isomorphic to the special linear group SL(2,3) – the group of all {{nowrap|2 × 2}} matrices over the finite field F₃ with unit determinant, with this isomorphism covering the isomorphism of the projective special linear group PSL(2,3) with the alternating group A₄.

The group 2T has a presentation given by

:$\backslash langle\; r,s,t\; \backslash mid\; r^2\; =\; s^3\; =\; t^3\; =\; rst\; \backslash rangle$

or equivalently,

:$\backslash langle\; s,t\; \backslash mid\; (st)^2\; =\; s^3\; =\; t^3\; \backslash rangle.$

Generators with these relations are given by

:$r\; =\; i\; \backslash qquad\; s\; =\; \backslash tfrac\{1\}\{2\}(1+i+j+k)\; \backslash qquad\; t\; =\; \backslash tfrac\{1\}\{2\}(1+i+j-k),$

with $r^2\; =\; s^3\; =\; t^3\; =\; -1$.

A Cayley Table with these properties, elements ordered by GAP, is

1  2  r  4 -1  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13  s 15 16 17  t 19 20 21 22 23 24
2  6  7  8  9  1 13  s 15 16 17  t  r  4 -1 20 21 22 23 10 11 12 24 19
r  8 -1 10 11 20 23  9  t 12  1 19  s 21 24  7 16  2  4 15 22 13 17  6
4 16 19 -1 12 13  8 17 23  r 10  1 15 20 21  9  t  7 11 22  6 24  2  s
-1  9 11 12  1 15 17  t  2 19  r  4 21 22  6 23  7  8 10 24 13  s 16 20
6  1 13  s 15  2  r  4 -1 20 21 22  7  8  9 10 11 12 24 16 17  t 19 23
7  s  9 16 17 10 24 15 22  t  2 23  4 11 19 13 20  6  8 -1 12  r 21  1
8 20 23  9  t  r  s 21 24  7 16  2 -1 10 11 15 22 13 17 12  1 19  6  4
9 15 17  t  2 -1 21 22  6 23  7  8 11 12  1 24 13  s 16 19  r  4 20 10
10  7  4 11 19  s  9 16 17 -1 12  r 24 15 22  t  2 23  1 13 20  6  8 21
11  t  1 19  r 24 16  2  8  4 -1 10 22 13 20 17 23  9 12  6  s 21  7 15
12 23 10  1  4 21  t  7 16 11 19 -1  6 24 13  2  8 17  r  s 15 20  9 22
13  4 15 20 21 16 19 -1 12 22  6 24  8 17 23  r 10  1  s  9  t  7 11  2
s 10 24 15 22  7  4 11 19 13 20  6  9 16 17 -1 12  r 21  t  2 23  1  8
15 -1 21 22  6  9 11 12  1 24 13  s 17  t  2 19  r  4 20 23  7  8 10 16
16 13  8 17 23  4 15 20 21  9  t  7 19 -1 12 22  6 24  2  r 10  1  s 11
17 22  2 23  7 19 20  6  s  8  9 16 12  r 10 21 24 15  t  1  4 11 13 -1
t 24 16  2  8 11 22 13 20 17 23  9  1 19  r  6  s 21  7  4 -1 10 15 12
19 17 12  r 10 22  2 23  7  1  4 11 20  6  s  8  9 16 -1 21 24 15  t 13
20  r  s 21 24  8 -1 10 11 15 22 13 23  9  t 12  1 19  6  7 16  2  4 17
21 12  6 24 13 23 10  1  4  s 15 20  t  7 16 11 19 -1 22  2  8 17  r  9
22 19 20  6  s 17 12  r 10 21 24 15  2 23  7  1  4 11 13  8  9 16 -1  t
23 21  t  7 16 12  6 24 13  2  8 17 10  1  4  s 15 20  9 11 19 -1 22  r
24 11 22 13 20  t  1 19  r  6  s 21 16  2  8  4 -1 10 15 17 23  9 12  7

There is 1 element of order 1 (element 1), one element of order 2 ($e\_5=-1$), 8 elements of order 3, 6 elements of order 4 (including $e\_3=r$), 8 elements of order 6 (which include $e\_\{14\}=s$ and $e\_\{18\}=t$).

[[File:Binary tetrahedral group subgroups.png|thumb|260px|The binary tetrahedral group, 2T=<3,3,2>, has 2 primary subgroups:

• Quaternion group, Q=<2,2,2>, index 3

• Cyclic group Z6=<3>, index 4.]]

The quaternion group consisting of the 8 Lipschitz units forms a normal subgroup of 2T of index 3. This group and the center {±1} are the only nontrivial normal subgroups.

All other subgroups of 2T are cyclic groups generated by the various elements, with orders 3, 4, and 6.SL₂(F₃) on [http://groupnames.org/index.html#?SL(2,3) GroupNames]

Just as the tetrahedral group generalizes to the rotational symmetry group of the n-simplex (as a subgroup of SO(n)), there is a corresponding higher binary group which is a 2-fold cover, coming from the cover Spin(n) → SO(n).

The rotational symmetry group of the n-simplex can be considered as the alternating group on n + 1 points, A_n+1, and the corresponding binary group is a 2-fold covering group. For all higher dimensions except A₆ and A₇ (corresponding to the 5-dimensional and 6-dimensional simplexes), this binary group is the covering group (maximal cover) and is superperfect, but for dimensional 5 and 6 there is an additional exceptional 3-fold cover, and the binary groups are not superperfect.

The binary tetrahedral group was used in the context of Yang–Mills theory in 1956 by Chen Ning Yang and others.{{cite journal

| last = Case

| first = E.M.

|author2=Robert Karplus|author3=C.N. Yang

| title = Strange Particles and the Conservation of Isotopic Spin

| journal = Physical Review

| volume = 101

| issue = 2

| pages = 874–876

| year = 1956

| doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.101.874

| bibcode = 1956PhRv..101..874C| s2cid = 122544023

| url = https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2475r3j7

}}

It was first used in flavor physics model building by Paul Frampton and Thomas Kephart in 1994.{{cite journal

| last = Frampton

| first = Paul H.

|author2=Thomas W. Kephart

| title = Simple Nonabelian Finite Flavor Groups and Fermion Masses

| journal = International Journal of Modern Physics

| volume = A10

| issue = 32

| pages = 4689–4704

|arxiv=hep-ph/9409330

| year = 1995

| doi=10.1142/s0217751x95002187

| bibcode=1995IJMPA..10.4689F

| s2cid = 7620375

}}

In 2012 it was shown {{cite journal

| last = Eby

| first = David A.

|author2=Paul H. Frampton

| title = Nonzero theta(13)signals nonmaximal atmospheric neutrino mixing

| journal = Physical Review

| volume = D86

| pages = 117–304

|arxiv=1112.2675

| year = 2012

| issue = 11

| doi = 10.1103/physrevd.86.117304

| bibcode = 2012PhRvD..86k7304E

| s2cid = 118408743

}} that a relation between two neutrino mixing angles,

derived

{{cite journal

| last = Eby

| first = David A.

|author2=Paul H. Frampton|author3=Shinya Matsuzaki

| title = Predictions for neutrino mixing angles in a T′ Model

| journal = Physics Letters

| volume = B671

| pages = 386–390

|arxiv=0801.4899

| year = 2009

| issue = 3

| doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2008.11.074

| bibcode=2009PhLB..671..386E

| s2cid = 119272452

}}

by using this binary tetrahedral flavor symmetry, agrees with experiment.

• Binary polyhedral group
• Binary cyclic group, ⟨n⟩, order 2n
• Binary dihedral group, ⟨2,2,n⟩, order 4n
• Binary octahedral group, 2O = ⟨2,3,4⟩, order 48
• Binary icosahedral group, 2I = ⟨2,3,5⟩, order 120

{{reflist}}

• {{cite book | first = John H. | last = Conway |author2=Smith, Derek A. | author-link = John Horton Conway | title = On Quaternions and Octonions | publisher = AK Peters, Ltd | location = Natick, Massachusetts | year = 2003 | isbn = 1-56881-134-9}}
• {{cite book |author1=Coxeter, H. S. M. |author2=Moser, W. O. J. |name-list-style=amp | title=Generators and Relations for Discrete Groups, 4th edition | location=New York | publisher=Springer-Verlag | year=1980 | isbn=0-387-09212-9}} 6.5 The binary polyhedral groups, p. 68
• {{cite web|url=https://groupprops.subwiki.org/wiki/Special_linear_group:SL(2,3)|title=Special linear group SL(2,3)}}

Tetrahedral