Bingo dialect
{{Short description|Japanese dialect of the Bingo Region}}
{{more footnotes|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Bingo dialect
| familycolor = Altaic
| nativename = 備後弁
| states = Japan
| region = Hiroshima Prefecture
| fam1 = Japanese
| fam2 = Western
| fam3 = Chūgoku
| fam4 = San'yō
| image = Prefectures_of_Japan_Bingo_region.png
| imagecaption = Bingo dialect area.
}}
The Bingo dialect (Japanese: 備後弁 bingo-ben) is a Japanese dialect spoken in the Bingo Region (formerly Bingo Province) of eastern Hiroshima Prefecture. It is part of the Chūgoku dialect group.
Classification
The dialects of Hiroshima Prefecture are broadly divided into that of the former Asano region, which included the former Aki Province and northern Bingo, and the dialect of the former Fukuyama region, which controlled south-eastern Bingo.{{Cite book|last=平山|first=輝男|title=日本のことばシリーズ34広島県のことば|publisher=Meiji|year=1998|language=Japanese}} The former is commonly treated as the Hiroshima (or Aki) dialect, whilst the Bingo dialect is considered the latter. More so than to the Hiroshima dialect, the Bingo dialect is similar to the neighbouring Okayama dialect, and is sometimes included along with it in a wider San'yō dialect. Due to being under the historical influence of Fukuyama, the vernacular of some cities that are located within Okayama Prefecture in the present day, such as Kasaoka and Ibara, is similar to that of the Bingo dialect.
Phonology
The Bingo dialect has a Tokyo standard (specifically otsushu (乙種 ‘second grade’) pitch accent. A large section of Hiroshima Prefecture that includes the northern part of Bingo has a so-called chuurin (中輪 ‘middle-ring’) Tokyo standard pitch accent. In the former Fukuyama area, however, second-class single-mora nouns like hi (日 day) become pronounced with a rising pitch (hi ga (ひが)), giving it a so-called nairin (内輪 ‘inner ring’) Tokyo standard pitch accent, much like the majority of Okayama Prefecture.{{Cite book|last=山口|first=幸洋|title=日本語東京アクセントの成立|publisher=港の人|year=2003|pages=122|language=Japanese}} In Fukuyama and Onomichi, the first section of a word has a rising pitch, such as in yama ga (やまが mountain retreat).{{Cite book|last=金田一|first=春彦|title=「アクセントの分布と変遷」大野晋・柴田武編『岩波講座日本語11 方言』|publisher=岩波書店|year=1977|pages=153|language=Japanese}}
Diphthongs are frequently merged, with ai (あい) becoming a lengthened intermediate sound between a and e (aē (あえぇ)) (or ā (あぁ) in northern Bingo{{Cite book|last=金田一|first=春彦|title=金田一春彦著作集 第八巻|publisher=玉川大学出版部|year=2005|pages=465–535|language=Japanese}}{{Cite book|last=佐藤|first=亮一|title=現代日本語の発音分布」飛田良文・佐藤武義編『現代日本語講座 第3巻 発音』|publisher=Meiji|year=2002|pages=23|language=Japanese}}). In Fukuyama City, however, other than when starting a word, ai becomes yā (ャー), such as in akai (赤い red) → akyā (あきゃあ). This differs from the Aki dialect or Yamaguchi dialect (where ai becomes ā) and is a trait that extends to the Okayama dialect. Outside of Fukuyama however this merging is only found in the older generation. Other changes to diphthongs include oi (おい) becoming ē (えぇ) and ui (うい) becoming ii (いい).{{Cite book|last=平山|first=輝男|title=日本のことばシリーズ34広島県のことば|publisher=Meiji|year=1998|language=Japanese}}
Like other parts of Western Japan, the vowel sound u (う) is pronounced with the lips rounded and brought together horizontally.
References
{{reflist}}{{Japanese language}} {{Japonic-lang-stub}}