Bir Hakeim rescue

{{Infobox military conflict

| conflict = Bir Hakeim rescue

| image = Egypt north-west littoral (cropped to Sollum-Bir Hakeim).png

| image_upright = 1.0

| caption = Bir Hakeim (red) and Sollum (blue) on a 1916 British map

| partof = the Senussi campaign

| date = 17 March 1916

| place = Bir Hakeim, Italian Cyrenaica

| coordinates = {{Coord|31|35|38|N|23|28|48|E|region:LY_type:event|display=inline,title}}

| map_type = Libya

| map_size = 200

| map_caption = {{centre|{{lang|ar|Bir Hakeim}}, the site of an Ottoman fort built around a Roman well}}

| map_label = Bir Hakeim

| result = British victory

| combatant1 = {{flag|British Empire}}

| combatant2 = {{flagdeco|Cyrenaica}} Senussi

| commander1 = {{flagicon|British Empire}} Hugh Grosvenor

| commander2 =

| strength1 = 45 vehicles

| strength2 = Senussi guards

| casualties1 = None

| casualties2 =

| campaignbox ={{Campaignbox North African theatre (World War I)}}

}}

The Bir Hakeim rescue ({{langx|ar|بئر حكيم|translit=biʾr ḥakīm|lit=Wise Well}} {{IPA|ar|biʔr ħaˈkiːm|pron|Be2ir_7akeem.ogg}}) was a British raid in Italian Cyrenaica (modern Libya) on 17 March 1916 to recover prisoners of war held by the Senussi. Following the capture of Sollum on 14 March the British discovered evidence that the prisoners, survivors from two ships sunk by a German U-boat, were being held at the Bir Hakeim oasis, about {{cvt|160|km|order=flip}} to the west.

A rescue force of armoured cars and ambulances was assembled by Major Hugh Grosvenor, 2nd Duke of Westminster. The force, starting before dawn, drove across the desert and surprised the Senussi guards. On finding the prisoners had been half-starved during their 135 days' captivity the British pursued the fleeing Senussi and massacred most of them, including women and children. The party then returned to Sollum.

Background

The Allies and the Central Powers had been engaged in the First World War since 1914. As Caliph of the Islamic faith, the Ottoman Sultan, Mehmed V had some influence over the Senussi, Bedouin pastoralists of Italian Libya and the western portion of British Egypt. The Senussi were inspired to revolt against the colonial powers in November 1915 and occupied part of the coast and oases of the Sahara Desert, starting the Senussi campaign. The British formed the Western Frontier Force (WFF, Major-General William Peyton) to fight the Senussi. From February the British were reinforced by troops freed by the evacuation of Gallipoli.{{sfn|Macmunn|Falls|1996|pp=119–134}}

The British defeated the main Senussi force on the coast at the Action of Agagia on 26 February but parts of the coast to the west and the oases in the interior remained under Senussi control.{{sfn|Macmunn|Falls|1996|pp=119–134}} On 14 March the British re-occupied Sollum on the coast, to the west of Agagia, near the Libyan border. A mobile force, the Light Armoured Car Brigade (Major Hugh Grosvenor, 2nd Duke of Westminster), had played an important part, being directed in its movements by aircraft.{{sfn|Stephenson|2014|p=225}} Westminster's force consisted of three batteries of Rolls-Royce Armoured Cars, equipped with a machine gun in a turret.{{sfn|Reese|2022|p=153}}

Prelude

When the British re-occupied Sollum, by a stroke of luck, a letter sent by Captain R. S. Gwatkin-Williams, the commander of Tara, to Sollum when he was ignorant that the British had withdrawn from the town, was found in a house. The contents of the letter indicated the whereabouts of the survivors of the crew of the armed boarding steamer {{TSS|Hibernia|1899|6}} and some from the horse transport {{HMT|Moorina||6}}, ships sunk by {{SMU|U-35||6}} in the Mediterranean on 5 and 7 November 1915.{{sfn|Burg|Purcell|2010|p=106}}{{efn|Some of the Moorinas boats reached Egyptian territory.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}}} The WFF intelligence officer, Captain Leopold Royle, questioned the Senussi prisoners and established that the crews of the ships were at Bir Hakeim.{{sfn|Macmunn|Falls|1996|p=133}}

File:The Fort at Sollum, occupied by British force under Major-General Peyton, March 14, 1916.png

Bir Hakeim was the name of the site of two Roman wells, a tomb and an Ottoman blockhouse about {{cvt|120|mi}} west of Sollum.{{sfn|Macmunn|Falls|1996|p=133}} The {{lang|ar|Bir}} (well) did not appear on British maps but two Arab guides with the British claimed to know its location. Westminster and Peyton decided on a rescue attempt. Royle had knowledge of the area from his pre-war service with the Egyptian Coastguard and knew that the first {{cvt|50|mi}} of the desert was traversable by motor car.{{sfn|Williams|2013|p=24}} Westminster gathered a force of 45 vehicles for the raid.{{sfn|Stephenson|2014|p=225}} The vehicles comprised nine armoured cars, plus his Rolls-Royce touring car and a number of un-armoured trucks and Ford ambulances.{{sfn|Macksey|1983|p=16}}{{sfn|Williams|2013|p=24}}{{sfn|Hadaway|2014|p=156}}

Rescue

Departing from Sollum at around 3.00 a.m. on 17 March, the group made the first part of the journey by moonlight.{{sfn|Burg|Purcell|2010|p=106}}{{sfn|Hadaway|2014|p=156}}{{sfn|Stephenson|2014|p=225}} The party made fast progress despite the going varying from soft sand to ground strewn with boulders.{{sfn|Macmunn|Falls|1996|p=133}} With the assistance of the guides, the party reached Bir Hakeim around 12 hours later, having covered {{cvt|200|km|order=flip}}.{{sfn|Williams|2013|p=24}} The attack was led by the armoured car of Lieutenant William Griggs.{{sfn|Times|1916|p=313}}{{Efn|The Times identifies Griggs as a jockey, the brother of Walter Griggs}}

The Senussi guards were surprised and fled, pursued by two of the cars.{{sfn|Reese|2022|p=153}} The prisoners thought the war was over and the cars were bringing news of the armistice. When the cars opened fire on the nine fleeing guards and their families who were mixed among them, Gwatkin-Williams was surprised and attempted to intervene, shouting "Save them, they have been kind to us". Gwatkin-Williams's intervention failed, despite the efforts of the Duke of Westminster to halt the firing.{{sfn|Times|1916|p=314}}

An armoured car driver, Sam Rolls, who wrote of the event in his 1937 memoir Steel Chariots in the Desert, stated that the British were shocked by the sight of the prisoners, whose 135 days of half-starvation in captivity had left them "living skeletons" and took vengeance on the Senussi.{{sfn|Reese|2022|p=153}} He describes the cars shooting down men, women and children with only two babies surviving.{{sfn|Smith|Cowman|2017|p=194}} The intentional killing of non-combatants was a contravention of the First Geneva Convention (1864).{{sfn|Wieloch|2021|p=396}}

File:Haynes Museum Desert Rolls.jpg

The British official history in 1928 wrote that the prisoners had suffered some ill-treatment but had not been treated badly given the local customs.{{sfn|Macmunn|Falls|1996|pp=133–134}} A lack of food was unsurprising given the famine that was engulfing the Senussi. Four of the prisoners had died, mainly due to hunger and the survivors had suffered from illness, dysentery, lice and effects of the hot days and cold nights.{{sfn|Macmunn|Falls|1996|pp=133–134}}

Within half an hour of their arrival the British loaded the 92 surviving prisoners into the trucks and ambulances and began their return to British-held territory.{{sfn|Macmunn|Falls|1996|pp=133–134, 225}}{{sfn|Times|1916|p=314}}{{efn|The official history gives "91 officers and other ratings" with note saying they including a Btitish officer of the Indian cavalry and a Portuguese cook, the only civilian.{{sfn|Macmunn|Falls|1996|p=133}}}} The party arrived at Sollum 22 hours after they had left, having covered {{cvt|250|mi}}.{{sfn|Smith|Cowman|2017|p=194}} The British force suffered no casualties and described the raid as having proceeded "without incident".{{sfn|Smith|Cowman|2017|p=194}} The rescued prisoners were sent to Alexandria in Egypt, on the SS Rasheed{{Efn|The Times gives the ship's name as Raschid}} for treatment before being returned to Britain.{{sfn|Wieloch|2021|p=110}}

Aftermath

The historian Charles Stephenson, writing in 2014, said the raid could not have been achieved by any means available at the time except for the armoured cars. Westminster was appointed to the Distinguished Service Order for his work in the raid.{{sfn|Stephenson|2014|p=225}} Fighting in the Senussi campaign continued at the oases in the interior of Egypt until February 1917 when a victory by a British force equipped with armoured cars at the Siwa Oasis ended Senussi resistance.{{sfn|Macmunn|Falls|1996|pp=135–153}}

Notes

References

Bibliography

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{{cite book |last=Hadaway |first=Stuart |title=Pyramids and Fleshpots: The Egyptian, Senussi and Eastern Mediterranean Campaigns, 1914–16 |date=1 October 2014 |publisher=The History Press |isbn=978-0-7509-5808-0}}
{{cite book |last=Macksey |first=Kenneth |author-link=Kenneth Macksey |title=A History of the Royal Armoured Corps and its Predecessors, 1914–1975 |date=1983 |publisher=Newtown Publications |isbn=978-0-9508536-0-4}}
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{{cite book |last=Reese |first=Peter |title=Sir Henry Royce: Establishing Rolls-Royce, from Motor Cars to Aero Engines |date=12 May 2022 |publisher=The History Press |isbn=978-1-80399-081-1}}
{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Angela K. |last2=Cowman |first2=Krista |title=Landscapes and Voices of the Great War |date=3 February 2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-85641-6}}
{{cite book |last=Stephenson |first=Charles |title=A Box of Sand: The Italo-Ottoman War 1911–1912 |date=19 December 2014 |publisher=Tattered Flag |isbn=978-0-9576892-7-5}}
{{cite book |ref={{harvid|Times|1916}} |title=The Times History of the War |volume=IX |date=1916 |publisher=The Times |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/timeshistoryofwa09lond/ |url-access=registration |via=Archive Foundation |oclc=642276}}
{{cite book |last=Wieloch |first=Rupert |title=Liberating Libya: British Diplomacy and War in the Desert |date=27 October 2021 |publisher=Casemate |isbn=978-1-63624-083-1 |page=110 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WrlHEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}
{{cite book |last=Williams |first=Claud |title=Light Car Patrols 1916–19: War and Exploration in Egypt and Libya with the Model T Ford |date=19 November 2013 |publisher=Silphium Press |isbn=978-1-900971-15-7}}