Birds of Canada (banknotes)#$100 note

The Bank of Canada began preparations for design of this series in 1974.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=81}} A 1981 Parliamentary committee recommending design features enabling visually impaired individuals to determine the denomination of a banknote influenced the design process for the banknotes.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=82}} In 1983, the Bank of Canada chose to use "clear, uncluttered images" of Canadian birds for the reverse.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=81}} This imparted on the banknotes additional security against counterfeiting, as the design had a "single, large focal point" that enabled easier detection of counterfeits compared to the complex designs of earlier banknote series.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=81}}

The banknote design contains distinct colours for each denomination, and large numerals on the obverse and reverse of each denomination, both of which facilitate quick identification.{{sfn|Currency Features for Visually Impaired People|1995|p=54}} A patch of about {{convert|4.75|mm2|sqin|2}} width at the edge of the central banner enables blind people to determine the denomination of a banknote using an electronic device{{sfn|Currency Features for Visually Impaired People|1995|p=54}}{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=89}} and emit an audible output to indicate it,{{sfn|Currency Features for Visually Impaired People|1995|p=80}} except for the $1000 banknote.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=82}} On the reverse, vertical bars adjacent to the serial number are used by banknote sorting machines for quick identification to enable high-speed sorting.{{sfn|Kearney|Ray|1998|p=98}}

In 1984, the Bank of Canada announced that production of banknotes would be revised to require 100% cotton fibre, eliminating the 25% flax content requirement.{{sfn|Eugene Register-Guard|1984|p=4E}} Domestic flax producers in the Prairie provinces were upset by the change, which would result in a loss of revenue of about {{currency|40000|CAD}}.{{sfn|Eugene Register-Guard|1984|p=4E}} A Bank of Canada spokesman stated the change was necessary to satisfy pollution control standards, as raw flax processing uses chemicals eventually released as effluent.{{sfn|Eugene Register-Guard|1984|p=4E}}

The printing process required three lithographic plates and one intaglio plate for the obverse, and three lithographic plates for the reverse.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=82}}

The obverse of four banknotes feature a Prime Minister of Canada, whereas the others feature Elizabeth II.{{sfn|Toronto Star|1986}} The design on the reverse of each note features a bird indigenous to Canada with a background representing the typical landscape for that bird.{{sfn|Toronto Star|1986}} The birds represented in the series are found throughout Canada, and their colouring complements the dominant colour of the denomination on which they appear.{{sfn|Bank of Canada}} In a Toronto Star article in 1990, Christopher Hume stated that having a bird on each denomination "adds an element of consistency to the series".{{sfn|Hume|1990|p=G11}} Each banknote weighs {{convert|1|g|oz}} with dimensions of {{convert|152.40|by|69.85|mm|in|2}}.{{sfn|Humphreys|2012}}{{sfn|Bank of Canada}}

As of November 2013, all banknotes in this series are considered unfit for circulation by the Bank of Canada, as none of the banknotes contain modern security features like that of a metallic stripe.{{sfn|Bank of Canada: Unfit Bank Notes}} Financial institutions must return the banknotes to the Bank of Canada, which will destroy them.{{sfn|Bank of Canada: Unfit Bank Notes}} Individuals may keep the banknotes indefinitely.{{sfn|CBC News|2000}}

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The $2 banknote has an obverse featuring Elizabeth II, the Queen of Canada at the time of its introduction on 2 September 1986.{{sfn|Cross|1997|p=267}}{{sfn|Bank of Canada Currency Museum}} A photograph by Anthony Buckley was the basis of the portrait, which was engraved by Henry S. Doubtfire of De La Rue.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=92}} Adjacent to the portrait is a vignette of the Parliament buildings.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=92}} The reverse of the terra cotta banknote features American robins.{{sfn|Bank of Canada Currency Museum}} This note would be the last Canadian $2 banknote, as the government announced during the 1995 Canadian federal budget speech that it would be withdrawn from circulation.{{sfn|Montgomery|2016}} It was withdrawn on 16 February 1996 and was replaced by a $2 coin, colloquially referred to as the toonie.{{sfn|Bank of Canada}}

One of five known $2 banknotes with a serial number containing the prefix sequence "AUH" was auctioned in September 2012 for {{currency|10000|CAD}}.{{sfn|iCollector|2012}}{{sfn|Robertson|2012}}

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The obverse of the blue $5 banknote included a rendering of Wilfrid Laurier, and the bird on the reverse is the belted kingfisher.{{sfn|Toronto Star|1986}} The portrait was engraved by Yves Baril, and to its right is a vignette of the Centre Block as it appeared during Laurier's premiership flying the Canadian Red Ensign, the flag of Canada at the time.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=92}}

The banknote was the first of this series to be introduced, on 28 April 1986. It was withdrawn on 27 March 2002.{{sfn|Cross|1997|p=269}}

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The prime minister featured on the $10 banknote obverse is John A. Macdonald, whose portrait was engraved by Thomas Hipschen of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing in the United States.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=93}} Adjacent to the portrait is a vignette of the buildings of Parliament as they were during his premiership, flying the Canadian Red Ensign.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=93}} The bird featured on the reverse is an osprey.{{sfn|Toronto Star|1986}} The purple banknote was introduced on 27 June 1989 and withdrawn on 17 January 2001.{{sfn|Cross|1997|p=270}}

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The green $20 banknote has an obverse featuring Elizabeth II, the same engraving used for the $2 banknote,{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=93}} and a reverse featuring two common loons.{{sfn|Toronto Star|1986}}{{sfn|Whitehorse Star|2005}} The building vignette adjacent to the portrait is the Library of Parliament.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=93}} The image of the loons was intended for a $1 banknote, but when it was decided to replace that with the $1 loonie coin, the image was instead used for the $20 banknote.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=93}}

It was introduced on 29 June 1993, making it the last of the series to be introduced, and withdrawn on 29 September 2004.{{sfn|Cross|1997|p=271}} In 2003, high-quality counterfeits of the banknote appeared in circulation in Ontario and Quebec.{{sfn|Royal Canadian Mounted Police|2007}}

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The obverse of the red $50 banknote includes William Lyon Mackenzie King, and the reverse has the snowy owl depicted on a background of an Arctic landscape.{{sfn|Hume|1990|p=G11}} This portrait was also engraved by Thomas Hipschen, and was placed adjacent to the Parliament buildings flying the Canadian Red Ensign.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=94}} The colour of this banknote differed slightly from the same denomination in the Scenes of Canada series, as its hue was blue-red instead of the earlier banknotes orange-red.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=94}}

Introduced on 1 December 1989 and withdrawn on 17 November 2004, the $50 bill was the last banknote of the series to cease being printed.{{sfn|Cross|1997|p=272}} It was the first Canadian banknote to feature the optical security device.{{sfn|Toronto Star|1989}}

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Robert Borden is featured on the obverse of the brown $100 banknote, which has the Canada goose on its reverse.{{sfn|Toronto Star|1986}} Yves Baril also engraved this portrait, and the banknote also depicts a vignette of the Centre Block with the Peace Tower flying the Union Jack, which was flown on all federal buildings from 1904 to 1945.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=94}}

The banknote was introduced on 3 December 1990 and withdrawn on 17 March 2004.{{sfn|Cross|1997|p=273}} Many merchants, including Food Basics, Jumbo Video, McDonald's Canada, No Frills, Shoppers Drug Mart, and Tim Hortons, stopped accepting the $100 banknote in 2001 as it became increasingly counterfeited.{{sfn|Jones|2001|p=B3}}

By 2013, counterfeit versions of the banknote represented half of all counterfeit banknotes in circulation in Quebec, and 80% of all counterfeit $100 banknotes in the province.{{sfn|Lebeau|p=10}}

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The pink-hued $1000 banknote has an obverse with the same portrait of Elizabeth II used on the $2 banknote adjacent to a vignette of the Centre Block and Library of Parliament, the modern flag of Canada flying from the Peace Tower.{{sfn|CBC News|2000}}{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=94}} The reverse features a pair of pine grosbeaks, the engraving of which was based on a watercolour by John Crosby.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=94}} Originally, it was intended to use an image of a spruce grouse, but its nickname "fool hen" was "considered too controversial".{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=94}} This was the first new $1000 bill printed since the 1954 Canadian Landscape series.

The banknotes were often referred to as "pinkies" because of their colour.{{sfn|CBC News|2000}} On average, a $1000 banknote remained in circulation for 13 years{{sfn|CBC News|2000}} owing to its infrequent use. It was released on 4 May 1992.{{sfn|Cross|1997|p=274}} The banknote was withdrawn from circulation by the Government of Canada on 12 May 2000 at the request of the Bank of Canada, the Department of Finance, and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) as part of a program to reduce organized crime.{{sfn|Humphreys|2012}}{{sfn|CBC News|2000}} At the time, 2,827,702 of the $1000 bills were in circulation, representing 0.3% of all circulating currency; in 2001, 520,000 banknotes were withdrawn from circulation and destroyed.{{sfn|Bank of Canada|2002|p=32}} By 2011, fewer than 1 million were in circulation, most of which were held by organized crime and used for money laundering.{{sfn|Humphreys|2012}}{{sfn|Bank of Canada}}{{sfn|CBC News|2000}}

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Each printing of the banknote series is signed by the Governor of the Bank of Canada and the deputy governor.

The Canadian Bank Note Company (CBN) printed the $2, $5, $20, $50, and $1000 banknotes, and the British American Bank Note Company printed the $2, $10, $20, and $100 banknotes.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=92}}{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=93}}{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=94}}{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=95}}

All banknotes featured intaglio printing, microprinting and fine lines, fluorescence, and unique colours and serial numbers.{{sfn|Collections Canada|p=8}} The intaglio printing is raised ink appearing on the large numeral, the Arms of Canada, parts of the portrait, and the horizontal bands containing the words "BANK OF CANADA".{{sfn|Collections Canada|p=8}} The fine but clear microprinting cannot be easily reproduced by photocopiers and printers, and appears on the background patterns of the banknotes, the facial portion of the portraits, and in the vignette of the Parliament buildings.{{sfn|SecuriSource}}{{sfn|Collections Canada|p=8}}{{sfn|Collections Canada|p=15}} The colours used on the banknotes were based on security inks that could not be easily replicated.{{sfn|Collections Canada|p=8}}

The $20, $50, $100, and $1000 banknotes had a colour-shifting metallic foil security patch on the upper left corner, an optical security device that was difficult to reproduce with colour photocopiers and other commercial reproduction equipment of the time.{{sfn|Royal Canadian Mounted Police|2007}}{{sfn|Thomas|2010|p=5}} It was a vacuum-deposited thin film consisting of ceramic layers developed by the Bank of Canada and the National Research Council of Canada in the early 1980s and was manufactured at the Bank of Canada roll-coating facility.{{sfn|Thomas|2010|p=5}}{{sfn|Aaron|1989|p=F4}} The iridescent smooth patch would appear in a gradient between gold and green and show the face value of the banknote depending on the viewing angle,{{sfn|Bank of Canada}} had no raised edges, and could not be peeled off the banknote.{{sfn|Wise up to counterfeiting|2012|p=12}}{{sfn|Collections Canada|p=6}} When photocopied, it would appear as a dark patch.{{sfn|Robertson|2011}}{{sfn|Robertson|2011}} All banknotes in the series were printed with a security ink that would fluoresce blue under ultraviolet light.{{sfn|SecuriSource}}

The banknotes also had a feature causing photocopiers recognizing it to refuse to copy the banknote, and a digital watermark which had the same effect on personal printers and scanners.{{sfn|Moxley|Meubus|Brown|2007|p=48}} These features had no effect on devices that could not recognize them.{{sfn|Moxley|Meubus|Brown|2007|p=48}}

This was the last Canadian banknote series to include planchettes, small green dots on the paper bills introduced in the 1935 Series (banknotes).{{sfn|Bank of Canada}} These dots fluoresce blue under ultraviolet light and were used as a security feature.{{sfn|Bank of Canada}}{{sfn|SecuriSource}} Some planchettes could be removed from legitimate bills, leaving a perfect bluish circle on the bill.{{sfn|Collections Canada|p=6}} Planchettes occurred with random position on both the obverse and reverse of banknotes, either on the surface or within the note.{{sfn|Wise up to counterfeiting|2012|p=12}}

In the mid 1990s, the Bank of Canada tested a new substrate for use in printing banknotes. It printed 100,000 experimental $5 banknotes having a substrate of polymer core with paper at the sides. The project was discontinued because the supplier could not produce the substrate at the scale required by the Bank of Canada for printing banknotes.{{sfn|Brown|2011|p=1}}

An attempt to create a faithful counterfeit reproduction of the $50 banknote using colour photocopiers was recorded in 1990.{{sfn|Aaron|1990}} By the mid 1990s, counterfeiters had found a way to accurately reproduce the metallic foil.{{sfn|Royal Canadian Mounted Police|2007}} Counterfeit banknotes did not usually properly reproduce the fine lines and microprinting, rendering it as smudged or blurry.{{sfn|Whitehorse Star|2005}}

The security features introduced in the Birds of Canada series led to a reduction in the counterfeit ratio of bills circulated in Canada to 4 parts per million (PPM) by 1990, one of the most secure currencies in the world.{{sfn|Robertson|2011}} With the continuing advances in retail and commercial technology, by 1997 the counterfeit ratio had increased to 117 PPM, exceeding the 50 PPM de facto international benchmark.{{sfn|Robertson|2011}} In late 2000, Wesley Weber scanned the $100 banknote, and for weeks used graphics software to correct the "fuzziness of the image" and improve its sharpness.{{sfn|Robertson|2011}} He then conducted research to find a paper stock similar to that used for the real banknotes that would not fluoresce under ultraviolet light, and chose Mohawk Super Fine soft-white cotton fibre stock with eggshell finish.{{sfn|Robertson|2011}} He used an inkjet printer to print three counterfeit bills per page, and stencilled onto each bill a metallic patch similar to the optical security device that he obtained from a company in New Jersey.{{sfn|Robertson|2011}} He was arrested in 2001, by which time he had manufactured counterfeit banknotes with a face value of $6 million, and Canada's counterfeit ratio had increased to 129 PPM.{{sfn|Robertson|2011}} That year, the Bank of Canada introduced the Canadian Journey Series, the banknotes of which were more resistant to counterfeiting.{{sfn|Robertson|2011}}

In 2003, a high-quality counterfeit version of the $20 banknote was found in circulation in Ontario and Quebec.{{sfn|Royal Canadian Mounted Police|2007}} These counterfeit banknotes had been manufactured using "high quality paper, a manual hot foil-stamping machine, and airbrushing equipment" and die cut.{{sfn|Royal Canadian Mounted Police|2007}} Several Bulgarian counterfeiters were convicted and sentenced for counterfeiting the banknotes in December 2006.{{sfn|Royal Canadian Mounted Police|2007}} By 2004, counterfeit Birds of Canada $20 banknotes represented nearly 65% of all counterfeit currency in Canada.{{sfn|Whitehorse Star|2005}}

Today, the Birds of Canada banknotes are relatively easy to counterfeit with inkjet printers. The Birds series and the original Canadian Journey Series are the most commonly counterfeited Canadian banknote series because of their lack of modern security features.{{sfn|Royal Canadian Mounted Police|2007}}

The Bank of Canada commissioned a research survey of cash handlers and the general public to determine the effectiveness of the security features on the Birds of Canada and Canadian Journey series banknotes.{{sfn|Klein|Gadbois|Christie|2004|p=1}} The research found that participants correctly identified 84% of counterfeit banknotes based only on fluorescence features, 83% based only on microprinting and fine line features, and 80% based only on portrait features.{{sfn|Klein|Gadbois|Christie|2004|p=7}} Genuine banknotes were correctly identified 88%, 97%, and 89% of the time, respectively.{{sfn|Klein|Gadbois|Christie|2004|p=7}} The optical security device was the most effective security feature, used to correctly identify 98% of counterfeit banknotes and 95% of genuine banknotes.{{sfn|Klein|Gadbois|Christie|2004|p=7}}

Detecting counterfeits using only touch was 74% effective for the $10 banknote and 82% effective for the $20 banknote. Using only vision, counterfeit detection was 92% effective for the $10 banknote and 86% effective for the $20 banknote. Using both improved performance to 94% for both banknotes.{{sfn|Klein|Gadbois|Christie|2004|p=9}}

The general public correctly identified 72% of counterfeit banknotes, 80% of genuine $10 banknotes and 89% of genuine $20 banknotes. Commercial cash handlers, such as retail cashiers, correctly identified 86% of counterfeit banknotes, 89% of genuine $10 banknotes and 94% of genuine $20 banknotes. Bank tellers correctly identified 89% of counterfeit banknotes, 91% of genuine $10 banknotes and 95% of genuine $20 banknotes. All groups performed better with high-quality notes (that is, those that were clean and undamaged) with the exception that the general public misidentified many high-quality genuine $10 banknotes as counterfeit, which was attributed to the public's suspicion of new banknotes.{{sfn|Klein|Gadbois|Christie|2004|p=6}}

The participants performed better at identifying counterfeit Birds of Canada banknotes than identifying counterfeit Canadian Journey banknotes.{{sfn|Klein|Gadbois|Christie|2004|p=10}}

A report by The Canadian Press stated that residents of Lunenburg were displeased with the design of the $100 banknote, as the reverse of the same denomination in the Scenes of Canada series featured a vignette of the fishing town.{{sfn|Toronto Star|1990|p=A25}} Many younger Canadians were unfamiliar with the Red Ensign, and thought the flag flown atop the buildings on the $5 and $10 banknote was the flag of the United States, precipitating media coverage known as the "flag flap".{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=92}}{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=93}}

Currency collectors stated that the optical security device was not aesthetically pleasing, and that its placement and appearance were poor.{{sfn|Aaron|1989|p=F4}} Some compared it to the Australian commemorative $10 note issued in 1988, which had a reflective holographic badge featuring James Cook, as an example of a more aesthetically pleasing design.{{sfn|Aaron|1989|p=F4}}

The Bank of Canada printed uncut sheets of the $5 banknotes with serial numbers between 6,000,000 and 6,939,999 and prefix ANU.{{sfn|Graham|2004|p=279}} Some of these were released for sale to collectors in 2002 when the Bank of Canada also issued the Lasting Impressions collectors set.{{sfn|Graham|2004|p=279}} This set contained two uncirculated $5 banknotes, one from this series and the other from the Canadian Journey Series, with matching serial numbers.{{sfn|Graham|2004|p=294}} The banknotes were in an embossed folder also containing an information booklet with the history of the denomination and the features of each banknote.{{sfn|Graham|2004|p=294}} A similar set for $10 banknotes had been released in 2001.{{sfn|Graham|2004|p=296}}

A study commissioned by the Bank of Canada in 1994 stated that about 8,000 blind Canadians do not benefit from the large numerals or distinct colouration of the banknotes.{{sfn|Currency Features for Visually Impaired People|1995|p=54}} In 1990, the Bank of Canada, via the Canadian National Institute for the Blind, had begun distributing to these individuals a free electronic device capable of determining the denomination of a banknote by reading the vertical bars adjacent to the serial number.{{sfn|Currency Features for Visually Impaired People|1995|p=54}} Each device cost the Bank of Canada about {{currency|300|CAD}}, and 50–60 devices were requested every month, mostly from elderly individuals who used the device at home.{{sfn|Currency Features for Visually Impaired People|1995|p=54}}

Withdrawing the $1 banknote of earlier series and discontinuing printing of the $2 banknotes increased consumer use of the loonie and toonie.{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=84}} This decreased the costs of producing money and decreased the operational costs for some businesses, such as the Toronto Transit Commission, which estimated it would save {{currency|800000|CAD}} annually by not having to "unfold, sort, and count $1 bills".{{sfn|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006|p=84}}

The appearance of high-quality counterfeit $100 banknotes in 2001 from Windsor to Montreal resulted in about 10% of retailers to post signs that they would refuse to accept $100 banknotes in a cash transaction.{{sfn|Moxley|Meubus|Brown|2007|p=52}}

{{reflist|25em}}

{{refbegin|30em}}

• {{cite news|title=Security device on bill a disappointment|last=Aaron|first=Robert|newspaper=Toronto Star|date=30 December 1989}}
• {{cite news|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/436316698|title=Anti-counterfeiting devices featured on new $100 bills|last=Aaron|first=Robert|newspaper=Toronto Star|date=15 December 1990|page=E2|access-date=7 October 2014}}
• {{cite journal|journal=Bank of Canada Review|url=http://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/spencer.pdf|title=Paying with Polymer: Developing Canada's New Bank Notes|editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Maura|issue=Supplement|publisher=Bank of Canada|date=20 June 2011|accessdate=7 March 2014}}
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• {{cite journal|journal=Anti-Counterfeiting Connections|title=2013 Forum on Counterfeiting and Fraud: Ninth time around, ninth success!|last=Lebeau|first=Michel|issue=Winter 2013–2014|publisher=Bank of Canada}}
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• {{cite journal|journal=Bank of Canada Review|url=http://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/moxley-meubus-brown.pdf|title=The Canadian Journey: An Odyssey into the Complex World of Bank Note Production|last1=Moxley|first1=Jill|last2=Meubus|first2=Helen|last3=Brown|first3=Maura|publisher=Bank of Canada|date=Autumn 2007}}
• {{cite news|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2012/09/26/rare-2-bill-expected-to-go-for-20000-at-auction|title=Rare $2 bill expected to go for $20,000 at auction|last=Robertson|first=Ian|newspaper=Toronto Sun|date=26 September 2012|accessdate=2 March 2012}}
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• {{cite conference|conference=Currency Conference|conference-url=http://www.currencyconference.com/|url=http://currencyaffairs.org/templates/files/library/Mature_Technology,_New_Features_by_Lorna_Thomas.pdf|title=Mature Technology New Features|last=Thomas|first=Lorna|year=2010|publisher=Bank of Canada|location=Buenos Aires|accessdate=2 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302210439/http://currencyaffairs.org/templates/files/library/Mature_Technology%2C_New_Features_by_Lorna_Thomas.pdf|archive-date=2 March 2014}}
• {{cite book|title=Currency Features for Visually Impaired People|volume=478|others=Committee on Currency Features Usable by the Visually Impaired, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Materials Advisory Board, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, National Research Council|publisher=National Academies Press|year=1995|isbn=0309051940|lccn=94-69234|ref={{harvid|Currency Features for Visually Impaired People|1995}} }}
• {{cite book|url=http://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/promo_art.pdf|title=The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|publisher=Bank of Canada|date=6 December 2006|accessdate=13 March 2014|isbn=0660632462|ref={{harvid|The Art and Design of Canadian Bank Notes|2006}} }}
• {{cite web|url=http://www.bankofcanada.ca/banknotes/bank-note-series/past-series/1986-series-birds-of-canada/|title=Birds of Canada|publisher=Bank of Canada|accessdate=1 March 2014|ref={{harvid|Bank of Canada}} }}
• {{cite web|url=http://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/annual_report2001.pdf|title=Annual report 2001|publisher=Bank of Canada|date=28 February 2002|issn=0067-3587|accessdate=20 September 2014|ref={{harvid|Bank of Canada|2002}} }}
• {{cite web|url=http://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/unfit_notes_poster.pdf|title=Unfit Bank Notes (Effective November 2013)|publisher=Bank of Canada|accessdate=1 March 2014|ref={{harvid|Bank of Canada: Unfit Bank Notes}} }}
• {{cite web|url=http://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Wise-Up-to-Counterfeiting.pdf|title=Wise up to counterfeiting: A guide for police officers|publisher=Bank of Canada|year=2012|accessdate=1 March 2014|ref={{harvid|Wise up to counterfeiting|2012}} }}
• {{cite web|url=http://www.currencymuseum.ca/1986-series-birds-of-canada/|title=1986 Series, Birds of Canada|work=Currency Museum|publisher=Bank of Canada|accessdate=1 March 2014|ref={{harvid|Bank of Canada Currency Museum}} }}
• {{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/bank-of-canada-kills-1000-bill-1.235393|title=Bank of Canada kills $1000 bill|publisher=CBC News|date=26 September 2000|accessdate=2 March 2014|ref={{harvid|CBC News|2000}} }}
• {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/eppp-archive/100/201/301/bank_can_review/2006/spring/cover/en/banknotes/education/5-10-20-50-100_journey_pocket_guide.pdf|title=Secure paper money: It's in your hands|publisher=Bank of Canada|year=2006|accessdate=2 March 2014|ref={{harvid|Collections Canada}} }}
• {{cite news|title=Canada to make bank notes from all-cotton fiber, no flax|newspaper=Eugene Register-Guard|date=22 January 1984|ref={{harvid|Eugene Register-Guard|1984}} }}
• {{cite web|url=http://www.icollector.com/New-Discovery-1986-Bank-of-Canada-2-RARE-AUH-Thiessen-Crow-Finest-Known-PMG-AU55-EPQ-totall_i13822934|title=New Discovery 1986 Bank of Canada $2 RARE AUH Thiessen - Crow Finest Known - PMG AU55 EPQ, totall|publisher=iCollector|date=28 September 2012|accessdate=2 March 2014|ref={{harvid|iCollector|2012}} }}
• {{cite web|url=http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/pubs/ci-rc/cf/index-eng.htm |title=Counterfeit Currency in Canada — December 2007 |work=Project Sandstone |publisher=Royal Canadian Mounted Police |date=December 2007 |accessdate=1 March 2014 |ref={{harvid|Royal Canadian Mounted Police|2007}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301233322/http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/pubs/ci-rc/cf/index-eng.htm |archive-date=1 March 2014 }}
• {{cite web|url=http://www.securisource.com/faq.html|title=FAQs|publisher=SecuriSource Inc.|accessdate=1 March 2014|ref={{harvid|SecuriSource}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822165504/http://www.securisource.com/faq.html|archive-date=22 August 2011|url-status=dead}}
• {{cite news|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/435409837|title=Loons, owls and ospreys to grace new banknotes|agency=The Canadian Press|newspaper=Toronto Star|date=15 March 1986|access-date=1 March 2014|ref={{harvid|Toronto Star|1986}} }}
• {{cite news|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/436067529|title=New $50 bills have a trap for forgers|agency=The Canadian Press|newspaper=Toronto Star|date=27 November 1989|access-date=7 October 2014|ref={{harvid|Toronto Star|1989}} }}
• {{cite news|title=Lunenburg disappearing from $100 bill|agency=The Canadian Press|newspaper=Toronto Star|date=18 March 1990|ref={{harvid|Toronto Star|1990}} }}
• {{cite news|url=http://whitehorsestar.com/archive/story/counterfeit-money-circulation-tailing-off/|title=Counterfeit money circulation tailing off|newspaper=Whitehorse Star|date=25 August 2005|accessdate=2 March 2014|ref={{harvid|Whitehorse Star|2005}} }}

{{refend}}

{{Portal|Canada|Money|Numismatics}}

• [http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/eppp-archive/100/201/301/bank_can_review/2006/spring/cover/en/press/2000/pr00-8.html Bank of Canada to Stop Issuing $1000 Note] at the Collections Canada archive of the Bank of Canada website

{{Canadian currency and coinage}}

Category:Banknotes of Canada

Category:1986 in Canada