Black Diaries

The term Black Diaries was coined by Peter Singleton-Gates and Maurice Girodias in their 1959 book of that name.Mitchell (1997), p. 22 A long diary in Casement’s handwriting covering his 1910 Putumayo investigation is today held in The National Library of Ireland and is known as The Amazon Journal.{{Cite book |title=Travel Writing and Atrocities: Eyewitness Accounts of Colonialism in the Congo, Angola, and the Putumayo |last=Burroughs |first=Robert M. |year=2011 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0415992381 |pages=128–30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jhH11EAUgU0C&pg=PA128 |access-date=3 June 2012 }} It does not contain any compromising homosexual references.

Suspicions about the diaries validity began even before his execution and reached a critical point in 1936 with William J. Maloney's book, The Forged Casement Diaries, in which he provided circumstantial evidence that the British authorities had forged the diaries in order to discredit Casement and the Irish independence movement. Maloney argued that forgers used a diary full of depravities written by Armando Normand, a man that Casement investigated while in Peru in 1910, the diary was transcribed by Casement and then was sent to the Foreign Office as evidence where it was later exploited by the secret services as being Casement’s personal diary. However, it is a fact that Maloney never saw manuscript diaries or the alleged copies typed by the police. He had relied on hearsay evidence given by a few of Casement’s friends. Bulmer Hobson and Patrick Sarsfield O'Hegarty, two of Casement's close friends, claimed that Casement returned to London with the diary of Armando Normand, the Peruvian Amazon Company manager at Matanzas who was implicated with perpetrating vicious crimes against the Andoque and Bora populations.{{cite web |last1=Guillermo Páramo Bonilla |first1=Carlos |title="Un monstruo absoluto": armando normand y la sublimidad del mal |url=https://www.academia.edu/251868 |publisher=Universidad Externado de Colombia · Bogotá |access-date=22 July 2023}} Hobson and O'Hegarty's accounts both noted that Casement translated this diary and sent a copy of it to the Foreign Office. This apparent diary of Normand's has not been made public.{{cite book |last1=Maloney |first1=William |title=The forged Casement diaries |date=1936 |publisher=The Talbot Press, Limited |pages=198-199 |url=https://archive.org/details/forgedcasementdi0000will/page/198/mode/2up?q=normand}}

The poet W. B. Yeats was moved by this book to write a poem, "Roger Casement", which he described as "a ferocious ballad".{{Cite book |title=Yeats's Heroic Figures: Wilde, Parnell, Swift, Casement |last=Steinman |first=Michael A. |year=1983 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=0873956990 |pages=153–5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uv-VhkI2l6kC&pg=PA153 |access-date=3 June 2012 }} Another poet, Alfred Noyes, who had accepted the diaries as genuine in 1916, also criticised the establishment in a 1957 book, The Accusing Ghost or Justice for Casement.{{Cite book |title=A Yeats Dictionary: Persons and Places in the Poetry of William Butler Yeats |last=Conner |first=Lester I. |year=1998 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |location=Syracuse |isbn=081562770X |page=24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glhvNnjjNagC&pg=PA24 |access-date=3 June 2012 }}

In 1959 Peter Singleton-Gates and Maurice Girodias published The Black Diaries—a version of the diaries which they described as being based on "a bundle of documents" given to Singleton-Gates in 1922 by "a person of some authority"—in Paris, where they could not be prosecuted under the Official Secrets Act. That person was most likely Sir Basil Thomson who on his dismissal from Scotland Yard stole large quantities of official papers. Manuscript diaries whose existence had never been officially confirmed, were given restricted release by the government in 1959 and made available to approved persons in the Public Record Office in London.{{Cite book |title=Locked in the Family Cell: Gender, Sexuality, and Political Agency in Irish National Discourse |last=Conrad |first=Kathryn A. |year=2004 |publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press |isbn=029919650X |page=144 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Blg-LIOZJvEC&pg=PA144 |access-date=3 June 2012 }}

In 1960 Roger McHugh doubted the diaries' veracity, commenting on: "suspicious internal discrepancies and contradictions which hint toward the hand of a forger and the diary's physical evolution from the descriptions of eyewitnesses in 1916 to the physical appearance of the diaries made available in 1959".Casement, The Public Record Office Manuscript in Threshold, 4:1 (Spring/Summer, 1960), pp 42–62.

In 1965 The Trial of Sir Roger Casement, a book by H. Montgomery Hyde, was banned by the Irish Censorship of Publications Board because the purported diary extracts in it were found to be "indecent or obscene".[https://newrepublic.com/article/105658/mario-vargas-llosa-dream-of-celt-fintan-otoole Fintan O'Toole's review of "The Dream of the Celt"] by Mario Vargas Llosa; New Republic August 2012

Casement's biography by Brian Inglis (1973–74) strongly favoured the supposed authenticity of the diaries but provided no evidence for authenticity and his 400-page book was totally without source notes. Inter alia, Inglis asked why any putative forgers had created 3 diaries and a cash ledger, ".. when a single diary would have sufficed". ".. a single mistake in any of them would have destroyed the whole ugly enterprise".Inglis B. Roger Casement; Coronet (1974) p.397. In fact, there are dozens of mistakes in the police typescripts and in the manuscript diaries.

In 1993 a Home Office expert Dr. David Baxendale made a report featured in a BBC Radio 4 documentary. Dr. Baxendale stated that "the bulk of the handwriting in there is the work of Roger Casement". With reference to alleged interpolations he stated: "the handwriting of all the entries which were of that nature correspond closely with Mr Casement's handwriting.""Document—The Casement Diaries", BBC Radio 4, 23 September 1993. Baxendale’s opinion was broadcast to coincide with the open release of the diaries in the National Archives.

In 1994 Eoin O'Máille analysed the use of words in the two 1910 diaries, to establish if both were written by Casement, but the result was criticised for using "a computer programme which was designed to tell the 'reading age' of North American schoolchildren ... Linguistic analysis is something a little more subtle than that!"Eoin O'Máille, M. ui Callanán and M. Payne. The Vindication of Roger Casement, Computer analyses & comparisons of the Dublin 1910 diary & the London 1903 & 1910 diaries (Dublin, 1994).

In 2002 a comparative handwriting investigation of the diaries was commissioned by W. J. McCormack, Professor of Literary History at Goldsmiths College, University of London. The documents were examined by Dr. Audrey Giles, a leading British document examiner, who was instructed to authenticate the diaries as Casement’s work. She stated that she could find no ‘significant differences’ between the diary handwriting and undisputed Casement handwriting. She did not clarify what she meant by ‘significant differences’. Failure to distinguish between handwriting samples testifies only to a close resemblance and does not exclude a skilful forgery. A report in The Guardian, stated that "the handwriting, ink, paper, pen strokes and pencillings were all genuine."{{Cite news |title= Sex diaries of Roger Casement found to be genuine |author=John Ezard |newspaper=The Guardian |date=13 March 2002 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/mar/13/research.politicsphilosophyandsociety |access-date=3 June 2012 }} Other press reports stated that pollen, DNA, paper and ink testing had been done but no such testing was done because it is not allowed by the National Archives. Giles also falsely claimed that Michael Collins had authenticated the diaries; however Collins left no comment on the diaries so the claim is unverifiable. Giles was probably manipulated. McCormack published a book on Maloney and the diaries in 2002.McCormack published a book on Maloney and the diaries in 2002.{{Cite book |title= Roger Casement in Death, or, Haunting the Free State |last=McCormack |first=W. J. |year=2002 |publisher= University College Dublin Press |location=Dublin |isbn= 1900621762 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ip1nAAAAMAAJ |access-date=3 June 2012 }} The Giles Report was published in 2005.{{Cite book |title=Roger Casement in Irish and World History |date=1 October 2005 |publisher=Royal Irish Academy |isbn=978-1904890041 |editor-last=Daly |editor-first=Mary E.}}

Also in 2002 Professor Daniel Vangroenweghe's examination of Casement's time in the Congo was published. He is a Belgian historian of the Congo Free State period, and argues closely that Casement's use of Kikongo slang, and some entries about people and places in 1903, could not have been known in London in 1916. He does not explain how he in 2002 knows what was known or not known in London in 1916 by persons un-named and unknown to him. Finally he quotes from the unpublished autobiography of John Harris, who he falsely claims was shown the diary in 1916: "I was so firmly convinced, that the diary was not Roger Casement's handiwork. Alas, when it was put before me and I had examined certain parts, my confidence was shaken. Then I came upon two or three facts only known in Europe to Casement and myself, and then my hopes were {{sic|hide=y|scat|tered}}...".Vangroenwghe D., [https://www.journalbelgianhistory.be/fr/system/files/article_pdf/BTNG-RBHC,%2032,%202002,%203-4,%20pp%20321-350.pdf Journal of Belgian History] (2002). However, it is confirmed by Home Office files that, by instruction of the Home Secretary, Harris was shown the police typescripts only.

Two US forensic-document examiners later peer-reviewed the 2005 Giles Report; both were critical of it. James Horan stated, "As editor of the Journal of Forensic Sciences and The Journal of the American Society of Questioned Document Examiners, I would not recommend publication of the Giles Report because the report does not show how its conclusion was reached. To the question, 'Is the writing Roger Casement's?' on the basis of the Giles Report as it stands, my answer would have to be I cannot tell." Marcel Matley, a second document examiner, stated, "Even if every document examined were the authentic writing of Casement, this report does nothing to establish the fact."Paul Hyde, Casement Tried and Tested – The Giles Report, History Ireland, 24:4, July August 2016, pp. 38–41.

In 2016 16 Lives: Roger Casement by Angus Mitchell summarised his long held views that the diaries were forgeries.Mitchell A. 16 Lives: Roger Casement. O'Brien Press (2016) {{ISBN|9781847172648}} He also edited the Amazon Journal of Roger Casement and included a number of footnotes which express some of these views. One of these notes states "The latter [the black diary] portray Casement's state of mind as muddled, inaccurate and exaggerated. It should be remembered that as well as writing thousands of words of his journal each day, Casement also copied out in longhand the statements made by the Barbadians. In the seventy-five days covered by his Putumayo Journal, Casement wrote a total of around 250,000 words averaging well over three thousand words each day."{{cite book |last1=Casement |first1=Roger |title=The Amazon Journal of Roger Casement |date=1997 |publisher=Anaconda Editions |pages=279 |isbn=978-1-901990-05-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjwM99dulz4C}} Mitchell also refuted the allegations that Casement had a sexual relationship with Andrés O'Donnell.{{cite book |last1=Casement |first1=Roger |title=The Amazon Journal of Roger Casement |date=1997 |publisher=Anaconda Editions |pages=225 |isbn=978-1-901990-05-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjwM99dulz4C}}{{efn|"Although Casement certainly found O'Donnell the least offensive of the Section Chiefs he had encountered thus far, it is wholly untenable that his feelings towards the men went beyond this."}}

In 2016 the University of Notre Dame published Paul Hyde's monograph, which concludes that both sides of the dispute have outstanding issues to address: "the dominant and 'official' theory of the authenticity of the Black Diaries, in force for almost one hundred years, has almost no explanatory power whatsoever. It fails to answer the most basic and persistent questions ... Those who believe that the Black Diaries are forged do not have their belief supported by facts proven beyond reasonable doubt."[https://breac.nd.edu/articles/lost-to-history-an-assessment-and-review-of-the-casement-black-diaries/ Paul Hyde (2016) Lost to History: An Assessment and Review of the Casement Black Diaries]. Keough-Naughton Institute for Irish Studies, University of Notre Dame Soon after Village magazine published Hyde’s Dis-covering Casement which revealed the absence of independent witness testimony for the material existence of the manuscript diaries in 1916.There was, however, plentiful evidence of the police typescripts being shown.

All the diaries, including for the first time the 1911 volume which contained the most prolonged sexual narrative, were published by Jeffrey Dudgeon, an influential champion of authenticity, the same year. A second, extended, paperback and electronic edition was published in 2016.Jeffrey Dudgeon. Roger Casement: The Black Diaries: with a Study of His Background, Sexuality and Irish Political Life, Belfast Press. {{ISBN|9780953928736}}

The Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa, in the epilogue to his novel The Dream of the Celt which is based on Casement's life, expresses his opinion – "as a writer, and claiming no expertise" – that Casement did write the diaries, but that much of their content described his erotic fantasies rather than actual sexual experiences.{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2012/jun/15/mario-vargas-llosa-life-in-writing|title=Mario Vargas Llosa: a life in writing|first=Stuart|last=Jeffries|date=15 June 2012|newspaper=The Guardian}}

In 2019, Paul Hyde published Anatomy of a Lie; decoding Casement with a foreword by the Casement scholar Angus Mitchell. This presents new evidence and arguments against authenticity and includes the earlier Dis-covering Casement concerning the absence of witness testimony.{{Cite book |last=Hyde |first=Paul. R |title=Anatomy of a Lie; Decoding Casement |publisher=Wordwell Books |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-913934-89-7 |edition=1st |location=Dublin}} Hyde continued publishing in Village and in 2024 an article appeared based on what Hyde identified as contradictory entries relating to the purchase of a motorbike in a ledger that formed part of the diaries.{{Cite web |last=Hyde |first=Paul R. |date=2024-07-01 |title=The Devil and Mr. Roger Casement. |url=https://villagemagazine.ie/the-devil-and-mr-roger-casement/ |url-status=live |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Village Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203165129/https://villagemagazine.ie/the-devil-and-mr-roger-casement/ |archive-date=Dec 3, 2024}} Dudgeon then published in Village stating that manuscript diaries were shown to two named witnesses. In March 2025, Hyde published another article article fiercely critical of Dudgeon, citing Home Office documents verifying that both alleged 'witnesses' saw only police typescripts.{{Cite journal |last=Hyde |first=Paul R. |date=April 2025 |title=Endgame for Dudgeon’s Casement. |journal=Village Magazine}} This reputedly establishes that neither Dudgeon (after 30 years research) nor any other expert can identify anyone who saw manuscript diaries in 1916.{{fact|date=May 2025}} Hyde argues that the only explanation for this absence of evidence is that the manuscript diaries, now in the UK National Archives, did not exist in 1916. According to Hyde "The deception is of such simplicity that no-one detected it. But once revealed, its maximum explanatory power emerges to answer all those persistent questions".{{fact|date=May 2025}}

In the eight years since Village magazine first exposed the absence of witness testimony, Dudgeon was silent.{{fact|date=May 2025}} Then, in October 2024, in an attempt to prove authenticity he cited reputedly false testimony which Paul Hyde exposed in late March 2025.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

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{{Reflist|35em}}

• 'Roger Casement', by W. B. Yeats, on Wikisource
• [https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C9025 Diaries of Roger Casement] held at The National Archives, London
• [https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/1462 Photocopies of the diaries] held at Churchill Archives Centre, Cambridge

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Category:Diaries

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