Blackburn Type D
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2015}}
| {{Infobox aircraft begin
| name=Type D | image=File:1912 Blackburn Type D Monoplane (G-AANI).jpg | caption=The Type D, the oldest British flying aircraft, of the Shuttleworth Collection at Old Warden }}{{Infobox aircraft type | type=sports | national origin=United Kingdom | manufacturer= Blackburn Aeroplane Co | designer=Robert Blackburn | first flight=late 1912 | introduced= | retired= | status=still active | primary user= | number built=1 | developed from= | variants with their own articles= }} |
The Blackburn Type D, sometimes known as the Single Seat Monoplane, was built by Robert Blackburn at Leeds in 1912. It is a single-engine mid-wing monoplane. Restored shortly after the Second World War, it remains part of the Shuttleworth Collection[http://www.shuttleworth.org/collection/blackburnmonoplane/ The Shuttleworth Collection - Blackburn Type D] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819104123/http://www.shuttleworth.org/collection/blackburnmonoplane/ |date=19 August 2018 }} Retrieved 31 Aug 2017 and is the oldest British flying aeroplane.
Development
The Type D,This type designation is used by the Shuttleworth Collection, though when writing his history of Blackburn aircraft in 1968, A.J. Jackson noted that the type letter was not known a wooden, fabric-covered single-seat monoplane powered by a {{cvt|50|hp}} Gnome rotary engine, was built for Cyril Foggin in 1912.{{harvnb|Jackson|1968|pages=76–80}}
The design inherited some features from the earlier Mercury: it too had thin wings of constant chord with square tips of about the same span as the later Mercuries and used wing warping rather than ailerons. The wing was wire braced from above via a kingpost and below via the undercarriage, and was built up around machined I-section ash spars. The Type D also had the triangular cross-section fuselage seen on several of Blackburn's aircraft from the Second Monoplane onward.
It was a more pleasing-looking machine with a shorter fuselage, cowled engine, simplified undercarriage and heavily revised empennage. The fuselage had rounded upper decking and aluminium covering at the front. Blackburn had persisted with the Second Monoplane's Antoinette-style fin and tailplane through subsequent aircraft, but the Type D's tailplane had a much less steeply swept leading edge (though still 60°) than its predecessors and carried a divided elevator. The fin likewise was less swept though still long, and now carried a single rudder rather than the characteristic triangular pair previously used. The undercarriage featured a pair of wheels, compared with four on the Mercury, with two struts per side terminating on skids and joined by the axle and a higher transverse strut. For the first time, Blackburn fitted a rudder bar in preference to his "triple steering column".
The aircraft first flew late in 1912. Some modifications followed in time: the engine cowling was extended into a semicircular shape to discourage the discharge of smoke and hot oil from the rotary into the cockpit; the wingtips were slightly rounded, and the crook-shaped skids were replaced by skids of hockey stick form.
In 1913 the basic Type D design was developed into the two-seat Blackburn Type I.
Operational history
File:Blackburn Type D Uncovered.JPG
The Blackburn Type D monoplane was built in 1912 for Cyril Foggin.{{cite web | url=http://www.earlyaviators.com/efoggin.htm | title=Cyril Foggin }}
Harold Blackburn first flew the plane in December 1912, and used the Type D for a series of demonstration flights from Lofthouse Park, situated between Leeds and Wakefield, from March to May 1913.Flight 12 April 1913 Foggin received his "wings", RAeC #349 in November 1912 on a Bleriot monoplane,Flight 2 November 1912 and first flew his new Blackburn monoplane in March 1913{{cite web | url=http://www.earlyaviators.com/eglew.htm | title=Montague Francis Glew }} holding demonstrations with Blackburn."The Blackburn at Leeds", Flight 29 March 1913, p 359.{{cite web| title=Flight | date=1913-04-05| url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1913/1913%20-%200386.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106193843/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1913/1913%20-%200386.html | archive-date=2012-11-06}} Blackburn also flew to neighbouring towns: to Stamford, dropping leaflets; to Harrogate, where he landed; and on three successive days in late July to York, carrying bundles of the Leeds-printed Yorkshire Post.
Later in 1913 Foggin sold the aircraft to Montague Francis Glew.
Glew qualified RAeC #410 at the Blackburn school
on a "Blackburn monoplane",{{cite web | title=Flight | date=1913-02-08| url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1913/1913%20-%200142.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620152429/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1913/1913%20-%200142.html | archive-date=2015-06-20}} apparently an earlier model.
Glew gave flying demonstrations at towns in the English countryside, with several crashes,P.H.T. Green, "Lincolnshire's First Aviator", Lincolnshire Life, The County Magazine, pp. 32–34. September 1971: citing the Market Rasen Mail, advertisements dated 21 and 28 June 1913, articles dated 12 and 19 July 1913.
and on at least one occasion was involved in air racing (from Cardiff to Ilfracombe, cancelled due to weather).{{cite web | title=Flight | date=1913-09-20| url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1913/1913%20-%201020.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306220154/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1913/1913%20-%201020.html | archive-date=2016-03-06}}
Glew crashed his aircraft in 1914, beyond his ability to repair as World War I began.
The remains lay untouched on the family farm at Wittering,
until discovered by and sold to Richard Ormonde Shuttleworth in 1938. After World War II, the machine was restored by Shuttleworth's engineers. Almost all of the restored aircraft was original apart from the main wing spars, engine cowling, some minor wooden pieces and the fabric. The original Gnome was also discovered, though the restored aircraft used a slightly newer (1916) Gnome. The restored Type D flew on 17 September 1947, and still flies on quiet days with the Shuttleworth Collection, Britain's oldest active aircraft.
Specifications
{{Aircraft specs
|ref={{harvnb|Jackson|1968|page=80}}
|prime units? = imp
|crew=one
|length m=8.00
|length ft=26
|length in=3
|span m=9.78
|span ft=32
|span in=1
|height m=2.67
|height ft=8
|height in=9
|wing area sqm=21.9
|wing area sqft=236
|empty weight kg=250
|empty weight lb=550
|gross weight kg=446
|gross weight lb=980
|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=Gnome 7 Omega 7-cylinder rotary piston engine
|eng1 kw=37
|eng1 hp=50
|max speed kmh=97
|max speed mph=60
|endurance=2.5–3 hours
|ceiling m=1,200
|ceiling ft=4,000
}}
References
{{commons category|Blackburn Type D}}
{{reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
- {{Cite book |title= Blackburn Aircraft since 1909|last= Jackson|first=A.J. |year=1968 |publisher=Putnam Publishing |location=London |isbn=0-370-00053-6 }}
- {{cite magazine |title= British Notes of the Week -Blackburn week.|magazine= Flight|issue=12 April 1913 |page=419 |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1913/1913%20-%200413.html}}
{{refend}}
{{Blackburn aircraft}}
Category:1910s British sport aircraft
Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft
Category:Rotary-engined aircraft
Category:Aircraft first flown in 1912