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Block settlement#African American

{{Short description|Type of land distribution to settlers with the same ethnicity}}

{{distinguish|Settlement blocs}}

File:Land Ticket.jpg

A block settlement (or bloc settlement) is a particular type of land distribution which allows settlers with the same ethnicity to form small colonies. This settlement type was used throughout western Canada between the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Some were planned and others were spontaneously created by the settlers themselves. As a legacy of the block settlements, the three Prairie Provinces have several regions where ancestries other than British are the largest, unlike the norm in surrounding regions.

The policy of planned blocks was pursued primarily by Clifford Sifton during his time as Interior Minister of Canada. It was essentially a compromise position. Some politicians wanted all ethnic groups to be scattered evenly though the new lands to ensure they would quickly assimilate to Anglo-Canadian culture, while others did not want to live near "foreign" immigrants (as opposed to British immigrants who were not considered foreign) and demanded that they be segregated. At the time, Canada was receiving large numbers of non-British, non-French, immigrants for the first time, especially Italians, Germans, Scandinavians, and Ukrainians. The newcomers themselves wanted to settle as close as possible to people with a familiar language and similar customs. The government did not want the West to be fragmented into a few large homogeneous ethnic blocks, however, so several smaller colonies were set up where particular ethnic groups could settle, but these were spaced across the country.{{cite web

| title =Atlas of Saskatchewan (Ethnic Bloc Settlements map)| url =http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cansk/maps/ethnic-bloc.html|date=

| accessdate =2014-05-31}}{{cite web

| title =Ethnic Bloc Settlement in the Prairies| url =http://www.fwalive.ualberta.ca/vmctm_media/Ukrainian/UKR_Clips/UKR3_P4.gif|date=1989

| accessdate =2014-05-31}}

Similar to block settlements in Canada, the United States had several Ethnic Group Settlements across the Great Plains, which were founded by European settlers across the 1880s. These were towns of Czechs, Norwegians, Germans, Russians, and religious groups that were allotted land to create homesteads and farms.[https://www.jstor.org/stable/967339]{{Compact TOC|w=|x=|letters=no|custom1=American

|custom2=Anabaptist

|custom3=British

|custom4=Dutch

|custom5=Eastern European

|custom6=French

|custom7=German

|custom8=Indigenous

|custom9=Scandinavian

|custom10=See also

|custom11=References

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American

= African American =

{{further|Black Canadians|Freedmen's town}}

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= Mormon =

{{further|Mormon Corridor|The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Canada}}

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|File:Cardston Alberta Mormon Temple 2011.jpg

|alt1=Cardston Alberta Temple

|Mormon temple in Cardston, Alberta.

|File:Michelsen Farmstead.jpg

|alt2=Michelsen Farmstead, museum in Stirling, Alberta

|Michelsen Farmstead, museum in Stirling, Alberta

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Cardston founded in 1887 was the first Latter-day Saint settlement in Alberta.

{{cite web |title=Mormon News Room: Facts and Statistics (Canada-Alberta) |url=https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/canada/province/alberta |accessdate=2014-06-19}}

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Anabaptist

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|File:Hutterer-Oak Bluff.jpg

|alt1=Oak Bluff Colony sign (Hutterian Brethren)

|Oak Bluff Colony sign (Hutterian Brethren)

|File:DENT(1881) 1.378 MANITOBA; RAT RIVER MENNONITE RESERVATION.jpg

|alt2=Mennonite Reserve settlement on the Rat River in Manitoba (1881)

|Mennonite Reserve settlement on the Rat River in Manitoba (1881)

|File:Mennonite Heritage Village Steinbach Manitoba Canada 1 (6).JPG

|alt3=Mennonite Heritage Village in Steinbach, Manitoba

|Mennonite Heritage Village in Steinbach, Manitoba

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=Hutterite=

Hutterites are German-speaking Anabaptists who live in communal agricultural colonies. They have 188 colonies in Alberta, 117 in Manitoba, 72 in Saskatchewan and 3 in British Columbia. These Canadian colonies began with 18 colonies founded in 1919.{{cite web|date=|title=Regional index of Hutterite colonies|url=http://www.cedrontech.com/directory/|accessdate=2014-06-23}}{{cite web|date=26 June 2012|title=Mapping Hutterite Colony Diffusion in North America|url=http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/53/hutteritediffusion.shtml|accessdate=2014-06-23}} [http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/53/hutteritediffusion3.jpg Map]

= Mennonite =

The Manitoba government set aside the Mennonite East Reserve now in the Rural Municipality of Hanover and the Mennonite West Reserve now in the Rural Municipality of Rhineland and the Rural Municipality of Stanley for the new Russian Mennonite immigrants coming to the province beginning in 1874.{{cite web|title=An Experiment in Immigrant Colonization: Canada and the Icelandic Reserve, 1875-1897 by Ryan Christopher Eyford (map page 4)|url=http://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/bitstream/1993/4338/1/eyford_ryan.pdf|accessdate=2014-05-28}} Most spoke Mennonite Low German.{{cite web|title=Krahn, Cornelius and Adolf Ens. (1989). Manitoba (Canada). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online.|url=http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Manitoba_(Canada)&oldid=121229|accessdate=2014-06-07}} ([http://gameo.org/images/3/31/ME3_458.jpg Map])

Mennonite communities originally part of the East Reserve, Manitoba include:

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Mennonite communities originally part of the West Reserve, Manitoba include:

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Mennonite communities originally part of the Scratching River Settlement, Manitoba include:

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Saskatchewan settlements{{cite web|title=Rempel, John G. and Otto Driedger. (1990). Saskatchewan (Canada). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online.|url=http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Saskatchewan_(Canada)&oldid=114354|accessdate=2014-06-07}} ([http://gameo.org/images/a/ab/ME4_424.jpg Map])

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Early Alberta settlements began in La Crete, Alberta and Didsbury, Alberta 1901{{cite web|title=Gingerich, Melvin, C. Lorne Dick and Reynold Sawatzky. "Alberta (Canada)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online.|url=http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Alberta_(Canada)&oldid=116759|accessdate=2014-06-07}}

Early British Columbia settlements began in Yarrow, British Columbia and Abbotsford, British Columbia 1911{{cite web|title=Klassen, Cornelius F., John M. Klassen and Richard D. Thiessen. "British Columbia (Canada)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online.|url=http://gameo.org/index.php?title=British_Columbia_(Canada)&oldid=114357|accessdate=2014-06-07}}

British

Meaning: people coming directly from the United Kingdom, not English-speaking people from Ontario, Atlantic Canada, or the United States.

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= British Canadian =

Meaning: settlers from Eastern Canada, primarily Ontario, and mostly of British and Irish origins.

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Dutch

{{further|Dutch Canadian}}

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Eastern European

{{Gallery

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|align=center

|Image:Veregin Prayer House.jpg

|alt1=The Doukhobor prayer house in Veregin

|The Doukhobor prayer house in Veregin is a National Historic Site

|File:kaposvarchurchkjfmartin.jpg

|alt2=Kaposvar Church

|Kaposvar Church (Hungarian)

|File:Graves in Jewish cemetery at Lipton Colony, Saskatchewan.jpg

|alt3=Graves in Jewish cemetery at Lipton Colony, Saskatchewan, 1916

|Graves in Jewish cemetery at Lipton Colony, Saskatchewan, 1916

|Image:Bender hamlet, Manitoba.jpg

|alt4=Jewish farmhouses in Bender Hamlet, Manitoba, 1921.

|Jewish farmhouses in Bender Hamlet, Manitoba, 1921.

}}

= Ashkenazi =

{{see also|Jewish Colonization Association|History of the Jews in Canada}}

Many of the Jewish immigrants to Canada came from settlements in Eastern Europe, including Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire (later the Soviet Union).

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= Doukhobor =

{{further|Doukhobor|Christian Community of Universal Brotherhood|Freedomites}}

In Saskatchewan Doukhobors, numbering 7,500, settled in three blocks in the North-West Territories (now in Saskatchewan) from 1899 to 1918. They established 61 communal villages on {{convert|773400|acre|km2}}.{{cite web|title=Doukhobor Reserves in Saskatchewan, 1899-1918|url=http://www.doukhobor.org/Maps.htm|url-status=dead|accessdate=2014-06-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204174503/http://www.doukhobor.org/Maps.htm|archivedate=2012-02-04}} ([http://www.doukhobor.org/Reserves.gif Map])

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  • North Colony (1899-1918) contained {{convert|69000|acre|km2}} in the Pelly-Arran area settled by 2,400 settlers in 20 communal villages.([http://www.doukhobor.org/North.gif Map])
  • South Colony (1899-1918) contained {{convert|215010|acre|km2}} in the Canora, Veregin and Kamsack area settled by 3,500 settlers in 30 communal villages. ([http://www.doukhobor.org/South.gif Map])
  • Good Spirit Lake Annex (1899-1918) contained {{convert|168930|acre|km2}} in the Good Spirit Lake and Buchanan area settled by 1,000 settlers in 8 communal villages. ([http://www.doukhobor.org/Annex.gif Map])
  • Saskatchewan Colony (1899-1918) contained {{convert|324800|acre|km2}} in the Langham, Blaine Lake area settled by 1,500 settlers in 15 communal villages. ([http://www.doukhobor.org/Sask.gif Map])
  • Sheho and Insinger (1909-1926) contained {{convert|1280|acre|km2}}. ([http://www.doukhobor.org/sheho-insinger.gif Map])
  • Kylemore, Saskatchewan (1918-1938) north of Fishing Lake. ([http://www.doukhobor.org/Kylemore.gif Map])
  • Kelvington, Saskatchewan (1921-1938) was west of Kelvington. ([http://www.doukhobor.org/kelvington.gif Map])

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British Columbia (1908-1938) ([http://www.doukhobor.org/Kootenays.gif Map])

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  • Grand Forks-Castlegar-Slocan Valley (1909-1938) was an area of {{convert|19000|acre|km2}} settled by 8,000 Doukhobors from Saskatchewan in 74 communal villages. ([http://www.doukhobor.org/Grand%20Forks.gif Map])
  • Brilliant, British Columbia (1908-1938) on {{convert|2700|acre|km2}} included 6 communal villages. ([http://www.doukhobor.org/Brilliant.gif Map])
  • Ootischenia, British Columbia (1908-1938) on {{convert|2700|acre|km2}} included 22 communal villages. ([http://www.doukhobor.org/Ootischenia.gif Map])
  • Champion Creek, British Columbia (1912-1938) on {{convert|920|acre|km2}} included 5 communal villages. ([http://www.doukhobor.org/Blagodatnoe.gif Map])
  • Glade, British Columbia (1911-1938) on {{convert|1092|acre|km2}} included 11 communal villages. ([http://www.doukhobor.org/Glade.gif Map])
  • Shoreacres, British Columbia (1912-1938) on {{convert|500|acre|km2}} included 3 communal villages. ([http://www.doukhobor.org/Shoreacres.gif Map])
  • Pass Creek, British Columbia (1909-1938) on {{convert|1760|acre|km2}} included 6 communal villages. ([http://www.doukhobor.org/Pass%20Creek.gif Map])
  • Winlaw, British Columbia (1912-1938) on {{convert|837|acre|km2}} included 4 communal villages. ([http://www.doukhobor.org/Winlaw.gif Map])

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Alberta

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= Finnish =

{{see also|Finnish Canadian}}

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= Hungarian =

{{see also|Hungarian Canadians}}

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= Old Believers =

{{see also|Old Believers}}

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= Romanian =

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=Ukrainian=

{{see also|Ukrainian Canadian|List of Canadian place names of Ukrainian origin}}

{{Gallery

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|File:Ukrainian village.jpg

|alt1=Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village in Lamont County, Alberta

|Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village in Lamont County, Alberta

|File:St Georges.jpg

|alt2=St. George's Ukrainian Catholic Cathedral

|St. George's Ukrainian Catholic Cathedral, Saskatoon

|File:St Volodymyr's (Toronto).JPG

|alt3=St. Volodymyr's Ukrainian Orthodox Cathedral, Toronto

|St. Volodymyr's Ukrainian Orthodox Cathedral, Old Toronto

|File:Ukrainian Sign Hafford Saskatchewan 2011.jpg

|alt4=Street signs in Ukrainian

|Ukrainian language street signs alongside English ones in Hafford, Saskatchewan

}}

Ukrainian settlements with approximate date of founding ([http://www.fwalive.ualberta.ca/vmctm_media/Ukrainian/UKR_Clips/UKR3_P4.gif Map]):

French

These include French Canadians from Quebec, French Americans, and Francophones from France, Belgium, and Switzerland.

{{see also|Franco-Manitoban|Fransaskois|Franco-Albertan|Franco-Columbian}}

File:La Cathédrale, Gravelbourg, SK.jpg]]

;Alberta

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;British Columbia

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;Manitoba

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  • Rat River settlement (Saint Labre, Saint Pierre Jolys, Saint-Malo)
  • Red River settlement (Saint Boniface, Saint Vital, Saint Norbert, Saint Germain, Cartier, La Salle, Saint Adolphe, Glenlea, Sainte Agathe, Tourond, Aubigny, Dufrost, Saint Jean Baptiste, Sainte Elizabeth, Saint Joseph, Letellier)
  • Seine River settlement (Dufresne, Giroux, Ile des Chênes, La Broquerie, Lorette, Marchand, Richer, Saint Raymond, Sainte Anne des Chênes, Sainte Genevieve)
  • Whitehorse plain settlement (Elie, Fannystelle, Saint Eustache, Saint François Xavier, Saint Laurent, Saint Ambroise)

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;Saskatchewan

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  • Cantal-Bellegarde settlement (Alida, Antler, Bellegarde, Cantal, Redvers, Storthoaks, Wauchope)
  • Delmas bloc settlement (Cochin, Delmas, Edam, Jackfish Lake, Vawn)
  • Duck Lake settlement (Domremy, Duck Lake, Saint Isidore de Bellevue, Saint Louis)
  • Gravelbourg bloc settlement{{cite web | title =Francophone land settlement in southwestern Saskatchewan by Beckey Hamilton | url =http://pcag.uwinnipeg.ca/Prairie-Perspectives/PP-Vol05/Hamilton.pdf | date = | accessdate =2014-03-23 | archive-date =2014-03-24 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140324020542/http://pcag.uwinnipeg.ca/Prairie-Perspectives/PP-Vol05/Hamilton.pdf | url-status =dead }} (Gravelbourg, Lafleche, Mazenod, Meyronne).
  • Leoville-Debden bloc (Bapaume, Big River, Debden, Laventure, Leoville, Spiritwood, Victoire)
  • Ponteix settlement (Cadillac, Lac Pelletier, Pambrun, Ponteix, Vanguard)
  • Prud'homme Vonda settlement (Prud'homme, Saint Denis, Vonda)
  • Willow Bunch bloc settlement (Assiniboia, Fife Lake, Lisieux, Little Woody, Maxstone, Rockglen, Saint Victor, Verwood, Willow Bunch)
  • Wood mountain bloc (Ferland, Glentworth, Fir mountain, Wood mountain)
  • St. Hubert Mission

}}

German

{{see also|Canadians of German ethnicity}}

German settlement began in the prairie provinces in the 1890s and continued until the 1920s during the homesteading period. Some also came to the region after the end of World War II. Canadians of German ethnicity remain numerous in the prairie provinces. Most of these settlers were Catholics and Lutherans, with minorities of Mennonites and Baptists.

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| title =German Saskatchewan Genealogy Roots

| url =http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cansk/Saskatchewan/ethnic/german-saskatchewan.html

| accessdate =2014-05-28}}

}}

=German colonies=

St. Joseph's Colony (Katharinental) was established from 1886 to 1904 in southern Saskatchewan.{{cite web

| title =St. Joseph's Colony, Katharinental Colony, Kronau-Rastadt, and Odessa (1886-1904)

| url =http://library.ndsu.edu/grhc/history_culture/history/stjoseph.html

| accessdate =2014-05-28}}{{cite web

| title =Historical Sketch of St. Peter's Parish and the Founding of the Colonies of Rastadt, Kathrinenthal and Speier

| url =http://library.ndsu.edu/grhc/order/general/speier.html

| accessdate =2014-05-28

| archive-date =2012-09-08

| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120908050129/http://library.ndsu.edu/grhc/order/general/speier.html

| url-status =dead

}}

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St. Joseph's Colony (Josephstal) was established in 1905 in west-central Saskatchewan.{{cite web

| title =St. Joseph's Colony - Index Page

| url =http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~skstjose/stjosephs/mainsection/miscellanous/lland.html

| accessdate =2014-05-28}}{{cite web

| title =St. Joseph's Colony: 1905 - 1930

| url =http://library.ndsu.edu/grhc/order/general/sjc.html

| accessdate =2014-05-28}}{{cite web

| title =Towns & Villages Of St. Joseph's

| url =http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~skstjose/stjosephs/mainsection/town/townvillage.html

| accessdate =2014-05-28}} Villages in this Saskatchewan colony included

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Image:Berthold Imhoff remembered 2 (481919999).jpg in Muenster, Saskatchewan was decorated by Berthold Imhoff]]

St. Peter's Colony in Saskatchewan.{{cite web|title=St. Peter's Colony Map|url=http://www.ourroots.ca/e/page.aspx?id=1072358|url-status=dead|accessdate=2014-05-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529085939/http://www.ourroots.ca/e/page.aspx?id=1072358|archivedate=2014-05-29}} founded in 1903 in Saskatchewan was 4,662 square kilometres (1,800 square miles) in size.{{cite web|date=|title=Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan (GERMAN SETTLEMENTS)|url=http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/german_settlements.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505210802/http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/german_settlements.html|archive-date=2017-05-05|accessdate=2012-12-28}} It included 50 townships; townships 35 to 40, ranges 18 to 22, and townships 37 to 41, ranges 23 to 26 of the Dominion Land Survey west of the 2nd Meridian.{{cite journal|author=Jerome Weber O.S.B.|year=1949|title=St. Peter's Abbey 1903-1921|url=http://www.cchahistory.ca/journal/CCHA1949/Weber.pdf|journal=CCHA Report|publisher=Canadian Catholic Historical Association|volume=16|pages=37–49|accessdate=2015-01-26}} 8,000 settlers had arrived in the colony by 1910{{cite web|title=Colony Beginnings(p.6)|url=http://www.ourroots.ca/e/page.aspx?id=1072358|url-status=dead|accessdate=2013-01-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529085939/http://www.ourroots.ca/e/page.aspx?id=1072358|archivedate=2014-05-29}} and by 1930 it was home to 18,000 Roman Catholics. Most were German Catholics.{{cite web|date=|title=The German Catholics of St. Peter's Colony: 1903-1930 By Paul Paproski, OSB|url=http://ecommons.usask.ca/bitstream/handle/10388/ETD-2011-08-25/PAPROSKI-THESIS.pdf?sequence=3|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529085742/http://ecommons.usask.ca/bitstream/handle/10388/ETD-2011-08-25/PAPROSKI-THESIS.pdf?sequence=3|archive-date=2014-05-29|accessdate=2012-12-12}}

Between 1903 and 1925 parishes were established at

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Indigenous

= Métis =

Some French settlements were founded by Francophone Métis from the Red River settlement in Manitoba. Many began as Métis hivernants buffalo hunting camps from the 1840s to the 1870s.{{cite web |date= |title=Atlas of Saskatchewan (French and Francophone Métis Settlements) |url=http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cansk/maps/french.html |accessdate=2014-04-06}}{{cite book |author=John Welsted |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQKLCbdJ0GQC&pg=PA89 |title=The Geography of Manitoba: Its Land and Its People |date=1 January 1996 |publisher=Univ. of Manitoba Press |isbn=978-0-88755-375-2 |page=89}}

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Scandinavian

{{Gallery

|width=160 | height=170

|align=center

|File:Gimli harbour masters.jpg

|alt1=Gimli, Mantioba harbour masters building

|Gimli, Manitoba, pop. 5,797 is home to the largest concentration of Icelanders outside of Iceland.

|Image:New Norway circa 1915.jpg

|alt2=New Norway, Alberta circa 1915

|New Norway, Alberta circa 1915

|File:DElfrosIcelandicSettlers.JPG

|alt3=Icelandic settler statue in Elfros, Saskatchewan

|Icelandic settler statue in Elfros, Saskatchewan

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=Danish=

{{see also|Canadians of Danish descent}}

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= Icelandic =

{{see also|Icelandic Canadian}}

  • Vatnabyggd was an Icelandic settlement of about 2,000 square kilometres in Saskatchewan south of Fishing Lake and the Quill Lakes. By 1911 it had attracted over 1,600 Icelanders.{{cite web|title=Vatnabyggd: An Icelandic Settlement in Saskatchewan|url=http://www.museevirtuel-virtualmuseum.ca/sgc-cms/histoires_de_chez_nous-community_memories/pm_v2.php?id=exhibit_home&fl=0&lg=English&ex=00000617|accessdate=2014-05-28}}{{cite web|title=Major Icelandic Settlements in America|url=http://www.halfdan.is/vestur/settlers.htm|url-status=dead|accessdate=2014-05-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115052248/http://www.halfdan.is/vestur/settlers.htm|archivedate=2014-01-15}} Vatnabyggd included the settlements of Kristnes, Saskatchewan (1903), Dafoe (1905), Kandahar (1905), Wynyard (1904), Mozart (1903), Elfros (1903), Leslie (1907), Holar, Saskatchewan (1905), Mount Hecla, Saskatchewan (1904) and Foam Lake (1892). ([http://www.museevirtuel-virtualmuseum.ca/sgc-cms/histoires_de_chez_nous-community_memories/pm_v2.php?id=display_original&lg=English&fl=0&rd=146162&ex=00000617 Map])
  • Near Churchbridge, Saskatchewan were the settlements of Thingvalla-Logberg and Vallar
  • New Iceland (Nýja Ísland) (1875-1897) was located on the southwest shore of Lake Winnipeg in Manitoba. The Rural Municipality of Gimli and the Rural Municipality of Bifrost are within the old settlement area. New Iceland contained the settlements of Gimli, Riverton, Hnausa and Arborg. ([http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/40/newiceland2.jpg Map])
  • Other Icelandic settlements in Manitoba included Baldur, Erickson, Geysir, Manitoba, Glenboro, Lakeview, Manitoba, Lundar, Morden and Reykjavik
  • Markerville, Alberta

=Norwegian=

{{see also|Norwegian Canadian}}

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= Swedish =

{{see also|Swedish Canadian}}

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See also

References

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Further reading

  • Alan Anderson, "Ethnic Bloc Settlements," [https://web.archive.org/web/20111127024533/http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/ethnic_bloc_settlements.html Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan (2006) online]
  • Paul Robert Magocsi, ed. Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples (1999)

External links

  • [http://www.rootsweb.com/~cansk/maps/ethnic-bloc.html The Atlas of Saskatchewan] provides a map of the entire province showing all major ethnic bloc settlements.
  • [http://www.abheritage.ca/albertans/continuity/ww1_blocksettlement.html Government of Alberta's Heritage Department's] page about the history of the Ukrainian settlements in East-Central Alberta
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20080708153936/http://culture.alberta.ca/museums/historicsiteslisting/ukrainianvillage/default.aspx Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village] is a living history village 50 km east of Edmonton, Alberta which focuses on the experiences of Ukrainian immigrants and the block settlements.
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20140715170243/http://www.multiculturalcanada.ca/Encyclopedia/A-Z Multicultural Canada (Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples)]

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Category:Immigration to Western Canada

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Category:Settlement schemes in Canada

Category:Linguistic geography of Canada

Category:Geography of Western Canada