Blood and soil

The German expression was coined in the late 19th century, in tracts which espoused racialism/racism and romantic nationalism. It produced a regionalist literature, with some social criticism. This romantic attachment was widespread prior to the rise of the Nazis.Robert Cecil, The Myth of the Master Race: Alfred Rosenberg and Nazi Ideology p. 165 {{ISBN|0-396-06577-5}}. Marie-Luise Heuser, Was Grün begann endete blutigrot. Von der Naturromantik zu den Reagrarisierungs- und Entvölkerungsplänen der SA und SS, in: Dieter Hassenpflug (Hrsg.), Industrialismus und Ökoromantik. Geschichte und Perspektiven der Ökologisierung, Wiesbaden 1991, S. 43–62, {{ISBN|3-8244-4077-6}}. Major figures in 19th century German agrarian romanticism included Ernst Moritz Arndt and Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl, who argued that the peasantry represented the foundation of the German people and conservatism.Paul Brassley, Yves Segers, Leen Van Van Molle (ed.) (2012). War, Agriculture, and Food: Rural Europe from the 1930s to the 1950s. p. 197. Routledge, {{ISBN|0-415-52216-1}}

Ultranationalists who predated the Nazis frequently supported country living by claiming that it was healthier than city living, with the Artaman League sending urban children to the countryside to work in the hope that they would be transformed into Wehrbauern (lit. "soldier peasants").Heather Pringle, The Master Plan: Himmler's Scholars and the Holocaust, p. 39 {{ISBN|0-7868-6886-4}}

Richard Walther Darré popularized the phrase at the time of the rise of Nazi Germany in his 1930 book {{lang|de|Neuadel aus Blut und Boden}} (A New Nobility Based On Blood And Soil), in which he proposed the implementation of a systematic eugenics program, arguing that selective breeding would be a cure-all for the problems which were plaguing the state.Barbara Miller Lane, Leila J. Rupp, Nazi Ideology Before 1933: A Documentation pp. 110–111 {{ISBN|0-292-75512-0}} In 1928, he had also written the book, Peasantry as the Life Source of the Nordic Race, in which he presented his theory that the alleged difference between Nordic people and Southeastern Europeans was based in the Nordic people's connection to superior land.Gustavo Corni, "Richard Walther Darré: The Blood and Soil Ideologue," in Ronald Smelser and Rainer Zitelman, eds., The Nazi Elite (New York: New York University Press, 1993), p. 19. Darré was an influential member of the Nazi Party and a noted race theorist who assisted the party greatly in gaining support among common Germans outside the cities. Prior to their ascension to power, Nazis called for a return from the cities to the countryside.{{Sfn|Grunberger|1995|p=151}} This agrarian sentiment allowed opposition to both the middle class and the aristocracy, and presented the farmer as a superior figure beside the moral swamp of the city.David Schoenbaum, Hitler's Social Revolution: Class and Status in Nazi Germany, 1933–1939, pp. 161–162, Garden City, NY Doubleday, 1966.

{{Missing information|section|the ideological relations to Ecofascism and Organicism|date=March 2021}}

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H1215-503-009, Walther Darré bei einer Kundgebung.jpg addressing a meeting of the farming community in Goslar on 13 December 1937 standing in front of a Reichsadler and Swastika crossed with a sword and wheat sheaf labelled Blood and Soil (from the German Federal Archive)]]

The doctrine not only called for a "back to the land" approach and re-adoption of "rural values"; it held that German land was bound, perhaps mystically, to German blood. Peasants were the Nazi cultural heroes, who held charge of German racial stock and German history—as when a memorial of a medieval peasant uprising was the occasion for a speech by Darré praising them as a force and purifier of German history.George Lachmann Mosse, Nazi culture: intellectual, cultural and social life in the Third Reich p. 134 {{ISBN|978-0-299-19304-1}} Agrarianism was asserted as the only way to truly understand the "natural order.""[http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/tiessler3.htm Not Empty Phrases, but Rather Clarity] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929233645/http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/tiessler3.htm |date=2011-09-29 }}" Urban culture was decried as a weakness, labelled "asphalt culture" and partially coded as resulting from Jewish influence, and was depicted as a weakness that only the Führer's will could eliminate.{{Sfn|Koonz|2003|p=59}}

The doctrine also contributed to the Nazi ideal of a woman: a sturdy peasant, who worked the land and bore strong children, contributing to praise for athletic women tanned by outdoor work.Leila J. Rupp, Mobilizing Women for war, pp. 45–46, {{ISBN|0-691-04649-2}} {{OCLC|3379930}} That country women gave birth to more children than city ones was also a factor in the support.Richard Bessel, Nazism and War, p. 61 {{ISBN|0-679-64094-0}}

Carl Schmitt argued that a people would develop laws appropriate to its "blood and soil" because authenticity required loyalty to the {{lang|de|Volk}} over abstract universals.{{Sfn|Koonz|2003|p=60}}

{{lang|de|Neues Volk}} displayed anti-Semitic demographic charts to deplore the alleged destruction of Aryan families' farmland and claim that the Jews were eradicating traditional German peasantry.{{Sfn|Koonz|2003|p=119}} Posters for schools depicted the flight of people from the countryside to the city."[http://bytwerk.com/gpa/vogel.htm Nazi Racial School Charts] {{webarchive|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110716200815/http://bytwerk.com/gpa/vogel.htm |date=2011-07-16 }}" The German National Catechism, German propaganda widely used in schools, also spun tales of how farmers supposedly lost ancestral lands and had to move to the city, with all its demoralizing effects."[http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/catech.htm Nazi anti-Semitic Catechism] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608081921/http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/catech.htm |date=2011-06-08 }}"

The program received far more ideological and propaganda support than concrete changes.{{Sfn|Grunberger|1995|p=153}} When Gottfried Feder tried to settle workers in villages about decentralized factories, generals and Junkers successfully opposed him.{{Sfn|Grunberger|1995|pp=153–154}} Generals objected because it interfered with rearmament, and Junkers because it would prevent their exploiting their estates for the international market.{{Sfn|Grunberger|1995|p=154}} It would also require the breakup of Junker estates for independent farmers, which was not implemented.{{Sfn|Grunberger|1995|p=151}}

The {{lang|de|Reichserbhofgesetz}}, the State Hereditary Farm Law of 1933, implemented this ideology, stating that its aim was to: "preserve the farming community as the blood-source of the German people" ({{lang|de|Das Bauerntum als Blutquelle des deutschen Volkes erhalten}}). Selected lands were declared hereditary and could not be mortgaged or alienated, and only these farmers were entitled to call themselves {{lang|de|Bauern}} or "farmer peasant", a term the Nazis attempted to refurbish from a neutral or even pejorative to a positive term.{{Sfn|Grunberger|1995|pp=156–157}} Regional custom was only allowed to decide whether the eldest or the youngest son was to be the heir. In areas where no particular custom prevailed, the youngest son was to be the heir.{{cite web|url=http://www.verfassungen.de/de/de33-45/reichserbhof33.htm|title=Reichserbhofgesetz (1933)|last=webmaster@verfassungen.de|website=www.verfassungen.de|access-date=4 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018074146/http://www.verfassungen.de/de/de33-45/reichserbhof33.htm|archive-date=18 October 2017}}{{Google books |title=Nationalsozialistische Agrarpolitik und Bauernalltag Written by Daniela Münkel |id=gFkXIIikjbIC |page=116 }}{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/1884418| jstor = 1884418| title = Hereditary Land in the Third Reich| journal = The Quarterly Journal of Economics| volume = 53| issue = 3| pages = 465–476| year = 1939| last1 = Galbraith | first1 = J. K.}}{{Google books |title=Der praktische Nutzen der Rechtsgeschichte: Hans Hattenhauer zum 8 ... written by Jörn Eckert, Hans Hattenhauer |id=LgTiPCI5EucC |page=326 }} During the Nazi era, the eldest son inherited the farm in most cases.German Law and Legislation https://archive.org/stream/GermanLawAndLegislation_762/GermanLawAndLegislation_djvu.txt Priority was given to the patriline, so that, if there were no sons, the brothers and brothers' sons of the deceased peasant had precedence over the peasant's own daughters. The countryside was also regarded as the best place to raise infantry, and as having an organic harmony between landowner and peasant, unlike the "race chaos" of the industrial cities.Robert Cecil, The Myth of the Master Race: Alfred Rosenberg and Nazi Ideology p. 166 {{ISBN|0-396-06577-5}} It also prevented Jewish people from farming: "Only those of German blood may be farmers."{{cite web|url=https://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/hjhandbuch.htm|title=Hitler Youth Handbook|first=Randall|last=Bytwerk|website=www.calvin.edu|access-date=4 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410071307/http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/hjhandbuch.htm|archive-date=10 April 2014}}

The concept was a factor in the requirement of a year of land service for members of Hitler Youth and the League of German Girls.{{Sfn|Grunberger|1995|pp=159–160}} This period of compulsory service was required after completion of a student's basic education, before they could engage in advanced studies or become employed. Although working on a farm was not the only approved form of service, it was a common one; the aim was to bring young people back from the cities, in the hope that they would then stay "on the land".Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web pp. 110–111 {{ISBN|0-679-77663-X}} In 1942, 600,000 boys and 1.4 million girls were sent to help bring in the harvest.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}

{{Main|Lebensraum}}

File:Bundesarchiv R 49 Bild-0705, Polen, Herkunft der Umsiedler, Karte.jpg"]]

Blood and soil was one of the foundations of the concept of Lebensraum, "living space"."[http://www.shoaheducation.com/blut.html Blood & Soil: Blut und Boden]{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=SheriffIsInTown |fix-attempted=yes }}" By expanding eastward and transforming those lands into breadbaskets, another blockade, such as that of World War I, would not cause massive food shortages, as that one had, a factor that aided the resonance of "Blood and soil" for the German population.Richard Bessel, Nazism and War, p. 60 {{ISBN|0-679-64094-0}} Even Alfred Rosenberg, not hostile to the Slavs as such, regarded their removal from this land, where Germans had once lived, as necessary because of the unity of blood and soil. {{lang|de|Mein Kampf}} prescribed as the unvarying aim of foreign policy the necessity of obtaining land and soil for the German people (again, "German people" defined by the Nazi Party as racially pure).Andrew Roberts The Storm of War, p. 144 {{ISBN|978-0-06-122859-9}}

While discussing the question of Lebensraum to the east, Hitler envisioned a Ukrainian "breadbasket" and expressed particular hostility to its "Russian" cities as hotbeds of Russianness and Communism, forbidding Germans to live in them and declaring that they should be destroyed in the war.Karel C. Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule pp. 35–36 {{ISBN|0-674-01313-1}} Even during the war itself, Hitler gave orders that Leningrad was to be razed with no consideration given for the survival and feeding of its population.Edwin P. Hoyt, Hitler's War p. 187 {{ISBN|0-07-030622-2}} This also called for industry to die off in these regions.Karel C. Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule p. 45 {{ISBN|0-674-01313-1}} The Wehrbauer, or soldier-peasants, who were to settle there were not to marry townswomen, but only peasant women who had not lived in towns. This would also encourage large families.Gerhard L. Weinberg, Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders p. 23 {{ISBN|0-521-85254-4}}

Furthermore, this land, held by "tough peasant races", would serve as a bulwark against attack from Asia.Michael Sontheimer, "[http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,759095,00.html When We Finish, Nobody Is Left Alive] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509200250/http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,759095,00.html |date=2012-05-09 }}" 05/27/2011 Spiegel

Prior to the Nazi take-over, two popular genres were the {{lang|de|Heimat-Roman}}, or regional novel, and {{lang|de|Schollen-Roman}}, or novel of the soil, which was also known as {{lang|de|Blut-und-Boden}}.{{Sfn|Grunberger|1995|p=351}} This literature was vastly increased, the term being contracted into "Blu-Bo", and developed a mysticism of unity.Pierre Aycoberry The Nazi Question, p. 8 Pantheon Books New York 1981 It also combined war literature with the figure of the soldier-peasant, uncontaminated by the city. These books were generally set in the nominal past, but their invocation of the passing of the seasons often gave them an air of timelessness.{{Sfn|Grunberger|1995|pp=351–352}} "Blood and soil" novels and theater celebrated the farmer's life and their fertility, often mystically linking them.{{Sfn|Grunberger|1995|pp=366–367}}

One of the anti-Semitic fabrications in the children's book {{lang|de|Der Giftpilz}} was the claim that the Talmud described farming as the most lowly of occupations."[http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/story5.htm What is the Talmud?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514131114/http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/story5.htm |date=2011-05-14 }}" It also included an account of a Jewish financier forcing a German to sell his farm as seen by a neighbor boy; deeply distressed, the boy resolved never to let a Jew into his house, for which his father praised him, on the grounds that peasants must remember that Jews will always take their land."[http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/story7.htm How a German Peasant Was Driven from House and Farm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101020000019/http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/story7.htm |date=2010-10-20 }}"

During the Nazi period in Germany, one of the charges put forward against certain works of art was that "Art must not be isolated from blood and soil."{{Sfn|Adam|1992|p=67}} Failure to meet this standard resulted in the attachment of the label "degenerate art" to offending pieces. In art of Nazi Germany, both landscape paintings and figures reflected blood-and-soil ideology.[http://thecensureofdemocracy.150m.com/art5.htm The Greater German Art Exhibitions] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131032526/http://thecensureofdemocracy.150m.com/art5.htm |date=2010-01-31 }} Indeed, some Nazi art exhibits were explicitly titled "Blood and Soil".{{Sfn|Adam|1992|p=66}} Artists frequently gave otherwise apolitical paintings such titles as "German Land" or "German Oak".{{Sfn|Adam|1992|p=109}} Rural themes were heavily favored in painting.{{Sfn|Adam|1992|p=111}} Landscape paintings were featured most heavily in the Greater German Art Exhibitions.Frederic Spotts, Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics, p. 176 {{ISBN|1-58567-345-5}} While drawing on German Romantic traditions, painted landscapes were expected to be firmly based on real landscapes, the German people's {{lang|de|Lebensraum}}, without religious overtones.{{Sfn|Adam|1992|p=130}} Peasants were also popular images, promoting a simple life in harmony with nature.{{Sfn|Adam|1992|p=132}} This art showed no sign of the mechanization of farm work.{{Sfn|Adam|1992|p=133}} The farmer labored by hand, with effort and struggle.{{Sfn|Adam|1992|p=134}}

The acceptance of this art by the peasant family was also regarded as an important element.George Mosse, Nazi culture: intellectual, cultural and social life in the Third Reich p. 137 {{ISBN|978-0-299-19304-1}}

Under Richard Walther Darré, The Staff Office of Agriculture produced the short propaganda film {{lang|de|Blut und Boden}}, which was displayed at Nazi party meetings as well as in public cinemas throughout Germany. Other {{lang|de|Blut und Boden}} films likewise stressed the commonality of Germanness and the countryside.{{Sfn|Romani|2001|p=11}} {{lang|de|Die goldene Stadt}} has the heroine running away to the city, resulting in her pregnancy and abandonment; she drowns herself, and her last words beg her father to forgive her for not loving the countryside as he did.{{Sfn|Romani|2001|p=86}} The film {{lang|de|Ewiger Wald}} (The Eternal Forest) depicted the forest as being beyond the vicissitudes of history, and the German people the same because they were rooted in the story; it depicted the forest sheltering ancient Aryan Germans, Arminius, and the Teutonic Knights, facing the peasants wars, being chopped up by war and industry, and being humiliated by occupation with black soldiers, but culminated in a neo-pagan May Day celebration.Pierre Aycoberry The Nazi Question, p. 11 Pantheon Books New York 1981 In The Journey to Tilsit, the Polish seductress is portrayed as an obvious product of debased "asphalt culture" (urbanity) but the virtuous German wife is a country-dweller in traditional costume.{{Sfn|Romani|2001|pp=84–86}} Many other commercial films of the Nazi era featured gratuitous, lingering shots of the German landscape and idealized 'Aryan' couples.David Welch, Propaganda and the German Cinema, 1933–1945 (London: I.B. Tauris Publishers, 1984), p. 84.

An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus made extensive use of the term, usually in quotation marks, and showing an extensive debt to the Nazi usage.John W. Dower, War Without Mercy: Race & Power in the Pacific War p. 265 {{ISBN|0-394-50030-X}}

North American white supremacists, white nationalists, Neo-Nazis and members of the alt-right have adopted the slogan. It gained widespread public prominence as a result of the August 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, when participants carrying torches marched on the University of Virginia campus on the night of 11 August 2017 and were recorded chanting the slogan, among others.{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/08/12/us/charlottesville-unite-the-right-rally/index.html|title='Blood and soil': Protesters chant Nazi slogan in Charlottesville|author=Meg Wagner |publisher=CNN |date=12 August 2017|access-date=2017-08-14|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813050554/http://www.cnn.com/2017/08/12/us/charlottesville-unite-the-right-rally/index.html|archive-date=2017-08-13}} The rally was organized to protest the town's planned removal of a statue of Robert E. Lee.{{cite web|url=http://theweek.com/captured/718250/48-hours-charlottesville|title=48 hours in Charlottesville: A visual timeline of Charlottesville's harrowing weekend of violence|last=Hansen|first=Lauren|website=THE WEEK|date=15 August 2017|access-date=26 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826015624/http://theweek.com/captured/718250/48-hours-charlottesville|archive-date=26 August 2017}} The rally remained in national news through December 2018 thanks to the trial of James Alex Fields, a white supremacist who purposefully ran his car into a crowd of counter-protestors, killing 32-year old paralegal Heather Heyer.{{cite news|title=Neo-Nazi convicted of murder in Charlottesville car assault that killed Heather Heyer|last=James| first=Mike|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/12/07/neo-nazi-convicted-murder-charlottesville-car-assault-killed-heather-heyer/2243848002/|newspaper=USA Today|date=7 December 2018|access-date=28 February 2019}} The chant was also heard in October 2017 at the "White Lives Matter" rally in Shelbyville, Tennessee.{{cite news |title=Murfreesboro rally canceled as counterprotesters outnumber White Lives Matter activists |last1= Tamburin |last2= Wadhwani |first1= Adam |first2= Anita |url=http://www.tennessean.com/story/news/2017/10/28/white-lives-matter-rally-murfreesboro-tn-live-updates-shelbyville-tn-stream-video/804380001/ |newspaper=The Tennessean |date=28 October 2017 |access-date=29 October 2017}}

In his 2018 farewell letter, US Senator John McCain stated that America is "a nation of ideals, not blood and soil", specifically rejecting such notions.{{Cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/weta/washingtonweek/web-video/sen-john-mccains-words-farewell |title=Sen. John McCain's words of farewell |work=Washington Week | publisher=PBS/WETA |date=27 August 2018}}

• Ethnic nationalism
• Irredentism
• Jus soli
• Jus sanguinis
• Nativism (politics)
• Race (human categorization)
• Reichsnährstand
• Völkisch movement
• Volkstaat
• White ethnostate

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{Cite book|last=Adam|first=Peter|author-link=Peter Adam (filmmaker)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C9xPAAAAMAAJ|title=Art of the Third Reich|date=1992|publisher=H.N. Abrams|isbn=978-0-8109-1912-9|language=en}}
• {{Cite book|last=Grunberger|first=Richard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKBRswEACAAJ|title=The 12-year Reich: A Social History Of Nazi Germany 1933–1945|date=1995|publisher=Hachette Books|isbn=978-0-306-80660-5|language=en|author-link=Richard Grunberger}}
• {{Cite book|last=Koonz|first=Claudia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jASbCpN1CC8C|title=The Nazi Conscience|date=2003|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-01172-4|language=en|author-link=Claudia Koonz}}
• {{Cite book|last=Romani|first=Cinzia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yBJ9NgAACAAJ|title=Tainted Goddesses: Female Film Stars of the Third Reich|date=2001|publisher=Gremese|isbn=978-88-7301-463-8|language=en}}

• {{cite book |last1=Gies |first1=Horst |title=Richard Walther Darré: Der "Reichsbauernführer", die nationalsozialistische "Blut und Boden"-Ideologie und Hitlers Machteroberung |date=2019 |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |isbn=978-3-412-51280-4 |language=de}}

{{Commons category|Blut und Boden|Blood and Soil}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070427123231/http://cghs.dadeschools.net/ib_holocaust2001/Ideology_Death/blutandboden.htm The Doctrine of Blut und Boden]
• [http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/germany/sp001630/peter.html Fascist Ecology: The "Green Wing" of the Nazi Party and its Historical Antecedents]
• [http://www.harpers.org/archive/2004/04/0079976 Blood and Soil (Harpers) (subscription required)]

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Category:Nazi terminology

Category:Agrarian politics

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