Bodhipakkhiyādhammā#Five powers

In the Pali Canon's Bhāvanānuyutta sutta ("Mental Development Discourse,"{{refn|group=note|name=bhavana|The Pali word translated here as "development" is {{transliteration|pi|bhāvanā}}. Nyanaponika & Bodhi (1999), p. 305 n. 20 note: "The term '{{transliteration|pi|bhāvanā}}' (lit.:making become), usually translated as 'meditation,' is not restricted to methodical exercises in mental concentration but comprises the entire field of mental training." For elaboration on this point, compare the Wikipedia articles Bhavana, Buddhist meditation (regarding "mediation" and "mental concentration"), and Threefold training (regarding "mental training").}} AN 7.67), the Buddha is recorded as saying:

{{quote|Monks, although a monk who does not apply himself to the meditative development of his mind [{{transliteration|pi|bhavana}}{{refn|group=note|name=bhavana}}] may wish, "Oh, that my mind might be free from the taints by non-clinging!", yet his mind will not be freed. For what reason? "Because he has not developed his mind," one has to say. Not developed it in what? In the four foundations of mindfulness, the four right kinds of striving, the four bases of success, the five spiritual faculties, the five spiritual powers, the seven factors of enlightenment and the Noble Eightfold Path.Nyanaponika & Bodhi (1999), pp. 192–3.{{refn|group=note|Regarding the ordering of the seven sets, Bodhi (2000), pp. 1486–87, notes: "The presentation of the seven sets in a graded sequence might convey the impression that they constitute seven successive stages of practice. This, however, would be a misinterpretation. Close consideration of the series would show that the seven sets are ranked in a numerically ascending order, from four to eight, which means that their arrangement is purely pedagogic and implies nothing about a later set being more advanced than the earlier sets.... By presenting the course of practice from different angles, in different keys, and with different degrees of detail, the texts are able to finely modulate the practice of the path to suit the diverse needs of the people to be trained...."}}}}

Elsewhere in the Canon,For instance, these thirty-seven qualities are enumerated in SN 43.12 "The Unconditioned" (Bodhi, 2000, pp. 1374–78), where each quality is deemed "the path leading to the unconditioned" ({{transliteration|pi|asaṅkhatagāmī maggo}}), which is in turn defined as the destruction of lust, hatred and delusion ({{transliteration|pi|rāgakkhayo dosakkhayo mohakkhayo}}). and in numerous places in the āgamas of other early schools,[https://books.google.com/books?id=Cgdkb2h8Pg8C&dq=smrtyupasthana&pg=PA11 Sarvāstivāda Buddhist scholasticism, Part 2, Volume 11], by Charles Willemen, Bart Dessein, Collett Cox Brill Academic Publishers: 1997. {{ISBN|90-04-10231-0}} pg 11 these seven sets of thirty-seven qualities conducive to Enlightenment are enumerated as:

{{Main|Satipatthana}}

1. Mindfulness of the body ({{transliteration|pi|kāyānupassanā}}, S. {{transliteration|sa|kayānupasthāna}})
2. Mindfulness of feelings ({{transliteration|pi|vedanānupassanā}}, S. {{transliteration|sa|vedanānupasthāna}})
3. Mindfulness of mental states ({{transliteration|pi|cittānupassanā}}, S. {{transliteration|sa|cittanupasthāna}})
4. Mindfulness of mental qualities ({{transliteration|pi|dhammānupassanā}}, S. {{transliteration|sa|dharmanupasthāna}})

{{Main|Four Right Exertions}}

{{See also|Vīrya}}

1. Effort for the preventing of unskillful states to arise [anuppādāya]
2. Effort for the abandoning of the already arisen unskillful states [pahānāya]
3. Effort for the arising of skillful states [uppādāya]
4. Effort for the sustaining and increasing of arisen skillful states [ṭhitiyā]

{{Main|Iddhipada}}

1. Intention or will ({{transliteration|pi|chanda}}, S. {{transliteration|sa|chanda}})
2. Effort ({{transliteration|pi|viriya}}, S. {{transliteration|sa|vīrya}})
3. Consciousness ({{transliteration|pi|citta}}, S. {{transliteration|sa|citta}})
4. Skill of Analysis ({{transliteration|pi|vīmaṁsa}} or {{transliteration|pi|vīmaŋsā}}, S. {{transliteration|sa|mimāṃsā}})

{{Main|Indriya}}

1. Conviction{{Cite web|url=https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/wings/index.html|title = Wings to Awakening: An Anthology from the Pali Canon|author=Thanissaro Bhikkhu|year=2011|website=Access to Insight}} ({{transliteration|pi|saddhā}}, S. {{transliteration|sa|śraddhā}})
2. Effort ({{transliteration|pi|viriya}}, S. {{transliteration|sa|vīrya}})
3. Mindfulness ({{transliteration|pi|sati}}, S. {{transliteration|sa|smṛti}})
4. Concentration/Unification ({{transliteration|pi|samādhi}}, S. {{transliteration|sa|samādhi}})
5. Wisdom ({{transliteration|pi|paññā}}, S. {{transliteration|sa|prajñā}})

{{Main|Five Strengths}}

1. Conviction ({{transliteration|pi|saddhā}}, S. {{transliteration|sa|śraddhā}}})
2. Effort ({{transliteration|pi|viriya}}, S. {{transliteration|sa|vīrya}})
3. Mindfulness ({{transliteration|pi|sati}}, S. {{transliteration|sa|smṛti}})
4. Concentration/Unification ({{transliteration|pi|samādhi}}, S. {{transliteration|sa|samādhi}})
5. Wisdom ({{transliteration|pi|paññā}}, S. {{transliteration|sa|prajñā}})

{{Main|Seven Factors of Enlightenment|l1=Seven factors of awakening}}

1. Mindfulness ({{transliteration|pi|sati}}, S. {{transliteration|sa|smṛti}})
2. Investigation ({{transliteration|pi|dhamma vicaya}}, S. {{transliteration|sa|dharmapravicaya}})
3. Effort ({{transliteration|pi|viriya}}, S. {{transliteration|sa|vīrya}})
4. Joy ({{transliteration|pi|pīti}}, S. {{transliteration|sa|prīti}})
5. Tranquillity ({{transliteration|pi|passaddhi}}, S. {{transliteration|sa|praśrabdhi}})
6. Concentration/Unification ({{transliteration|pi|samādhi}}, S. {{transliteration|sa|samādhi}})
7. Equanimity ({{transliteration|pi|upekkhā}}, S. {{transliteration|sa|upekṣā}})

{{Main|Noble Eightfold Path}}

1. Right Understanding ({{transliteration|pi|sammā diṭṭhi}}, S. {{transliteration|sa|samyag-dṛṣṭi}})
2. Right Intention ({{transliteration|pi|sammā saṅkappa}}, S. {{transliteration|sa|samyak-saṃkalpa}})
3. Right Speech ({{transliteration|pi|sammā vācā}}, S. {{transliteration|sa|samyag-vāc}})
4. Right Action ({{transliteration|pi|sammā kammanta}}, S. {{transliteration|sa|samyak-karmānta}})
5. Right Livelihood ({{transliteration|pi|sammā ājīva}}, S. {{transliteration|sa|samyag-ājīva}})
6. Right Effort/Energy ({{transliteration|pi|sammā vāyāma}}, S. {{transliteration|sa|samyag-vyāyāma}})
7. Right Mindfulness ({{transliteration|pi|sammā sati}}, S. {{transliteration|sa|samyak-smṛti}})
8. Right Concentration/Unification ({{transliteration|pi|sammā samādhi}}, S. {{transliteration|sa|samyak-samādhi}})

A sutta found in The Senior Collection of Gandhāran Buddhist texts ascribes forty one instead of thirty seven beneficial dharmas.{{cite book|last=Salomon|first=Richard|author-link=Richard G. Salomon (professor of Asian studies)|title=The Buddhist Literature of Ancient Gandhara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=phk8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135|publisher=Wisdom Publications|year=2018|page=135|isbn=978-1-61429-168-8}} The Gandharan text includes {{transliteration|pi|rūpajhānas}} which the Pali tradition does not. Salomon notes this forty one numbered list appears in both a Chinese translation of the Dirghagama which current scholarship believes to be of the Dharmaguptaka school of Buddhism and a Chinese translation of the Dharmaguptaka vinaya.

In the Pali Canon's Nettipakaraṇa (Netti 112) forty-three qualities connected with awakening ({{transliteration|pi|tecattālīsa bodhipakkhiyā dhammā}}) are mentioned which, according to the commentaries, include the aforementioned thirty-seven plus the following six contemplations (also found in the suttas, e.g. Saṅgīti Sutta D iii 251)

• The contemplation of the three marks of existence:

1. impermanence ({{transliteration|pi|aniccasaññā}})
2. suffering ({{transliteration|pi|dukkhasaññā}})
3. non-self ({{transliteration|pi|anattasaññā}})

• abandoning ({{transliteration|pi|pahānasaññā}})
• dispassion ({{transliteration|pi|virāgasaññā}})
• cessation ({{transliteration|pi|nirodhasaññā}})

The technical term, {{transliteration|pi|bodhipakkhiyā dhammā}}, explicitly referring to the seven sets of qualities identified above, is first encountered in the Pali commentaries;Regarding the use of the compound Pali term {{transliteration|pi|bodhipakkhiyā dhammā}} in the canonical discourses, based on a search of the Sinhala SLTP tipitaka using the La Trobe University search engine ({{cite web |url=http://www.chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au/dcd/pali.htm |publisher=La Trobe University|title=Pali Canon Online Database |access-date=2007-11-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927001234/http://www.chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au/dcd/pali.htm |archive-date=2007-09-27 }}), the term {{transliteration|pi|bodhipakkhiyā dhammā}} (and its variant spellings and declensions) was found in following nine discourses in the Sutta Pitaka:

1. DN 27 (Aggañña Sutta)
2. SN 48.51 (Sālā Sutta)
3. SN 48.55 (Sāra Sutta)
4. SN 48.67 (Rukkha Sutta)
5. AN 5.56 (Upajjhāya Sutta)
6. AN 6.17 (Kusala Sutta or Soppa Sutta)
7. AN 9.1 (Sambodhipakkhiya Sutta)
8. Iti. 82 (Devasadda Sutta)
9. Iti. 97 (Kalyāṇasīla Sutta)

The Digha Nikaya (DN 27) and Itivuttaka (Iti., 82, 97) discourses each refer to "seven" ({{transliteration|pi|satta}}) factors of enlightenment. In his translation of DN 27, Walshe (1995, pp. 415 para. 30, 605 n. 854) interprets the "seven" to refer to the seven enlightenment factors ({{transliteration|pi|satta bojjhaṅgā}}) described in the Mahasatipatthana Sutta (DN 22). Conversely, in their translations of the Itivuttaka discourses, Ireland (1997) and Thanissaro (2001) interpret the "seven" as referring to the "seven groups of" or "seven [sets of]" factors of enlightenment, respectively. None of these three discourses themselves explicitly identifies which seven factors or sets of factors are being referenced. Moreover, the Anguttara Nikaya (AN 5.56, 6.17, 9.1) discourses neither numerically quantify nor elaborate upon the terms {{transliteration|pi|bodhipakkhiyānaṃ dhammānaṃ}} {{transliteration|pi|bodhapakkhiyānaṃ dhammānaṃ}} or {{transliteration|pi|sambodhipakkhiyānaṃ ... dhammānaṃ}} (respectively). Uniquely, in the three discourses from the Samyutta Nikaya (48.51, 48.55, 48.57), all three explicitly associate the term {{transliteration|pi|bodhipakkhiyā dhammā}} (and variant spellings) solely with the five faculties ({{transliteration|pi|indriya}}) of faith, energy, mindfulness, concentration, and wisdom (Bodhi, 2000, p. 1695).

Perhaps summing up the vagueness and apparent inconsistencies in these identified discourses and their translations, in an end note to the Sālā Sutta (SN 48.51) Bodhi (2000, p. 1937 n. 235) comments: "In the commentaries {{transliteration|pi|bodhipakkhiyā dhammā}} is the umbrella term for the seven sets of training factors repeatedly taught by the Buddha, but in the suttas the expression has a more flexible, less technical meaning." Bodhi then refers to Gethin (1992), pp. 289–98, for further discussion. nonetheless, the seven sets of {{transliteration|pi|bodhipakkhiya dhammas}} are themselves first collated, enumerated, and referenced in the Sutta Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka.For a survey of references to these qualities, see, for instance, Rhys Davids & Stede (1921–25), p. 491, entries on "{{transliteration|pi|bodha}}", and on "{{transliteration|pi|bodhi}}". Bodhi (2000), pp. 1485–86, notes:

:"In the Buddhist exegetical tradition, beginning very soon after the age of the canon, these seven sets are known as the thirty-seven aids to enlightenment ({{transliteration|pi|sattatiṃsa bodhipakkhiyā dhammā}}). Although this term is not used in the Nikāyas themselves as a collective appellation for the seven sets, the sets themselves frequently appear in the Nikāyas as a compendium of the practice leading to enlightenment."

In the Digha Nikāya's famed Maha-parinibbana Sutta (DN 16), which recounts the Buddha's last days, in the Buddha's last address to his assembly of followers he states:Vajra & Story (1998).

Now, O bhikkhus, I say to you that these teachings of which I have direct knowledge and which I have made known to you—these you should thoroughly learn, cultivate, develop, and frequently practice, that the life of purity may be established and may long endure, for the welfare and happiness of the multitude, out of compassion for the world, for the benefit, well being, and happiness of gods and men.

And what, bhikkhus, are these teachings? They are the four foundations of mindfulness, the four right efforts, the four constituents of psychic power, the five faculties, the five powers, the seven factors of enlightenment, and the Noble Eightfold Path. These, bhikkhus, are the teachings of which I have direct knowledge, which I have made known to you, and which you should thoroughly learn, cultivate, develop, and frequently practice....

The {{transliteration|pi|bodhipakkhiyā dhammā}} are mentioned in several passages of the Abhidhamma, such as at Vbh. sections 571 and 584.SLTP (n.d.-a), §§ 571, 584 (PTS pages 244, 249). Rhys Davids & Stede (1921–25), p. 491, entry for "{{transliteration|pi|bodhi}}," states that the {{transliteration|pi|bodhipakkhiyā dhammā}} are "mentioned at many other passages of the Abhidhamma."

In the Visuddhimagga, Buddhaghosa enumerates the seven sets of {{transliteration|pi|bodhipakkhiya dhammas}} along with a relevant Sutta Pitaka discourse (Vism. XXII.33), describes each set (Vism. XXII.34-38), and describes their existence in the consciousness of an arahant (Vism. XXII.39-40). In addition, Buddhaghosa factors the 37 qualities in a manner so as to describe fourteen non-redundant qualities (Vism. XXII.40-43); thus, for instance, while nine qualities (zeal, consciousness, joy, tranquility, equanimity, intention, speech, action, livelihood) are mentioned only once in the full list of 37 qualities, the other five qualities are mentioned multiple times. Table 1 below identifies the five qualities spanning multiple {{transliteration|pi|bodhipakkhiya-dhamma}} sets.Buddhaghosa & Ñāṇamoli (1999), pp. 702–705. Note that, whereas the Visuddhimagga orders the five redundant qualities listed in the table in order of ascending frequency among the seven sets (that is, from faith which appears twice among the seven sets to energy which appears nine times), the table below orders them in a manner consistent with the Five Faculties and Five Powers (from faith to understanding) to facilitate reader comprehension as there is potentially a developmental facet to this classical ordering.

In terms of other Pali commentaries, the {{transliteration|pi|bodhipakkhiyā dhammā}} are also mentioned in Dhammapada-Aṭṭhakathā (DhA i.230), Suttanipāta-Aṭṭhakathā (SnA 164), and Jātaka-Aṭṭhakathā (J i.275, iii.290, and v.483).Rhys Davids & Stede (1921–25), op. cit.

• {{annotated link|Basic Points Unifying the Theravada and the Mahayana}}
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• {{annotated link|Index of Buddhism-related articles}}
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• {{annotated link|Three marks of existence}}
• {{annotated link|Threefold Training}}

{{reflist|group=note|35em}}

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Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts