Body shape#Fat distribution

During puberty, differentiation of the male and female body occurs for the purpose of reproduction. In adult humans, muscle mass may change due to exercise, and fat distribution may change due to hormone fluctuations. Inherited genes play a large part in the development of body shape.

{{further|Facial skeleton}}

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|footer=Classical female and male faces

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Due to the action of testosterone, males may develop these facial-bone features during puberty:

• A more prominent brow bone (bone across the centre of the forehead from around the middle of eyebrow across to the middle of the other) and a larger nose bone.{{cite journal | vauthors = Perrett DI, Lee KJ, Penton-Voak I, Rowland D, Yoshikawa S, Burt DM, Henzi SP, Castles DL, Akamatsu S | display-authors = 6 | title = Effects of sexual dimorphism on facial attractiveness | journal = Nature | volume = 394 | issue = 6696 | pages = 884–887 | date = August 1998 | pmid = 9732869 | doi = 10.1038/29772 | bibcode = 1998Natur.394..884P | s2cid = 204999982 }}
• A heavier jaw.
• A high facial width-to-height ratio.{{cite web| vauthors = Holden C |date=August 20, 2008|title=The Face of Aggression|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/face-aggression|access-date=15 January 2021|website=|series=Science|publisher=}} However some studies dispute this, and testosterone reduces cheekbone prominence in males.{{cite journal |last1=Hodges-Simeon |first1=Carolyn R. |last2=Sobraske |first2=Katherine N. Hanson |last3=Samore |first3=Theodore |title=Facial Width-To-Height Ratio (fWHR) Is Not Associated with Adolescent Testosterone Levels |journal=PLOS ONE |date=14 April 2016 |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=e0153083 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0153083 |pmid=27078636 |pmc=4831733 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1153083H |language=en |issn=1932-6203 |quote= "Specifically, facial width/lower face height gets smaller (i.e., the lower face grows more than the width of the face), cheekbone prominence gets smaller (i.e., the width of the face at the mouth—a measure of relative jaw width—grows more than the width of the cheekbones), and lower face height/full face height gets larger (i.e., facial growth is focused in the lower face) as male adolescents develop. These results are consistent with the craniofacial literature that documents pronounced growth in the male mandible under the influence of exogenous T [51] and during puberty [83–85]. Similarly, the association between T and these mandible-inclusive facial ratios accords with Lefevre et al. [16], who found significant sexual dimorphism in these three ratios, but no adult sex difference in fWHR." See Table 1 and Figure 2 for cheekbone relation to testosterone levels. |doi-access=free }}
• A more prominent chin.

Because females have around 1/15 (6.67%) the amount of testosterone of a male,{{cite journal |journal=Endocrine Reviews |pmid=30010735 |date=October 2018 |title=Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance |first1=David J |last1=Handelsman |first2=Angelica L |last2=Hirschberg |first3=Stephane |last3=Bermon|volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=803–829 |doi=10.1210/er.2018-00020 |pmc=6391653 }} the testosterone-dependent features do not develop to the same extent, and female faces are generally more similar to those of pre-pubertal children.

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| footer = Comparison between a male (left) and a female pelvis (right). Females generally have wider hips relative to males in the same population. (Images not to scale.)

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Skeletal structure frames the overall shape of the body and does not alter much after maturity. Males are, on average, taller, but body shape may be analyzed after normalizing with respect to height. The length of each bone is constant, but the joint angle will change as the bone moves.{{Cite journal| vauthors = Saeki T, Furukawa T, Shimizu Y |date=1997|title=Dynamic clothing simulation based on skeletal motion of the human body |journal=International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology|language=en|volume=9|issue=3|pages=256–263|doi=10.1108/09556229710168414|issn=0955-6222}}

The dynamics of biomechanical movement will be different depending on the pelvic morphology for the same principle. The fascia anatomy of the sides of the sacral diamond area, which regulates its shape and movement, corresponds to the fascial thickenings that are part of the sacral complex of the thoracambular fascia, which surrounds the sacroiliac joints both posterioly and, from the iliolumbar ligaments anteriorly. The biochemical properties of the bands would have repercussions from the inside to the outside and vice versa.{{Citation |last=Siccardi |first=Marco A. |title=Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Pelvic Inlet |date=2025 |work=StatPearls |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519068/#.The |access-date=2025-01-21 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=30085610 |last2=Imonugo |first2=Onyebuchi |last3=Arbor |first3=Tafline C. |last4=Valle |first4=Cristina}} The shape of the posterior muscular and adipose tissues seems to correspond with the general pelvic morphology. The classification is as follows the gynecoid pelvis corresponds to a round buttocks shape, the platypelloid pelvis to a triangle shape, the anthropoid pelvis to a square shape and the android pelvis to a trapezoidal gluteus region. The trapezoidal shape is what gives steotopygia its specific shape and appearance if anything steotopygia is a trapezoidal figure from front, sideways and the back. Android pelvis is the largest is size, density and mass. The gynecoid is the widest relative to its size. The anthropoid has the widest foreman.

{{see also|Female body shape}}

Widening of the hip bones occurs as part of the female pubertal process, and estrogens (the predominant sex hormones in females) cause a widening of the pelvis as a part of sexual differentiation. Hence females generally have wider hips, permitting childbirth. Because the female pelvis is flatter, more rounded and proportionally larger, the head of the fetus may pass during childbirth.See Gender differences in Human skeleton and Sexual dimorphism in Hips The sacrum in females is shorter and wider, and also directed more toward the rear (see image).{{cite book | vauthors = Saukko P, Knight B | title = Knight's Forensic Pathology | edition = 3rd | publisher = Edward Arnold Ltd. | date = 2004 | isbn = 0-340-76044-3 }} This sometimes affects their walking style, resulting in hip sway.{{cite web |url = https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/05/070523105948.htm|title = Clues To Mysteries Of Physical Attractiveness Revealed | work = ScienceDaily | date = 24 May 2007 |access-date = 2011-10-09}} The upper limb in females have an outward angulation (carrying angle) at elbow level to accommodate the wider pelvis. After puberty, hips are generally wider than shoulders. However, not all females adhere to this stereotypical pattern of secondary sex characteristics.{{cite book | vauthors = Haeberle EJ | chapter-url=http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/ATLAS_EN/html/secondary_characteristics.html | chapter = The secondary sexual characteristics | title = The Sex Atlas | quote = Hips grow wider than their shoulders |access-date=2011-10-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927075821/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/ATLAS_EN/html/secondary_characteristics.html |archive-date=2011-09-27 }} Males and females generally have the same hormones, but blood concentrations and site sensitivity differs between males and females. Males produce primarily testosterone with small amounts of estrogen and progesterone, while women produce primarily estrogen and progesterone and small amounts of testosterone.{{cite journal |last1=Lauretta |first1=R |last2=Sansone |first2=M |last3=Sansone |first3=A |title=Gender in Endocrine Diseases: Role of Sex Gonadal Hormones. |journal=International Journal of Endocrinology |date=2018 |volume=2018 |pages=4847376 |doi=10.1155/2018/4847376 |pmid=30420884 |pmc=6215564 |quote= "Generally, females and males have the same hormones (i.e., estrogens, progesterone, and testosterone), but their production sites, their blood concentrations, and their interactions with different organs, systems, and apparatus are different [29]. Males produce predominantly testosterone from the testes in a relatively constant daily amount according to a circadian profile. Small amounts of estrogens and progesterone are produced by the testes and the adrenal glands or are produced in the peripheral tissues, such as adipose tissue or liver, by the conversion of other precursor hormones [30]. In contrast, females mainly produce estrogens and progesterone from the ovaries in a cyclical pattern, while a small amount of testosterone (T) is produced by the ovaries and adrenal glands." |doi-access=free }}

{{see also|Masculine beauty ideal}}

File:Half-naked male.jpg

Widening of the shoulders occurs as part of the male pubertal process.{{cite web |url = http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/pubhealth/modules/reproductiveHealth/anatomy.html | title = Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology | work = The Harriet and Robert Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health | publisher = Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health | quote = Secondary sexual characteristics occur as part of the pubertal process|access-date = 2011-10-09}} Expansion of the ribcage is caused by the effects of testosterone during puberty.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}

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Body shape is affected by body fat distribution, which is correlated to current levels of sex hormones. Unlike bone structure, muscles and fat distribution may change from time to time, depending on food habits, exercises and hormone levels.

{{main|Android fat distribution|Gynoid fat distribution}}

Estrogen causes fat to be stored in the buttocks, thighs, and hips in females.{{cite web | vauthors = Peeke PM | date = |url=http://www.healthywomen.org/columns/drpeekescolumn/dbcolumn/waistlineworriesturningapplesbackintopears |title=Waistline Worries: Turning Apples Back Into Pears |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609161936/http://www.healthywomen.org/columns/drpeekescolumn/dbcolumn/waistlineworriesturningapplesbackintopears |archive-date=2009-06-09 | work = National Women's Health Resource Center }} When females reach menopause and the estrogen produced by ovaries declines, fat migrates from their buttocks, hips and thighs to their waists.{{cite web|url=http://www.womenshealthmag.com/|title=Women's Health|access-date=5 September 2015}} Later fat is stored in the belly, similar to males.{{cite web |url=http://www.health.harvard.edu/newsweek/Abdominal-fat-and-what-to-do-about-it.htm |title=Abdominal fat and what to do about it |access-date=2007-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928081252/http://www.health.harvard.edu/newsweek/Abdominal-fat-and-what-to-do-about-it.htm |archive-date=2011-09-28 |url-status=dead }} Thus females generally have relatively narrow waists and large buttocks, and this along with wide hips make for a wider hip section and a lower waist–hip ratio compared to males.{{cite news |url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/fitness/Why-men-store-fat-in-bellies-women-on-hips/articleshow/5933643.cms|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120114055926/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-03/fitness/28370522_1_fat-cells-high-fat-diet-fat-tissue|url-status = live|archive-date = 2012-01-14|title = Why men store fat in bellies, women on hips|access-date = 2011-10-09|work = The Times of India|date = 2011-01-03}}

Estrogen increases fat storage in the body, which results in more fat stored in the female body.{{cite news |url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health/Sex-hormone-making-women-fat/articleshow/4369598.cms|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110811051343/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-07/health/27999848_1_11percent-more-body-efficient-fat-storage-foetal-development-and-lactation|url-status = live|archive-date = 2011-08-11|title = Sex hormone making women fat?|access-date = 2011-10-09|work = The Times of India|date = 2009-04-07}} Body fat percentage guidelines are higher for females,{{Cite web |title=QuickStats: Mean Percentage Body Fat,* by Age Group and Sex --- National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, United States, 1999--2004† |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5751a4.htm |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=www.cdc.gov}} as this may serve as an energy reserve for pregnancy.{{cite journal | vauthors = Most J, Dervis S, Haman F, Adamo KB, Redman LM | title = Energy Intake Requirements in Pregnancy | journal = Nutrients | volume = 11 | issue = 8 | pages = 1812 | date = August 2019 | pmid = 31390778 | pmc = 6723706 | doi = 10.3390/nu11081812 | doi-access = free }} Males generally deposit fat around waists and abdomens (producing an "apple shape").{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

Transgender men and those who begin masculinizing hormone therapy see body fat redistributed within 3–6 months. Within 5 years, testosterone may cause gynoid fat to be significantly reduced.{{Cite web |title=Masculinizing hormone therapy - Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/masculinizing-hormone-therapy/about/pac-20385099 |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=www.mayoclinic.org |language=en}}{{Cite journal |last=Unger |first=Cécile A. |date=December 2016 |title=Hormone therapy for transgender patients |journal=Translational Andrology and Urology |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=877–884 |doi=10.21037/tau.2016.09.04 |doi-access=free |issn=2223-4691 |pmc=5182227 |pmid=28078219}} Inversely, transgender women, or those who begin feminizing hormone therapy, experience the formation of gynoid fat along with natural breast development.

{{See also|Bodybuilding}}

Testosterone helps build and maintain muscles through exercise. On average, men have around 5-20 times more testosterone than women and naturally and biologically males gain more muscle mass and size than women.{{cite book |last1=Kopala |first1=Mary |last2=Keitel |first2=Merle |title=Handbook of Counseling Women |date=11 July 2003 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-4522-6285-7 |page=94 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9CN1AwAAQBAJ&dq=males+times+more+testosterone+than+females&pg=PA94 |language=en}} However, women can also build muscle mass by increasing the testosterone level naturally.{{cite journal |last1=Tiidus |first1=PM |title=Benefits of estrogen replacement for skeletal muscle mass and function in post-menopausal females: evidence from human and animal studies. |journal=The Eurasian Journal of Medicine |date=August 2011 |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=109–14 |doi=10.5152/eajm.2011.24 |pmid=25610174|pmc=4261347 }} Prominent muscles of the body include the latissimus dorsi and trapezius in the back, pectoral muscles and rectus abdominis (abdomen) in the chest and stomach respectively, as well as biceps and triceps in the arms and gluteus maximus, quadriceps and hamstrings in the thighs.{{cite book |last1=Applegate |first1=Edith MS |title=The Sectional Anatomy Learning System - E-Book: Concepts and Applications 2-Volume Set |date=25 February 2009 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-27754-9 |page=108 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cVhPAQAAQBAJ&dq=largest+muscle+group+quadriceps&pg=PA108 |language=en}}

Females have breasts due to functional mammary glands, which develop in puberty from the influence of various hormones such as thyroxine, cortisol, progesterone, estrogen, insulin, prolactin, and human growth hormone.{{cite book |last1=Fritz |first1=Marc A. |last2=Speroff |first2=Leon |title=Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility |date=28 March 2012 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-1-4511-4847-3 |page=624 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZLubBxJEwEC&dq=breast+size+estrogen+insulin&pg=PA624 |language=en}} Mammary glands do not contain muscle tissue. The shape of female breasts is affected by age, genetic factors, and body weight. Women's breasts tend to grow larger after menopause, due to increase in fatty deposits caused by decreasing levels of estrogen. The loss of elasticity from connective tissue associated with menopause also causes sagging.{{cite book |last1=Sabel |first1=Michael S. |title=Essentials of Breast Surgery: A Volume in the Surgical Foundations Series E-Book |date=23 April 2009 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-07464-3 |page=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lFxf2HYnS4C&dq=menopause+increase+breast+volume+sagging&pg=PA16 |language=en}}

Being overweight or underweight affects the human body's shape as well as posture and walking style.{{citation needed|reason=This is evidently true by simple observation but a citation that quantifies it would be very useful|date=December 2023}} This is measured using Body Mass Index (BMI). Depending on the BMI, a body may be referred to as underweight, normal, overweight, or obese. A person with a BMI below 18.5 is classed as underweight, between 18.5 and 24.9 is ideal, above 24.9 is overweight and a BMI of 30 or higher is defined as obese.{{cite book |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43190/9241593024_eng.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43190/9241593024_eng.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=The SuRF Report 2 |series=The Surveillance of Risk Factors Report Series (SuRF) |page=22 |publisher=World Health Organization |date=2005 |ref={{harvid|World Health Organization|2005}}}}

Body shape has effects on body posture{{cite journal | vauthors = Gill S, Parker CJ | title = Scan posture definition and hip girth measurement: the impact on clothing design and body scanning | journal = Ergonomics | volume = 60 | issue = 8 | pages = 1123–1136 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 27764997 | doi = 10.1080/00140139.2016.1251621 | s2cid = 23758581 | url = https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/9347600 }} and gait, and has a major role in physical attraction. This is because a body's shape implies an individual's hormone levels during puberty, which implies fertility, and it also indicates current levels of sex hormones. A pleasing shape also implies good health and fitness of the body. Posture also affects body shape as different postures significantly alter body measurements, which thus can alter a body's shape.{{cite journal | vauthors = Parker CJ, Hayes SG, Brownbridge K, Gill S | title = Assessing the female figure identification technique's reliability as a body shape classification system | journal = Ergonomics | volume = 64 | issue = 8 | pages = 1035–1051 | date = August 2021 | pmid = 33719914 | doi = 10.1080/00140139.2021.1902572 | s2cid = 232231822 | url = https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/14170421 }}

According to the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, those people with a larger waist (apple shaped) have higher health risks than those who carry excess weight on the hips and thighs (pear shaped). People with apple shaped bodies who carry excess weight are at greater risk of high blood pressure, Type 2 diabetes and high cholesterol.{{cite web|url = http://www.heartandstroke.com/site/c.ikIQLcMWJtE/b.3484281/k.D785/Assess_your_weight.htm|title = Assess your weight|publisher = Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada|access-date = 2011-10-09|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110825233619/http://www.heartandstroke.com/site/c.ikIQLcMWJtE/b.3484281/k.D785/Assess_your_weight.htm|archive-date = 2011-08-25|url-status = dead}} The United Kingdom's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence advises that a person's waist-to-height ratio (WtHR) should not exceed 0.5, and that this rule applies to everyone from the age of five and is irrespective of gender, ethnicity or BMI.{{cite web | work = National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) | date = 2022 | title = Obesity: identification and classification of overweight and obesity (update) Recommendations 1.2.25 and 1.2.26. | url = https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg189 }}

Different forms of exercises are practiced for the fitness of the body and also for health. It is a common belief that targeted exercise reduces fat in specific parts of the body —for example, that exercising muscles around the belly reduces fat in the belly. This, however, is now proven to be a misconception; these exercises may change body shape by improving muscle tone but any fat reduction is not specific to the locale. Spot reduction exercises are not useful unless you plan proper exercise regime to lose overall calories. But exercising reduces fat throughout the body, and where fat is stored depends on hormones. Liposuction is surgery commonly used in developed societies to remove fat from the body.

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| caption1 = Venus de Milo at the Louvre has been described as a "classical vision of beauty".{{cite magazine |title= People: Just Deserts |magazine=Time |quote= ... "the most perfect all-over beauty of all time." Runner-up: the Venus de Milo. |date= May 28, 1945 |url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,775696,00.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090811003314/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,775696,00.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= August 11, 2009 |access-date= August 5, 2011}}{{cite news |title=Says Venus de Milo was not a Flapper; Osteopath Says She Was Neurasthenic, as Her Stomach Was Not in Proper Place. |newspaper=The New York Times |quote= Venus de Milo ... That lady of renowned beauty... | date= April 29, 1922 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/04/29/103588246.pdf |access-date= August 5, 2011}}{{cite news |author=CBS News Staff |title=Venus |work=CBS News |quote= The classical vision of beauty exemplified in Greek art, such as the 2nd century B.C. Venus de Milo (a.k.a. Aphrodite of Milos), was an ideal carried through millennia, laying the basis for much of Western art's depictions of the human form. |date=August 5, 2011 |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/2300-3445_162-5417565.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129092905/http://www.cbsnews.com/2300-3445_162-5417565.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 29, 2010 |access-date=August 5, 2011}}{{efn|However, one expert suggested that her "almost matronly representation" was meant to convey an "impressive appearance" rather than "ideal female beauty".{{cite journal | vauthors = Kousser R |title=Creating the Past: The Vénus de Milo and the Hellenistic Reception of Classical Greece | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-archaeology_2005-04_109_2/page/227 |journal=American Journal of Archaeology |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=227–50 |year=2005 |doi=10.3764/aja.109.2.227|s2cid=36871977 }}}}

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| caption2 = Michelangelo's David is considered a symbol of young male beauty and strength

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The general body shapes of female and male bodies both have significant social and cultural symbolism. Physical attractiveness is closely associated with traits that are considered typical of either sex.{{Cite web |last=Dolan |first=Eric W. |date=2023-01-14 |title=Interactions between height and shoulder‑to‑hip ratio influence women's perceptions of men's attractiveness and masculinity |url=https://www.psypost.org/2023/01/interactions-between-height-and-shoulder‑to‑hip-ratio-influence-womens-perceptions-of-mens-attractiveness-and-masculinity-64769 |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=PsyPost |language=en-US}} The body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, and especially waist-to-chest ratio in men have been shown in studies to rank as overall more desirable to women. To be deemed to have an "athletic built"/build{{cite book | vauthors = Williams LA |title=Resurfaced |date=May 2012 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=9781105713033 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Gm1AwAAQBAJ&q=athletic+built&pg=PT1 |access-date=13 June 2020 |quote=...and athletic built}} is usually a reference to wide shoulders, a muscular upper body and well-developed upper-arm muscles which are all traits closely associated with masculinity, similarly to other specifics of the male sex, like beards. These traits are seen more sexually attractive to women and also associated with higher intelligence, good leadership qualities and better health.{{cite book | vauthors = Swami V | chapter = The Influence of Body Weight and Shape in Determining Female and Male Physical Attractiveness | veditors = Kindes MV | date = 2006 | title = Body Image: New Research | publisher = Nova Publishers | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-60021-059-4 | pages = 36–51 }}

Classifications of female body sizes are mainly based on the circumference of the bust–waist–hip (BWH), as in 90-60-90 (centimeters) or 36–24–36 (inches) respectively. In this case, the waist–hip ratio is 60/90 or 24/36 = 0.67. Many terms or classifications are used to describe body shape types:

• V shape: Males tend to have proportionally smaller buttocks, bigger chests and wider shoulders, wider latissimus dorsi and a small waist which makes for a V-shape of the torso.
• Hourglass shape: The female body is significantly narrower in the waist both in front view and profile view. The waist is narrower than the chest region due to the breasts, and narrower than the hip region due to the width of the buttocks, which results in an hourglass figure.
• Apple: The stomach region is wider than the hip section, mainly in males.
• Pear or spoon or bell: The hip section is wider than the upper body, mainly in females.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}
• Rectangle or straight or banana: The hip, waist, and shoulder sections are relatively similar.

{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}

• {{annotated link|Body image}}
• {{annotated link|Body proportions}}
• {{annotated link|Body mass index}} (BMI)
• {{annotated link|Body roundness index}} (BRI)
• {{annotated link|Bust/waist/hip measurements}} ("Vital statistics")
• {{annotated link|Dad bod}}
• {{annotated link|Female body shape}}
• {{annotated link|Gait (human)|Human gait}}
• {{annotated link|Human physical appearance}}
• {{annotated link|Phenotype}}
• {{annotated link|List of human positions}}
• {{annotated link|Human skeleton}}

• {{annotated link|Sex differences in humans}}
• {{annotated link|Sexual dimorphism}}
• {{annotated link|Somatotype and constitutional psychology}}
• {{annotated link|Eugenics}} (discredited fringe theory)
• Waist–hip ratio
• Waist-to-height ratio

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{{notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

• [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/pubhealth/modules/reproductiveHealth/anatomy.html Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology]
• [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/05/070523105948.htm Clues to Mysteries Of Physical Attractiveness Revealed]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Body Shape}}

Category:Physical attractiveness