Bogie exchange#Spain

Steam locomotives can be designed for more than one gauge, by having, for example, reversible wheel hubs that suit two alternative gauges. This was done in the 1930s and beyond in Victoria for possible gauge conversion, though no engines were ever converted in this manner other than one heritage engine (R766). Some {{RailGauge|1000mm|allk=on}} Garratt locomotives of East Africa were designed for easy conversion to {{RailGauge|3ft6in|lk=on}} gauge, though again none ever was.

In 1944, the LMS re-gauged a pair of "Jinty" 0-6-0 tank locomotives – originally built to UK {{RailGauge|uksg|allk=on}} – for use on its {{RailGauge|5ft3in|lk=on}} gauge Northern Counties Committee (NCC) lines in Northern Ireland; re-designated as Class Y, they largely undertook shunting work on dockyard lines in Belfast. The re-gauging was performed by simply reversing the wheel centres so that the spokes dished outwards.

In the southern United States, some steam locomotives built by Baldwin were designed for easy conversion from {{RailGauge|5ft}} to {{RailGauge|ussg|allk=on}}.

===Diesel===

Diesel locomotives have bogies like wagons and carriages, only with more cables for the traction motors and take a little longer to convert. In Australia, some classes of diesel locomotives are regularly gauge-converted{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} to suit traffic requirements on the {{RailGauge|1435mm}}, {{RailGauge|1600mm}}, and {{RailGauge|1067mm}} networks.

Since the {{RailGauge|1067mm}} networks in Australia are not all connected to each other, being separated by deserts or lines of other gauges, they are bogie-exchanged or piggybacked on road or rail vehicles when transferred between these networks.

===Electric===

The Little Joe electric locomotives intended for the Soviet Union were rebuilt for use in the United States.

The simplest way to carry out bogie exchange (to change their gauge) is to lift the wagons off one of their sets of bogies and replace them back on another, new set of bogies. This may require the wagons in a train to be uncoupled, and continuous brakes disconnected. If the wagons are swung out of the way by an overhead hoist, they may sway, which wastes time settling them down.

The pin that centres the bogies and the hoses and fittings for the brakes must be compatible. A generous supply of bogies of each gauge is needed to accommodate the ebb and flow of traffic. The bogies and wagons also need to have standardized hooks, etc., where they may be efficiently lifted. The two wheel sets on four-wheel wagons can be changed as well if the wagon has been designed accordingly.

The Nutter hoist, patented in 1871, used screw jacks to lift cars off of their bogies.Grafton T. Nutter, Improvement in Apparatus for Lifting Locomotives, Trucks, and Railroad Cars, {{US patent|114328}}, issued May 2, 1871. The Imboden railway-car lifter, from 1875, used a steam cylinder to wedge the car into the air.John D. Imboden, Improvement in Railway-Car Lifters, {{US patent|170374}}, issued Sept. 25, 1875.

Another way of carrying out bogie exchange is to lower the bogies onto a trolley in a pit, after which the trolleys are rolled out of the way and others return. This may allow the train couplings and continuous brakes to remain connected. In addition, the bogies never need leave a solid surface, so they can be wheeled in and out more quickly. This method was used at Dry Creek railway station, Adelaide.Catch Point - November 2007 - p35 - picture of lowering method

Charles Tisdale patented a system of ramps and moving supports for lowering the trucks out from under a railroad car in 1873.Charles D. Tisdale, Improvement in Connecting and Disconnecting Car-Bodies and Trucks, {{US patent|139835}}, issued June 10, 1873. George Atkinson patented a hoist and transfer table arrangement in 1882; this dropped the bogies from under a car and shift them to the side.George W. Atkinson, Apparatus for Changing Car-Trucks, {{US patent|265,366}}, issued Oct. 3, 1882. Ramsay's apparatus patented in 1884 used hydraulic jacks to support the car while lowering the track with the bogies out from under it.Robert H. Ramsey, Car and Freight Transfer Apparatus, {{US patent|304562}}, issued Sept. 2, 1884.

Between 1961 and 1995, Australia had five bogie exchange centres, which opened and closed as gauge conversion work proceeded. The gauges served were {{RailGauge|1435mm}} and {{RailGauge|1600mm}}, though the {{RailGauge|1067mm}} Queensland did acquire 100 bogie-exchange compatible QLX wagons just in case. All the wagons involved had wagon codes ending in "X", such as VLX.

The centres were:

• Dynon, Melbourne, Victoria
• Wodonga near Albury on state border.
• Port Pirie, South Australia{{cite report |date=1977-02-02 |title=A Study of Port Pirie Bogie Exchange |url=https://www.bitre.gov.au/publications/1977/report_026 |author=Bureau of Transport Economics |publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service |access-date=2022-11-11}}
• Peterborough, South Australia
• Dry Creek, Adelaide, South Australia – the youngest and most modern{{cite web |title=Railway Gauges |url=http://www.trainweb.org/mystation/gauge1.txt |website=TrainWeb |access-date=2022-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301181017/http://www.trainweb.org/mystation/gauge1.txt |archive-date=2021-03-01 |format=TXT |url-status=live}}{{cite web |title=Ian Patterson & Partners: About |url=http://www.patto.com.au/ianpatterson/about/about.asp |access-date=2022-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718154502/http://www.patto.com.au/ianpatterson/about/about.asp |archive-date=2008-07-18 |url-status=dead}}{{cite book |author=Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering |title=Technology in Australia 1788–1988 |date=1988 |publisher=Australian Science and Technology Heritage Centre |isbn=0908029497 |page=477 |url=https://www.austehc.unimelb.edu.au/tia/477.html#1922 |access-date=2022-11-11}}

The busiest facility was that at Dynon, in a typical year (1981–82), 24,110 wagons were bogie exchanged, an average of 66 per day. This was done by one shift of 18 men, compared with the 100 men required if the same amount of freight were transferred wagon to wagon.{{cite book |last=Lee |first=Robert |title=The Railways of Victoria 1854–2004 |publisher=Melbourne University Publishing Ltd |date=2007-08-01 |isbn=9780522851342 |page=224}}

File:Gauge changing in Brest, Belarus 08.jpg]]

• Brest, Belarus – between {{RailGauge|1520mm|lk=on}} gauge and {{RailGauge|1435mm|allk=on}} at the border to Poland

Bogie exchange was used between {{RailGauge|2ft6in}} and {{RailGauge|1000mm}} gauge on the Ferrocarril de Antofagasta a Bolivia Railway.

• Between {{RailGauge|sg|allk=on}} and the {{RailGauge|3ft6in|lk=on}} of the former Newfoundland Railway (Terra Transport) at Port aux Basques

A bogie exchange station exists at the Chinese border to Mongolia. Both the Moscow-Beijing passenger train (Trans-Siberian) and freight trains get their bogies exchanged. Mongolia has {{RailGauge|1520mm|lk=on}}, China has {{RailGauge|1435mm|allk=on}}. Also, a bogie exchange station was placed farther east at the Russian–Chinese border crossing at Zabaykalsk/Manzhouli.

Also, China and ex-soviet countries use the different type coupler (Janney and SA-3). An adapter may be used.{{cite patent |country=US |number=4102459 |status=patent |title=Adaptor device for coupling railway vehicles having different types of couplers |gdate=1978-07-25 |fdate=1977-07-20 |pridate= |invent1=Schelle |inventor1-first=Axel |invent2=Nell |inventor2-first=Kuno |assign1=Knorr-Bremse GmbH}}

A bogie exchange station exists in the Port of Turku with a short stretch of {{RailGauge|1435mm}} gauge railway. Freight cars get their bogies exchanged. SeaRail train ferries go from Germany and Sweden. They carry no passenger trains, and passengers must walk to Turku Harbour railway station opposite the ferry terminals. Finland has {{RailGauge|1524mm|lk=on}} broad gauge.

In 1898, Emil Breidsprecher, a director of the Marienburg–Mława railway and a future professor at the Königliche Technische Hochschule zu Danzig,{{cite book |editor-first=Patrycja |editor-last=Jerzyło |title=Księga Jubileuszowa z okazji 10-lecia kształcenia na kierunku Transport |url=https://wilis.pg.edu.pl/documents/199205/51164838/Ksi%C4%99ga%20Jubileuszowa%20z%20okazji%2010-lecia%20kierunku%20Transport |format=PDF |publisher=Fundacja Rozwoju Inżynierii Lądowej |place=Gdańsk |date=October 2016 |page=66 |isbn=978-83-922034-7-6 |language=pl }} invented a system that allowed to change wheelsets in wagons that travelled across a break of gauge, without the need to unload them first. In September 1901, a facility was installed at the then German-Russian border at Iłowo.{{cite journal |url=https://bcpw.bg.pw.edu.pl/dlibra/publication/1289/edition/1422/content |title=Urządzenie do przestawiania wozów kolejowych z torów o szerokości normalnej na tory szerokie (rossyjskie) i odwrotnie, bez przeładowywania towarów |trans-title=Device to change railway wagons from standard gauge to broad (Russian) gauge tracks and back, without unloading |journal=Przegląd Techniczny |volume=XL |issue=43 |date=23 October 1902 |pages=521–524 |language=pl |via=BCPW (Warsaw University of Technology Central Library) }} The system was used until 1914 on some railway border crossings between Russia and states using standard gauge.{{cite book |first=Aleksander |last=Wasiutyński |title=Drogi żelazne |trans-title=Railways |url=https://bcpw.bg.pw.edu.pl/dlibra/publication/148/edition/271/content |place=Warsaw |year=1925 |edition=2nd |publisher=Komisja Wydawnicza T-wa Bratniej Pomocy Studentów Politechniki Warszawskiej |page=170 |language=pl |via=BCPW (Warsaw University of Technology Central Library) }} Known locations, in addition to Iłowo, are Łódź (then an industrial centre served by both standard and broad gauge railway lines) and Novoselytsia (then Austrian-Russian border). There were also some small installations to meet local demand. As of 1938, the sole facility operated at Zdolbuniv at the then Polish-Soviet border.{{cite journal |title=Breidsprecher break of gauge device |url=http://vaunut.org/keskustelut/index.php?action=dlattach;topic=13000.0;attach=6961 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813212053/http://vaunut.org/keskustelut/index.php?action=dlattach&topic=13000.0&attach=6961 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Locomotive Magazine and Railway Carriage and Wagon Review |volume=44 |issue=550 |date=15 June 1938 |pages=184–185 }}

A bogie exchange station in the port of Mukran serves train ferries that go to and from Russia, Latvia, and Lithuania, which have {{RailGauge|1520mm}} broad gauge.

• {{flagicon|Iran}} {{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} Jolfa – {{Circa|1950}}, between {{RailGauge|1435mm}} and {{RailGauge|1520mm}} (Russian gauge)
• {{flagicon|Iran}} {{flagicon|Turkmenistan}} Sarakhs – {{Circa|1990}}, between {{RailGauge|1435mm}} and {{RailGauge|1520mm}} (Russian gauge)
• {{flagicon|Iran}} {{flagicon|Pakistan}} Zahedan – 2009, between {{RailGauge|1435mm}} and {{RailGauge|1676mm}} (Indian gauge)
• {{flagicon|Iran}} {{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} Baku – 2012, To be developed in Amirabad port, Caspian Sea, between {{RailGauge|1435mm}} and {{RailGauge|1520mm}} (Russian gauge)

• {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} Druzhba, KZ – {{flagicon|China}} Alashankou, CN between {{RailGauge|1520mm}} and {{RailGauge|1435mm}}.

• {{flagicon|Moldova}} {{flagicon|Romania}} Ungheni between {{RailGauge|1520mm}} and {{RailGauge|1435mm}}.
• Ungheni-Iași
• Cantemir-Falciu
• Giurgiulești-Galați

• Tumangan, North Korea – between {{RailGauge|1435mm}} and {{RailGauge|1520mm}} (Russian gauge) at the border to Russia.

The bogies of the direct sleeping car Moscow – Pyongyang, which runs twice monthly, are exchanged there.{{cite web|url=http://vienna-pyongyang.blogspot.com/|title=36 hours in North Korea without a guide...|last=Helmut|date=9 March 2013|work=Vienna-Pyongyang.Blogspot.com|access-date=13 March 2017}}

• Between {{RailGauge|sg|allk=on}} and {{RailGauge|3ft}} between the Ferrocarril Central Andino and the Ferrocarril Huancayo - Huancavelica, including locomotives The latter is now {{RailGauge|sg}}. This change was completed by October 2010.Trains (magazine), March 2009, p68

• {{flagicon|Romania}} {{flagicon|Ukraine}} Vadul Siret between {{RailGauge|1435mm}} and {{RailGauge|1520mm}} at the border with Ukraine.
• {{flagicon|Romania}} {{flagicon|Ukraine}} Halmeu between {{RailGauge|1435mm}} and {{RailGauge|1520mm}} at the border with Ukraine.
• {{flagicon|Romania}} {{flagicon|Moldova}} Ungheni between {{RailGauge|1435mm}} and {{RailGauge|1520mm}} at the border with Moldova.

• {{flagicon|Russia}} {{flagicon|China}} Zabaikalsk (450 km from Chita) with China
• {{flagicon|Russia}} {{flagicon|China}} Grodekovo (116 km from Ussuriisk and 224 km from Vladivostok) with China
• {{flagicon|Russia}} {{flagicon|North Korea}} Khasan - North Korea (315 km from Vladivostok).{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}}
• {{flagicon|Russia}} Kholmsk, Sakhalin Island. The bogie exchange is necessary to enable Russian mainland cars to run on the Sakhalin railways, which use the {{RailGauge|3ft6in|lk=on}} gauge.[http://sbchf.narod.ru/11/sahjd.html Сахалинская узкоколейная железная дорога (The narrow-gauge railways of Sakhalin)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826184439/http://sbchf.narod.ru/11/sahjd.html |date=2011-08-26 }} {{in lang|ru}}
• {{flagicon|Russia}} {{flagicon|Poland}} Kaliningrad

File:05 052a Bf Irún, RENFE-Bmp, SNCF-Bc.jpg (at right) being shunted for bogie exchange at Irun railway station, Spain, 1993]]

• At {{flagicon|Spain}}{{flagicon|France}} Irun, between {{RailGauge|sg|allk=on}} and {{RailGauge|1668mm|allk=on}}
• At {{flagicon|Spain}}{{flagicon|France}} Portbou, between {{RailGauge|sg}} and {{RailGauge|1668mm}}

• Between {{RailGauge|sg|allk=on}} and {{RailGauge|1000mm|allk=on}}, including locomotives

• {{flagicon|Ukraine}} {{flagicon|Hungary}} {{flagicon|Slovakia}} Chop (respectively Mukachevo since 2018) between {{RailGauge|1520mm}} (Russian gauge) and {{RailGauge|1435mm}} at the border to Hungary and Slovakia.
• {{flagicon|Ukraine}} {{flagicon|Poland}} Jagodin between {{RailGauge|1520mm}} (Russian gauge) and {{RailGauge|1435mm}} at the border to Poland.
• {{flagicon|Ukraine}} {{flagicon|Poland}} Mostyska between {{RailGauge|1520mm}} (Russian gauge) and {{RailGauge|1435mm}} at the border to Poland.

File:Burlington and Western crossing Dry Branch Creek.jpg train in 1898. Two standard-gauge cars riding on narrow-gauge trucks head the train.]]

• The Burlington and Northwestern Railway used an unknown hoist in the 1890s to run standard gauge cars on narrow gauge trucks.Minner v. Sedalia, W. & S. W. Ry. Co., [https://books.google.com/books?id=HRM8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1072 The South Western Reporter Vol. 66], West, 1902; pages 1072-1079. For B&NW and D&RGW practice, see page 1075.
• The Cairo and Fulton Railroad (5-foot gauge) used a Nutter hoist at Texarkana in the 1870s to exchange with standard gauge lines.Frank S. Bond, A Southern Pacific Railroad, in Southwestern Pacific Railroad, [https://books.google.com/books?id=OUoKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA18], C. E. Ware & Co., 1875; pages 17-20, see page 18 for truck exchange.
• The Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad also used an unknown hoist in the 1890s to run standard gauge cars on narrow gauge trucks.
• The East Broad Top used their timber-transfer hoist in the 1930s to shift standard gauge cars onto narrow gauge trucks.Kenneth C. Springirth, [https://books.google.com/books?id=1ANeTunjAnYC&pg=PA28 East Broad Top Railroad], Arcadia, Charleston SC, 2008; page 28. In the early 2020's, the heritage operation restoring the railroad announced their intent to acquire several period appropriate standard gauge cars to regauge to represent the practice in photo charters.{{Cite web|url=http://railfan.com/east-broad-top-prepares-for-a-big-2021/|title = East Broad Top Prepares for a Big 2021|date = 26 January 2021}}
• The Erie Railway used a Nutter hoist at Urbana, Ohio to interchange between {{RailGauge|6ft}} and standard gauge from 1871 until no later than 1878.The Urbana Hoist, [https://books.google.com/books?id=LGEjAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA30 American Railroad Journal, Vol. XXXIII], No. 1 (Jan. 6, 1877); page 30.
• The Illinois Central Railroad used a Nutter hoist at Cairo, Illinois to interchange between its standard gauge equipment with the {{RailGauge|5ft}} of the Mississippi Central from 1874 until the standardization of the latter.Edward Vernon, The Decline in Railroad Construction, Editorial, [https://books.google.com/books?id=9U4tX97gWGUC&pg=PR52 American Railroad Manual] New York, 1874; page li.
• {{flagicon|United States}} {{flagicon|Mexico}} The standard-gauge International–Great Northern Railroad and the narrow-gauge National Railroad of Mexico used an unknown hoist at Laredo, Texas in the 1890s to exchange trucks to permit through traffic.Paul Selev, Our Next-Door Neighbor, [https://books.google.com/books?id=5j4_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA651 The Inland Printer, Vol. VII], No. 7 (April, 1890); page 651.
• The Sedalia, Warsaw and South Western Railway used an unknown hoist in the 1890s to run standard gauge cars on narrow gauge trucks as well. The accepted practice was to couple standard gauge cars immediately behind the engine, ahead of any narrow gauge cars in the train.
• The Virginia Midland Railway and the Richmond and Danville Railroad installed two Nutter car hoists in north Danville, Virginia in 1882 to deal with the break of gauge between those lines.T.M.R. Talcott, Improvements at North Danville, General Manager's Report, [https://books.google.com/books?id=rgFQAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA58 Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Stockholders of the Virginia Midland Railway Company], Alexandria, 1882; page 58.
• The Bradford, Bordell and Kinzua Railroad (later part of the Pittsburgh and Western Railroad) used an unknown hoist in the 1890s to interchange between {{RailGauge|3ft}} and standard gauge.Titus v. Bradford, Bordell & Kinzua Railroad Company, [https://books.google.com/books?id=oM0ZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA93 Lancaster Law Review, Vol. VIII] No. 12 (Feb. 16, 1891); pages 93-95.

Bogie exchange conversion times were:

• Dynon, Australia – one rail car every 7.3 minutes{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}
• Brest – one rail car takes less than 1 hour{{cite web|url=http://rasp.rw.by/en/route/?from=Minsk&to=Warszawa&date=everyday|title=Train timetable|work=RW.by|access-date=13 March 2017}}
• Zabaykalsk – one rail car takes 5–6 hours{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
• Erenhot – one rail car takes 5–6 hours{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
• Cairo, Illinois – in 1874, 16-18 freight cars per hour (2 at a time), 15 minutes per Pullman car

Variable-gauge axles in an automatic track gauge changeover system (ATGCS) is a newer development and is faster than bogie exchange. The SUW 2000 ATGCS requires a changeover track about {{convert|20|m}} long, with a shed if snow is around compared to a small marshalling yard required by bogie exchange.

== Axle exchange ==

An alternative to variable gauge axles and bogie exchange is wheelset exchange.

{{Portal|Trains}}

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}

• Eurasian Land Bridge
• Gauge conversion
• Mungindi railway line
• Qazaqstan Temir Zholy
• Ramsey car-transfer apparatus
• Rollbock
• SeaRail
• Transporter wagon
• Variable gauge axles
• Wheelset

{{div col end}}

{{reflist}}

• {{Commons category-inline|Manual gauge changing}}
• {{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article57216887 |title=TRANSFER OF GAUGE. |newspaper=Sunday Times (Perth) |issue=230 |location=Western Australia |date=8 June 1902 |access-date=18 May 2017 |page=1 (THE SUNDAY TIMES SUPPLEMENT) |via=National Library of Australia}}

{{Navbox track gauge}}

Category:Track gauges

Category:Rail transport operations

Category:Bogie