Bolborhynchoides
{{Short description|Genus of parasitic worms}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{speciesbox
| image =
| image_caption =
| genus = Bolborhynchoides
| parent_authority = Achmerov and Dombrovskaja-Achmerova, 1959Akhmerov, A. K. (1959). Acanthocephala from fish of the river Amur.
| species = exiguus
| authority = (Achmerow & Dombrowskaja-Achmerova, 1941)Achmerov, A. K.; Dombrowskaja-Achmerova, O. S. D. (1941). [Nouveaux Acanthocéphales des poissons du fleuve Amour]. Dokladi Akademii Nauk S.S.S.R. 31: 517- 520. (in Russian).
| synonyms =
}}
Bolborhynchoides is a monotypic genus of acanthocephalans (thorny-headed or spiny-headed parasitic worms) containing a single species, Bolborhynchoides exiguus, that infests animals.
Taxonomy
The genus was created by Achmerov and Dombrovskaja-Achmerova, 1959 based on a new arrangement. The original name was Bolborhynchus exiguus named by the same scientists: Achmerov & Dombrovskaja-Achmerova in 1941. The National Center for Biotechnology Information does not indicate that any phylogenetic analysis has been published on Bolborhynchoides that would confirm its position as a unique genus in the family Arhythmacanthidae.{{cite web
| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=60528
| title = NCBI Taxonomy: a comprehensive update on curation, resources and tools.
|first1=Conrad L |last1=Schoch
|first2=Stacy |last2=Ciufo
|first3=Mikhail |last3=Domrachev
|first4=Carol L |last4=Hotton
|first5=Sivakumar |last5=Kannan
|first6=Rogneda |last6=Khovanskaya
|first7=Detlef |last7=Leipe
|first8=Richard |last8=Mcveigh
|first9=Kathleen |last9=O’Neill
|first10=Barbara |last10=Robbertse
|first11=Shobha |last11=Sharma
|first12=Vladimir |last12=Soussov
|first13=John P |last13=Sullivan
|first14=Lu |last14=Sun
|first15=Seán |last15=Turner
|first16=Ilene |last16=Karsch-Mizrachi
| date = 2020
| website = Taxonomy Browser
| publisher = NCBI
| access-date = April 1, 2024
| quote =
}}
Description
Bolborhynchoides exiguus consists of a proboscis covered in hooks and a trunk.{{Cn needed|date=May 2025}}
Distribution
The distribution of Bolborhynchoides exiguus is determined by that of its hosts. It was found in the Amur river.
Hosts
[[File:Acanthocephala LifeCycle lg.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=Diagram of the life cycle of Acanthocephala|Life cycle of Acanthocephala.{{cite web
| url = https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/acanthocephaliasis/index.html
| title = Acanthocephaliasis
| last = CDC’s Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria
| date = April 11, 2019
| website = www.cdc.gov
| publisher = Center for Disease Control
| access-date = July 17, 2023
| quote =
| archive-date = 8 June 2023
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230608133736/https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/acanthocephaliasis/index.html
| url-status = live
}}{{#tag:ref|There are no known aberrant human infections for Bolborhynchoides exiguus species.|group=lower-alpha}}]]
The life cycle of an acanthocephalan consists of three stages beginning when an infective acanthor (development of an egg) is released from the intestines of the definitive host and then ingested by an arthropod, the intermediate host. Although the intermediate hosts of Bolborhynchoides are arthropods. When the acanthor molts, the second stage called the acanthella begins. This stage involves penetrating the wall of the mesenteron or the intestine of the intermediate host and growing. The final stage is the infective cystacanth which is the larval or juvenile state of an Acanthocephalan, differing from the adult only in size and stage of sexual development. The cystacanths within the intermediate hosts are consumed by the definitive host, usually attaching to the walls of the intestines, and as adults they reproduce sexually in the intestines. The acanthor is passed in the feces of the definitive host and the cycle repeats. There may be paratenic hosts (hosts where parasites infest but do not undergo larval development or sexual reproduction) for Bolborhynchoides.{{cite book
| last = Schmidt
| first = G.D.
| editor-last1 = Crompton
| editor-first1 = D.W.T.
| editor-last2 = Nickol
| editor-first2 = B.B.
| author-link =
| date = 1985
| title = Biology of the Acanthocephala
| chapter = Development and life cycles
| url = https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/17218255.pdf
| location = Cambridge
| publisher = Cambridge Univ. Press
| pages = 273–305
| isbn =
| access-date = 16 July 2023
| archive-date = 22 July 2023
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230722191034/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/17218255.pdf
| url-status = live
}}
Bolborhynchoides exiguus parasitizes fish. There are no reported cases of B. exiguus infesting humans in the English language medical literature.{{cite journal |last1=Mathison |first1=BA |display-authors=etal |title=Human Acanthocephaliasis: a Thorn in the Side of Parasite Diagnostics |journal=J Clin Microbiol |date=2021 |volume=59 |issue=11 |page=e02691-20 |doi=10.1128/JCM.02691-20 |pmid=34076470 |url=https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJCM.02691-20|pmc=8525584 }}
Notes
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