Bombardment of Casablanca

{{Infobox military conflict

| conflict = Bombardment of Casablanca

| width =

| partof = the French conquest of Morocco

| image = الدار البيضاء 1907 01.jpg

| image_size = 300

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| caption = The French cruiser {{ship|French cruiser|Gloire|1900|2}} bombarding Casablanca, August 1907 printed on a postcard.

| date = 5–7 August 1907

| place = Casablanca, Morocco

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| territory =

| result = French conquest and occupation of Casablanca

| status =

| combatants_header =

| combatant1 = {{flagicon|France|1794}} France

| combatant2 = {{flagicon|Morocco|1666}} Morocco

| combatant3 =

| commander1 = {{flagicon|France|1794}} Antoine Drude
{{flagicon|France|1794}} Joseph Philibert

| commander2 = {{flagicon|Morocco|1666}} Abd al-Aziz al-Alawi
{{flagicon|Morocco|1666}} Abu Bakr bin Bouzid

| commander3 =

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| casualties3 = 1,500 to 7,000 civilian deaths

| notes =

| campaignbox = {{Franco-Moroccan conflicts}}

}}

The Bombardment of Casablanca ({{Langx|ar|قصف الدار البيضاء}}; {{Langx|fr|Le bombardement de Casablanca}}) was a French naval attack taking place from August 5 to 7 in 1907 that destroyed the Moroccan city of Casablanca.{{Cite web|title=مجزرة 1907.. هكذا دمرت البحرية الفرنسية البيضاء عن آخرها|url=https://www.maghress.com/almassae/205453|access-date=2021-06-23|website=مغرس}} France used mainly artillery fire from armored cruisers to bomb the city and targets in the surrounding area, which caused an estimated 1,500 to 7,000 Moroccan deaths. The bombardment of Casablanca opened a western front to the French conquest of Morocco after Hubert Lyautey's occupation of Oujda in the east earlier that year.

The bombardment came after an attack of tribesmen of the Shawiya opposed to the terms of the Treaty of Algeciras of 1906 to the French presence in the customs house and to the construction of a railroad over a sanctuary, specifically on European employees of the Compagnie Marocaine operating a Decauville train from a quarry in Roches Noires to the Port of Casablanca on July 30, 1907. When the French cruiser Galilée disembarked a landing party of 75 soldiers on August 5, an insurrection broke out in the city.

The Galilée and the Du Chayla bombarded the city with mélinite, an explosive substance containing picric acid that struck residential neighborhouods, particularly the Tnaker.{{Cite web|title=Definition of melinite {{!}} Dictionary.com|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/melinite|access-date=2021-06-23|website=www.dictionary.com|language=en}}

Background

After capturing Oujda, French forces turned their sights to Casablanca, the domain of the tribes of the Chaouia that were known for producing soldiers.

Five years before the French protectorate, Casablanca had been occupied, but the battles continued. Dozens of battles took place within the city, in the periphery and finally deeper into the Chaouia.

In 1907, the issue of French agents controlling customs duties and the start of intense, alienating and clearly-colonial construction came to a head.

On July 29, a delegation of Chaouia tribes presented itself to Moulay Lamine, the governor of the province and uncle of Morocco's young sultan, Abdelaziz El-Alawi, with the desire to demolish the works under way. Another delegation met with the city's pasha, Si Boubker Ben Bouzid Slaoui to protest and demand an end to the construction on the port, the destruction of the railroad and the removal of the French supervisors at the customs house. On July 30, the turmoil in the city increased. In the morning, a public crier sent by the Oulad Hriz tribe called the population to end all relations with the French.

File:Derailed locomotive in Casablanca 1907.jpg locomotive at the scene of the attack that served as the pretext for the French bombardment of Casablanca in 1907.{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=Jean-Louis|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49225856|title=Casablanca : colonial myths and architectural ventures|date=2002|others=Monique Eleb|isbn=1-58093-087-5|location=New York|oclc=49225856}}{{Cite book|last=Adam|first=André|title=Histoire de Casablanca, des origines à 1914|publisher=Éditions Ophrys|year=1968|isbn=|location=|pages=107}}]]

{{Interlanguage link|Hajj Hammou|ar|الحاج حمو|fr|Hajj Hammou}}, the qa'id of the Oulad Hriz tribe, called for jihad and prepared for battle with the French and the Spanish and their associates. People of the Chaouia took to the streets and violence broke out that afternoon, which led to the death of nine European labourers working for the Compagnie Marocaine, the French company that was chosen to build the port. The protesters stopped the train, the tracks of which ran over the Sidi Belyout necropolis on the way to a quarry up the shore with a pile of rocks on the track, and attacked the European workers aboard: four French, three Italian and two Spanish.{{Cite book|title=Histoire de Casablanca: des origines à 1914|last=Adam|first=André|publisher=Ophrys|year=1968|location=Aix-en-Provence}}

Bombardment

After the insurrection of July 30, 1907, thousands of warriors from the Chaouia, apparently allied with Ma al-'Aynayn, took Casablanca. France was surprised because of poor intelligence and urgently sent for a fleet, which left from Algeria. Saint Aulaire, the diplomat in charge of the French Legation in Tangier, acted under instruction from Paris and called a number of warships to Casablanca, including the {{sclass|Linois|cruiser|1}} {{ship|French cruiser|Galilée||2}}, which was dispatched from Tangier that very night and arrived on August 1, and the cruiser {{ship|French cruiser|Du Chayla||2}}, which arrived on August 4 from Toulon. The morning of August 5, 66 men disembarked from Galilée to protect the French consulate, a move that was criticised by other European powers present in Casablanca, as it aggravated the situation in the city.{{Cite journal|last=Adam |first=André |date=1969 |title=Sur l'action du Galilée à Casablanca en août 1907 |journal=Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=9–21 |doi=10.3406/remmm.1969.1002}} Foreign warships arrived on the scene, including the British cruiser {{HMS|Antrim|1903|6}}{{Cite web|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k617976v|title=Le Petit journal|last=texte|first=Parti social français Auteur du|date=1907-08-06|website=Gallica|language=EN|access-date=2019-07-19}} and the Spanish gunboat {{ship|Spanish gunboat|Álvaro de Bazán||2}}, which landed 30 men to protect the Spanish consulate.

The French protected cruiser {{ship|French cruiser|Forbin||2}} arrived from the Azores. In the late afternoon, once French forces had occupied the French, Swedish and Portuguese consulates in Casablanca by entering through the Portuguese consulate, Galilée commenced bombardment. On August 7, a French squadron coming from Algeria arrived: {{ship|French cruiser|Gloire|1900|2}}, {{ship|French cruiser|Gueydon||2}}, {{ship|French cruiser|Dupetit-Thouars||2}}, and {{ship|French cruiser|Condé||2}}. It was soon joined by {{ship|French cruiser|Jeanne d'Arc|1899|2}}, Nive, and the hospital ship Shamrock, transporting terrestrial forces.

File:B_6_001.jpg

Galilée and Gloire bombarded the qasbah causing numerous casualties: "rebels" and civilians alike. The working-class neighborhood Tnaker (تناكر), near the port, paid the heftiest price by taking shrapnel from shells filled with mélinite, a nitric compound that was adopted by the French government.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TaqVxICk2xcC&q=melinite|title=The Messenger|date=1907|publisher=The Messenger|language=en}} Houses of worship, including the great mosque and the sanctuary of the Mausoleum of Allal al-Qairawani, were not spared.

The gates to the medina were especially targeted to prevent the entrance of Chaoui combatants.

The bombardment continued through the night and into the morning of August 6, with 31 soldiers disembarking from Du Chayla and 44 from Forbin. The Moroccans, despite the considerable losses suffered from the incessant bombardment, continued to fight, which inspired unease within the French troops. The squadron of Rear-Admiral Joseph-Alphonse Philibert brought General Antoine Drude's troops, including French and Algerian tirailleurs, to shore at the beach of Sidi Belyout, where they were met with Moroccan fire.

On August 7, the disembarked troops of General Drude and the marine riflemen of Philibert, after fierce combat, retook control of the city.Étienne Taillemite, Dictionnaire des marins français, Tallandier, 2002, p. 420 According to eyewitnesses and diplomatic sources, a "revolution" seemed to have started in Morocco. Some had the premonition that was only the beginning of a long war between the French and the Moroccans.

File:قائد الدار البيضاء محتجز على متن سفينة فرنسية.jpg, captive on the French cruiser Galilée, which bombed Casablanca from 5–7 August 1907.]]

Over three days of bombs raining down from the French warships, followed by carnage and pillaging from troops on the ground, what had been a prosperous city of 30,000 inhabitants was transformed into a field of rubble with nothing spared except for the European neighbourhood.

French sources put the death toll at a conservative 600 to 1,500, but German sources estimate 2,000 to 3,000. Moroccan sources, supported by European testimonies, attest that only a few rare inhabitants of the city survived after the carnage.

On September 6, the commercial ship Magnus{{Cite web |date=1907-08-13 |title=Le Libéral. Républicain indépendant |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5068322r |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Gallica |language=EN}} brought the 400 Jews who had fled at the beginning of the insurrection back to Casablanca from Tangier and Gibraltar.

File:The modern civilization of Europeː France in Morocco & England in in Egypt A.H. Zaki.jpg for Cairo Punch. The cartoon refers to the Bombardment of Casablanca and the Denshawai incident.{{Cite web |title=The modern civilization of Europe. France in Morocco & Englanin in Egypt / A.H. Zaki. |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2013645587/ |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=Library of Congress}}]]

Gallery

File:Galilee2-Bougault.jpg|Photograph of Galilée, a Linois-class cruiser.

B 5 001.jpg|The Sqala of Casablanca after the bombardment.

File:A 1 001.jpg|Moroccan artillery destroyed by French artillery shells

File:B 8 001.jpg|The qasbah destroyed by artillery shells{{Cite web|url=http://marcophiliedaniel.blogspot.fr/2013/01/debarquement-casablanca-en-1907.html|title=Marcophilie Daniel: Débarquement à Casablanca en 1907-|date=2 January 2013}}{{dead link|date=April 2019|fix-attempted=y}}

File:الدار البيضاء 1907 نيف.jpg|Nive on the rocks near Casablanca 31 December 1907