Botrychium simplex
{{Short description|North American species of moonwort}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Botrychium simplex (3599528767).jpg
|status = {{TNCStatus}}
|status_system = TNC
|genus = Botrychium
|species = simplex
|authority = E.Hitchc.
|synonyms = * Botrychium tenebrosum
}}
Botrychium simplex, the little grapefern, is a species of fern in the family Ophioglossaceae that is native to North America and Greenland.{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/183098604|title=Grønlands flora|date=1978|publisher=P. Haase & Sons|others=Tyge Wittrock Böcher|isbn=87-559-0385-1|edition=3. reviderede udgave|location=København|oclc=183098604}} It is a perennial.{{cite web |url=https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=BOSI |title= Plants Profile for Botrychium simplex (Little grapefern) |website= plants.usda.gov |access-date= 18 January 2018 |author=}}
Taxonomy
Botrychium simplex was first described by Edward Hitchcock in 1823, based on material from Conway, Massachusetts.{{cite journal |last=Hitchcock |first=Edward |authorlink=Edward Hitchcock |title=Description of a new species of Botrychium |year=1823 |journal=The American Journal of Science and Arts |volume=6 |pages=103–104 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15007750}}
Conservation
It is listed as a special concern species in Connecticut and is believed extirpated.[http://www.ct.gov/deep/lib/deep/wildlife/pdf_files/nongame/ets15.pdf "Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015"]. State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources. Retrieved 18 January 2018. (Note: This list is newer than the one used by plants.usda.gov and is more up-to-date.) It is endangered in Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. It is listed as endangered and extirpated in Maryland, threatened in Iowa, exploitably vulnerable in New York, special concern in Rhode Island, and sensitive in Washington (state).{{cite web |url=https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=BOSI |title= Plants Profile for Botrychium simplex (Little grapefern) |website= plants.usda.gov |access-date= 18 January 2018 |author=}}
This species is extremely rare in most European countries. In Ukraine only one place is known.[http://www.myslenedrevo.com.ua/en/Sci/Nature/archive-ophioglossaceae-ukraine/botrychium-simplex.html: Parnikoza I., Celka Z. An Archive of the Ophiglossaceae in Ukraine ]
References
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Category:Ferns of the United States
Category:Plants described in 1823
Category:Habitats Directive species
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