Boundary Fire (2017)
{{Short description|Wildfire in Arizona, United States}}
{{For|the 2018 fire in Montana|Boundary Fire (2018)}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox wildfire
| title = Boundary Fire
| image = Boundary Fire 2017 (34583638403).jpg
| caption = Firefighter watching the Boundary Fire, June 17, 2017
| alt = Silhouetted firefighter in front of red flames burning among a group of trees at nighttime
| date = {{Unbulleted list|{{Start date|2017|06|01}} – |{{End date|2017|07|03}}|({{duration in days|2017|06|01|2017|07|03}} days)}}
| location = Coconino and Kaibab National Forests, Arizona, United States
| coordinates = {{coord|35.432|-111.831|type:event_region:US-AZ|display=inline,title}}
| image_map = File:Boundary Fire (2017).png
| image_map_alt =Jagged footprint of the fire is outlined in red, spanning parts of Kaibab and Coconino National Forests, west of U.S. Route 180
| image_map_caption = Footprint of the Boundary Fire, from the National Interagency Fire Center
| area = {{cvt|17,788|acre|km2 sqmi|lk=on}}
| cause = Lightning
| cost = $9.4{{nbsp}}million (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US-GDP|9.4|2017|fmt=c|r=1}}{{nbsp}}million in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}})
|pushpin_map=USA Arizona|pushpin_map_caption=The location of the Boundary Fire, in northern Arizona|pushpin_map_alt=A flame icon marks the location of the fire in a map of Arizona, roughly in the central northern part of the state}}
The Boundary Fire was a 2017 wildfire in Arizona that burned {{cvt|17,788|acre}} of the Coconino and Kaibab National Forests. The fire was ignited on June 1 when lightning struck a spot on the northeast side of Kendrick Peak within the Coconino National Forest. The fire spread rapidly because of high temperatures, steep terrain, leftover dead trees from a wildfire in 2000, and high wind speeds.
The winds blew smoke over local communities and infrastructure, leading to the closure of U.S. Route 180 from June 8 to June 21. Smoke was also visible from the Grand Canyon. The Boundary Fire burned out on July 3, 2017, after 32 days of firefighting. The cost of managing the fire was $9.4{{nbsp}}million (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US-GDP|9.4|2017|fmt=c|r=1}}{{nbsp}}million in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}). Damage to the area's foliage increased the risk of landslides into 2018.
Background
Wildfires are a natural part of the ecological cycle of the Southwestern United States,{{rp|3–6}} but human-induced climate change has caused them to increase in number, destructiveness, duration, and frequency. Fire suppression efforts can also have the contradictory effect of worsening the effects of fires that do occur.{{citation | url = http://www.economics.noaa.gov/?goal=ecosystems&file=events/fire/ | title = Extreme Events: Wild & Forest Fire | access-date = 2009-01-07 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090114111211/http://www.economics.noaa.gov/?goal=ecosystems&file=events%2Ffire%2F | archive-date = 2009-01-14 }} The Boundary Fire was one of 2,321 wildfires that burned {{cvt|429,564|acre}} in Arizona in 2017. In a report released in April 2017, about a month before the fire, Arizona State Forester Jeff Whitney expected a typical season in the state's northern forests but one with high fire potential in the state's southern grasslands because of high temperatures, low humidity, and an abundance of fuels. Temperatures in Arizona were higher than usual through the 2017 season;{{Rp|1}} on July 4, the National Weather Service stated that that year's June was the fifth-hottest recorded in the city of Flagstaff, which sits between the Coconino and Kaibab National Forests. According to the Arizona Department of Health Services, Flagstaff recorded temperatures of up to {{cvt|93|F}} between June 12 and June 27. By August, wildfires had burned the most land since the 2011 season.
Progression
The Boundary Fire was sparked when lightning struck the northeast slope of Kendrick Peak, within Coconino National Forest, at about 2:02 pm on June 1, 2017. The fire grew to {{cvt|380|acre}} by June 6. Owing to the danger posed to firefighters by difficult terrain and leftover dead trees from the Pumpkin Fire in 2000, the United States Forest Service (USFS) decided to confine the Boundary Fire to a {{cvt|15,000|acre|adj=on}} area around the mountain and allow it to burn out naturally. Firefighters began creating firebreaks along roads in the area on June 6, especially to the west of the fire. On June 8, high winds fanned the fire over the firebreaks to its north and towards U.S. Route 180 (US 180), {{cvt|2|mi}} from the fire at that time. That night, fire managers closed US 180 as firefighters monitored the fire's spread. Smoke from the Boundary Fire drifted into communities surrounding the fire, such as Flagstaff, and was visible from the Grand Canyon, approximately {{cvt|65|mi}} north of Flagstaff.
By June 9, the Boundary Fire had grown to {{cvt|1550|acre}} and was burning along US 180 and within both Coconino and Kaibab National Forests. Fanned by strong winds on June 10 and 11, the fire swelled to {{cvt|4,420|acre}} and was being managed by 261 firefighters. After June 12, reduced winds enabled the USFS to use aerial ignition, a form of controlled burn, to spread the fire uphill more quickly, reducing the damage to the soil from the fire. By June 14, the fire had grown to {{cvt|5,784|acre}} and was being managed by almost 500 firefighters with aerial firefighting assets. Low wind speeds allowed ground crews and aerial assets to continue with controlled burns from June 15 to June 19, ahead of forecasted high temperatures in the following days. By June 19, the fire had burned {{cvt|8,067|acre}}. The next day brought light rain, cloud cover, and a higher humidity, which caused the fire to burn lower to the ground and consume detritus rather than foliage. Firefighters were able to secure fire breaks and private property, increasing the portion of the fire that was contained from 18% to 30%.
The visibility along US 180 had improved enough by June 21 to allow the Arizona Department of Transportation to reopen the road with reduced speed limits. On June 22, firefighters raised containment of the Boundary Fire to 42 percent despite high winds and temperatures that fanned it to {{cvt|11,540|acre}}. On June 23, the USFS stated that it believed the area closed by the fire could expand to {{cvt|18,000|acre}}, but made progress in containing its spread. By June 25, the fire had grown to {{cvt|17,049|acre}} but was 88 percent contained, and temperatures dipped to {{cvt|88|F}}. Aerial firefighting assets were temporarily grounded on June 25 because a civilian drone flew over the fire. The fire burned out on July 3.{{rp|14}}
Aftermath
The Boundary Fire burned {{cvt|17,788|acre}} over 32 days and cost $9.4 million (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US-GDP|9.4|2017|fmt=c|r=1}} million in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) to suppress.{{Rp|14}}{{Inflation/fn|US-GDP}} Of the total area burned, three percent suffered total foliage mortality. No structures were damaged or destroyed. Four evacuated civilians suffered injuries related to the fire.{{Rp|14–15}} Almost 500 firefighters worked to contain and suppress the Boundary Fire at its height. Due to the smoke from the Boundary Fire and plans for a later prescribed burn, the USFS decided to quickly suppress the Government Fire when it ignited "a few miles away" in the same season.{{Rp|10}}
=Environmental consequences=
Trails on Kendrick Peak did not reopen until September 14, 2017, because of the potential for landslides caused by heavy rains brought by the North American monsoon. The Kaibab National Forest Supervisor stated that the closure was prolonged to "allow the landscape to stabilize during the immediate post-fire period", particularly with the added monsoon conditions. Forest Road 149, near Kendrick Peak, was closed again in July 2018 because the area was at risk for landslides, as stabilizing foliage growth after the Boundary Fire had been slow in that area.
The base camp for fighting the Boundary Fire was located at a nearby fairground.{{Rp|10}} When the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) visited the site for an audit on June 19, 2017, the camp was consuming {{convert|106|gal|L}} of diesel fuel per day for lighting, electricity, and food preservation, as well as {{convert|2250|gal|L}} of water.{{Rp|10–12}} The audit also found that 5% of the waste was recycled and all of the batteries were single-use.{{Rp|12}}
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{{cite news|title=Kendrick Mountain trails reopened|url=https://azdailysun.com/news/local/kendrick-mountain-trails-reopened/article_a8f752a5-8f0c-57f9-b06c-283c9c8d8360.html|work=Arizona Daily Sun|date=September 15, 2017|access-date=January 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109091447/https://azdailysun.com/news/local/kendrick-mountain-trails-reopened/article_a8f752a5-8f0c-57f9-b06c-283c9c8d8360.html|archive-date=January 9, 2024|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}
{{cite news|last1=Vanek|first1=Corina|last2=Adams-Ockrassa|first2=Suzanne|title=June was fifth-hottest, monsoon to begin this week|url=https://azdailysun.com/news/local/june-was-fifth-hottest-monsoon-to-begin-this-week/article_aab41c89-7716-5706-b108-32462ae825a9.html|work=Arizona Daily Star|date=July 4, 2017|access-date=January 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704105404/https://azdailysun.com/news/local/june-was-fifth-hottest-monsoon-to-begin-this-week/article_aab41c89-7716-5706-b108-32462ae825a9.html|archive-date=July 4, 2017|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}
{{cite news|title=Unhealthy air for sensitive groups on tap Saturday in Flagstaff region|url=https://azdailysun.com/news/local/unhealthy-air-for-sensitive-groups-on-tap-saturday-in-flagstaff-region/article_e36aa514-8c41-56a5-a702-16d33e4cb16d.html|work=Arizona Daily Sun|date=June 24, 2017|access-date=January 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109110039/https://azdailysun.com/news/local/unhealthy-air-for-sensitive-groups-on-tap-saturday-in-flagstaff-region/article_e36aa514-8c41-56a5-a702-16d33e4cb16d.html|archive-date=January 9, 2024|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}
{{cite news|last=Vanek|first=Corina|title=Streak of 90-degree days in Flagstaff snapped|url=https://azdailysun.com/news/local/streak-of-90-degree-days-in-flagstaff-snapped/article_2fa123e9-108c-51ec-89b7-2f058810672e.html|work=Arizona Daily Sun|date=June 25, 2017|access-date=January 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109110825/https://azdailysun.com/news/local/streak-of-90-degree-days-in-flagstaff-snapped/article_2fa123e9-108c-51ec-89b7-2f058810672e.html|archive-date=January 9, 2024|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}
{{cite news|title=Forest Road 149 closed due to risk of flooding|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/arizona-daily-sun-forest-road-149-closed/138361701/|work=Arizona Daily Sun|date=July 18, 2018|access-date=January 9, 2024|via=Newspapers.com|archive-date=January 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128092839/https://www.newspapers.com/article/arizona-daily-sun-forest-road-149-closed/138361701/|url-status=live}}
{{cite news|last=Ziegler|first=Zachary|title=Looking back on fire season in Arizona, and places touched by the flames|url=https://news.azpm.org/p/news-articles/2017/8/31/116136-looking-back-on-fire-season-in-arizona-and-the-places-touched-by-the-flames/|work=Arizona Public Media|date=August 31, 2017|access-date=January 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108031351/https://news.azpm.org/p/news-articles/2017/8/31/116136-looking-back-on-fire-season-in-arizona-and-the-places-touched-by-the-flames/|archive-date=November 8, 2017|url-status=live}}
{{Cite news|title=U.S. Highway 180 to Grand Canyon closes as Boundary Fire spreads|url=https://www.knau.org/knau-and-arizona-news/2017-06-09/u-s-highway-180-to-grand-canyon-closes-as-boundary-fire-spreads|work=Arizona Public Media|agency=Associated Press|date=June 9, 2017|access-date=June 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622055036/https://www.knau.org/knau-and-arizona-news/2017-06-09/u-s-highway-180-to-grand-canyon-closes-as-boundary-fire-spreads|archive-date=June 22, 2023|url-status=live}}
{{Cite news|last=Jeong|first=Yihyun|title=What to expect for Arizona's 2017 wildfire season|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2017/04/11/what-expect-arizonas-2017-wildfire-season/100325762/|work=The Arizona Republic|date=April 11, 2017|access-date=January 25, 2023|archive-date=January 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128092730/https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona/2017/04/11/what-expect-arizonas-2017-wildfire-season/100325762/|url-status=live}}
{{Cite news|last=Marsh|first=Adrian|title=Drones continue to cause problems for wildfire crews|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/2017/06/26/drones-continue-cause-problems-wildfire-crews/427366001/|work=The Arizona Republic|date=June 25, 2017|access-date=January 9, 2024|archive-date=January 9, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109120636/https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/2017/06/26/drones-continue-cause-problems-wildfire-crews/427366001/|url-status=live}}
{{cite news|last=McKenney|first=Loretta|title= Northern Arizona air quality in question after smoky wildfire season |url=https://www.nhonews.com/news/2017/jul/11/northern-arizona-air-quality-question-after-smoky-/|work=Navajo-Hopi Observer|date=July 11, 2017|access-date=June 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617224227/https://www.nhonews.com/news/2017/jul/11/northern-arizona-air-quality-question-after-smoky-/|archive-date=June 17, 2023|url-status=live}}
}}
External links
- {{Commonscat-inline|Boundary Fire 2017}}
{{Arizona wildfires}}
Category:2017 Arizona wildfires
Category:June 2017 in the United States
Category:July 2017 in the United States
Category:Events in Coconino County, Arizona