Bragi Boddason

Bragi is known as "the Old" to distinguish him from a 12th-century skald, Bragi Hallsson. He was a member of a prominent family in southwestern Norway;"Bragi Boddason the Old", in: Lee M. Hollander, The Skalds: A Selection of Their Poems, With Introductions and Notes, The American-Scandinavian Foundation, 1945, repr. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University, 1947, {{OCLC|917621430}}, p. 25. according to Landnámabók, he married Lopthœna, the daughter of Erpr lútandi, another skald, and among their descendants was the early 11th-century skald Gunnlaugr ormstunga.Finnur Jónsson, "Om skjaldepoesien og de ældste skjalde (To foredrag)", Arkiv för nordisk filologi 7 (N.S. 2) (1890) 121–55, pp. [https://runeberg.org/anf/1890/0145.html 141]–[https://runeberg.org/anf/1890/0149.html 45] {{In lang|da}}. Skáldatal lists him as a court poet to three kings, Ragnarr Loðbrók, Eysteinn Beli, and Bjǫrn at haugi,Margaret Clunies Ross, "Bragi inn gamli Boddason" in: Kari Ellen Gade and Edith Marold, eds., Poetry from Treatises on Poetics, Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 3, Turnhout: Brepols, 2017, {{ISBN|9782503566665}}, p. 26, [https://skaldic.abdn.ac.uk//m.php?p=skald&i=31 online] at Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages, retrieved June 4, 2021. which has led to his life being dated to the 9th century, usually to the first half of that century. However, the dating of the reigns of all but King Bjǫrn in Sweden suggest a later date, and some including Guðbrandur Vigfússon have preferred dates of 835–900."Bragi enn gamli Boddason", in: Rudolf Simek and Hermann Pálsson, Lexikon der altnordischen Literatur, Kröners Taschenausgabe 490, Stuttgart: Kröner, 1987, {{ISBN|3520490013}}, pp. 44–45 {{In lang|de}}.Gudbrand Vigfusson and F. York Powell, Corpus Poeticum Boreale, 2 vols., Volume 2, Oxford: Clarendon (Oxford University), 1883, {{OCLC|923958158}}, p. 2. Landnámabók also reports that when visiting Ljúfvina, the wife of king Hjǫrr of Hǫrðaland, he perceived that she had substituted the fair-skinned son of a thrall woman for her dark-skinned twin sons Geirmundr and Hámundr and persuaded her to reinstate her own sons.Finnur Jónsson, Den islandske litteraturs historie: tilligemed den old norske, Copenhagen: Gad, 1907, {{OCLC|251032649}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=1rhBAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA91 p. 91] {{In lang|da}}. This story and the story of his confronting a troll-woman, are probably legends.

Bragi has the same name as the god Bragi, which has led some to doubt his historicity, but there are enough mentions of him to attest to his having lived, so that it is likely he was deified and gave his name to the god.Gabriel Turville-Petre, Origins of Icelandic Literature, Oxford: Clarendon (Oxford University), 1953, {{OCLC|776250456}}, p. 35.Among scholars who disagree is Jan de Vries, Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte, 2 vols., Grundriß der germanischen Philologie 12, Volume 2, 2nd ed. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1957, repr. (3rd ed.) 1970, p. 273 {{In lang|de}}. He has been credited with inventing the dróttkvætt meter characteristic of skaldic poetry, possibly under the influence of Irish verse forms,Turville-Petre, Origins of Icelandic Literature, pp. 35–38. but although later skalds imitated some of his kennings, the complexity of his verse makes it more probable that earlier poetry representing the development of the tradition has been lost.Jan de Vries, Altnordische Literaturgeschichte, 2 vols., Volume 1, Grundriß der germanischen Philologie 15, 2nd ed. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1964, {{OCLC|492651465}}, p. 127 {{In lang|de}}. On the hand, features of later dróttkvætt poetry, like hendingar, are still not fully developed in Bragi's poetry.Males, Mikael 2023, [https://www.academia.edu/112659944/The_Dating_of_Bragis_Poetry The Dating of Bragi's Poetry]. Medioevo Europeo, pp. 63–77.

In Egils saga, ch. 59, Bragi is said to have composed a poem to "ransom his head" after angering King Bjǫrn; Egill Skallagrímsson is persuaded to follow his example by his friend and Bragi's great-grandson Arinbjǫrn, leading him to compose his Hǫfuðlausn for Erik Bloodax.Stefán Einarsson, A History of Icelandic Literature, The American-Scandinavian Foundation, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1957, {{OCLC|504185269}}, p. 59.

Most of his verses that we have preserved appear to be part of his Ragnarsdrápa. This is a shield lay, composed in return for the gift of a decorated shield, according to Snorri from Ragnarr Loðbrók, but many scholars consider it more likely the poem was dedicated to a different Ragnarr.Turville-Petre, Origins of Icelandic Literature, p. 34.Vésteinn Ólason, "Old Icelandic Poetry" in: Daisy Neijmann, ed., A History of Icelandic Literature, Histories of Scandinavian Literature 5, The American-Scandinavian Foundation, Lincoln, Nebraska / London: University of Nebraska, 2006, {{ISBN|9780803233461}}, pp. 1–64, p. 28. It appears to have consisted of an introductory verse followed by four sets of four verses, each describing a scene depicted on the shield: two mythological, Gefjon plowing the island of Zealand out of Sweden and Thor fishing for the World Serpent Jǫrmungandr, and two heroic, Hamðir and Sǫrli's attack on King Jǫrmunrekkr, and the never-ending battle between Heðinn and Hǫgni, and presumably a concluding verse.Hollander, The Skalds, pp. 25–26. Parts or all of twenty verses survive;E.O.G Turville-Petre, Scaldic Poetry, Oxford: Clarendon (Oxford University), 1976, {{ISBN|9780198125174}}, p. 1. one verse attributed to Bragi in all but one manuscript of the Edda is probably correctly assigned to Úlfr Uggason's Húsdrápa, which also describes a portrayal of Thor's fishing expedition.[https://skaldic.abdn.ac.uk//m.php?p=verse&i=4662 "Úlfr Uggason, Húsdrápa 5"] at Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages, retrieved June 4, 2021.Ursula Dronke, ed. and trans., The Poetic Edda, 3 vols. published, Volume 3, Oxford: Oxford University, 2011, {{ISBN|9780198111825}}, p. 98 (Úlfr Uggason III).

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• [https://skaldic.abdn.ac.uk//m.php?p=text&i=1130 Ragnarsdrápa text and translation] at Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages

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Category:Skalds

Category:9th-century Norwegian poets