Bread and Puppet Theater

Peter and Elka Schumann founded the Bread & Puppet Theater in 1963 in New York City.{{cite web |title=About B & P's 50 Year History |url=https://breadandpuppet.org/about-b-ps-50-year-history |website=Bread and Puppet Theater |access-date=9 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622214736/https://breadandpuppet.org/about-b-ps-50-year-history |archive-date=22 June 2022 |quote=Peter and Elka decided on the name Bread and Puppet Theater. The name stuck. The year was 1963. |url-status=live}} It was active during the Vietnam War in anti-war protests, primarily in New York City, prompting Time reviewer T.E. Kalem to remark in 1971, "This virtual dumb show is as contemporary as tomorrow's bombing raid."Cited in Gary Botting, The Theatre of Protest in America (Edmonton: Harden House, 1972), 21–22 {{ISBN?}} A Sicilian puppet show had inspired Schumann, and Bread & Puppet inspired other groups across the continent, including Gary Botting's Edmonton-based People & Puppets Incorporated, which in the early 1970s also used effigies yards-high to depict political themes and social commentary in radical street theater.Tihemme Gagnon, "Introduction", Streaking! The Collected Poems of Gary Botting (Miami: Strategic, 2014) xxviii In 1970 the theater moved to Vermont, first to Goddard College in Plainfield, and then to a farm in Glover where it remains. The farm is home to a cow, several pigs, chickens, and puppeteers, as well as indoor and outdoor performance spaces, a printshop, a store, and a large museum showcasing over four decades of the company's work. Bread & Puppet has received National Endowment for the Arts grants, awards from the Puppeteers of America, and other organizations.

In 1984 and 1985 they toured colleges with an indoor play, The Door, which told the story of "the massacre of Guatemalan and El Salvadorian Indians and the plight of refugees trying to escape through a diabolically opening and closing door to the North."Van Erven, Eugène: Radical People's Theatre Indiana University Press, 2000 With "only minimal use of the spoken word", the play made its points "with great simplicity and beauty".Jaques, Damien. "Play says a lot by saying little". Milwaukee Journal, May 5, 1985

Image:Bread and Puppet Circus.jpg

Until 1998, Bread & Puppet hosted its annual pageant and circus (in full, Our Domestic Resurrection Circus), in and around a natural amphitheater on its Glover grounds. In the 1990s, the festival began drawing crowds of tens of thousands, who camped on nearby farmers' land during the annual summer weekend of the pageant. The event became unmanageable, and concerned itself less with the theater's performance. In 1998, a man was killed by accident in a fight while camping overnight for the festival, forcing director Peter Schumann to cancel the festival.{{cite web|url=https://www.chelseagreen.com/2004/items/rehearsingwithgods/Reviews|title=Reviews and awards for Ecology on Milkweed Edition's site - Chelsea Green Publishing|website=chelseagreen.com|date=9 November 2017|access-date=October 15, 2023|archive-date=July 4, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704150314/http://www.chelseagreen.com/2004/items/rehearsingwithgods/Reviews|url-status=live}} Since then, the theater offers smaller weekend performances all summer, and traveled around New York and New England, with occasional tours around the U.S. and abroad. The theater runs a program where apprentices help produce and act in performances.{{cite web|url=https://www.breadandpuppet.org/apprenticeship-and-workshops|title=Apprenticeship –Bread and Puppet Theater|website=www.breadandpuppet.org|access-date=October 15, 2023|archive-date=April 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418172628/https://breadandpuppet.org/apprenticeship-and-workshops|url-status=live}} In New York City, Bread & Puppet performs at Theater for the New City during the holiday season each year.

In August of 2021, at the age of 85, Elka Schumann suffered a stroke and passed away. She was buried in a pine grove, on the grounds of the theater's farm.{{Cite news |last=Williams |first=Annabelle |date=2021-08-11 |title=Elka Schumann, Matriarch of the Bread and Puppet Theater, Dies at 85 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/11/theater/elka-schumann-dead.html |access-date=2025-04-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=April 14, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414235105/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/11/theater/elka-schumann-dead.html |url-status=live }}

The Bread & Puppet Theater operates under what they call the "Why Cheap Art" manifesto.{{Cite web |title=Why Cheap Art Manifesto – Bread and Puppet Theater |url=https://breadandpuppet.org/cheap-art/why-cheap-art-manifesto |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=breadandpuppet.org |archive-date=November 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115062841/https://breadandpuppet.org/cheap-art/why-cheap-art-manifesto |url-status=live }} This principle states that art should be accessible to the public, not "a privilege of museums & the rich". The theater is quoted as claiming: "art is not a business".{{Cite web |date=2020-02-18 |title=The Bread & Puppet Theatre: A Living Museum of American Hippie Culture |url=https://www.messynessychic.com/2020/02/18/the-bread-puppet-theatre-a-living-museum-of-american-hippie-culture/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Messy Nessy Chic |language=en-US}} Bread & Puppet productions are free or paid for by donation, and related art is for sale "for very little money".{{Cite web |last=Eby |first=Lois |date=2002-12-16 |title=Great thoughts: Bread and Puppet Theater |url=https://archive.vpr.org/commentary-series/great-thoughts-bread-and-puppet-theater/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Welcome to the VPR Archive |language=en-US |archive-date=November 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115062848/https://archive.vpr.org/commentary-series/great-thoughts-bread-and-puppet-theater/ |url-status=live }}

The theater operates on a "shoestring" budget. This means that staff are historically paid as low as $35 a week (in 1977) and that many items used in the production of the theater, including clothing and raw puppet materials, are obtained second hand or by donation.{{cite journal |last1=Goldensohn |first1=Barry |year=1977 |title=Peter Schumann's Bread and Puppet Theater |journal=The Iowa Review |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=71–82 |doi=10.17077/0021-065X.2206 |jstor=20158745 |doi-access=free}}{{cite journal |last1=Estrin |first1=Marc |year=2011 |title=The Sustainable Energy of the Bread & Puppet Theater: Lessons Outside the Box |url=https://doi.org/10.5406/radicalteacher.89.0020 |journal=The Radical Teacher |issue=89 |pages=20–30 |doi=10.5406/radicalteacher.89.0020|url-access=subscription }} The theater typically has been known to generate the funds necessary for production by going on tour. Although government grants are available to the theater, Schumann rejects the "absurdity" of grants for protest, insisting the lack of aid "leaves him freer to experiment". This attitude towards business led Schumann to disband the communal company of the theater in 1973 out of concern that the theater was coming too close to a "pattern of the professional theater". Disbanding the company gave Schumann "uncompromising control" over production.

"Cheap art" is said to be a core principle of the theater, and is reflected both in its ethics and in its aesthetics. Ethically, the theater is described as anticapitalist and generally is regarded as having a "hippie" viewpoint,{{Cite news |last=Chiasson |first=Dan |title=Larger Than Life {{!}} Dan Chiasson |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2021/09/23/bread-and-puppet-larger-than-life/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |language=en |issn=0028-7504 |archive-date=November 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115062843/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2021/09/23/bread-and-puppet-larger-than-life/ |url-status=live }} Aesthetically, the theater is often described as "slapdash" or "unsightly", as well as modest and "distinctively homemade".

Specific causes supported by the theater include:

• Opposition to warfare
• Opposition to registering for the draft{{cite web|url=https://www.objector.org/Resources/AWOL3.pdf|title=objector.org – objector Resources and Information.|website=www.objector.org|access-date=2007-03-06|archive-date=2021-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204161358/https://www.objector.org/Resources/AWOL3.pdf|url-status=dead}}
• Opposition to the World Trade Organization{{cite web|url=https://www.indyweek.com/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid:16272|title=Puppet Masters|first=Ristin|last=Cooks|website=indyweek.com|access-date=2018-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080525094558/https://www.indyweek.com/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid%3A16272|archive-date=2008-05-25|url-status=dead}}
• Support of the shut down of Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant{{Cite web|url=https://safeamericanhome.blogspot.com/search?updated-min=2006-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&updated-max=2007-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&max-results=50|title=Safe American Home|access-date=May 11, 2025|archive-date=December 14, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214131411/https://safeamericanhome.blogspot.com/search?updated-min=2006-01-01T00%3A00%3A00-08%3A00&updated-max=2007-01-01T00%3A00%3A00-08%3A00&max-results=50|url-status=live}}
• Support for the Sandinista National Liberation Front revolution in Nicaragua (1979–1990)
• The Zapatista uprising of 1994
• The MOVE organization

File:Bread and Puppet bread.jpg being served after a performance]]

An hour long play that critiqued the ongoing war in Vietnam. It was dedicated to American protesters who died after setting fire to themselves and depicted life for Vietnamese villagers during the war.{{Cite web|title=The Grail at Reed College – Radical Puppets! Bread and Puppet Performs 'Fire' at Reed|url=https://reedthegrail.org/newsandfeatures/2015/11/10/radical-puppets-bread-and-puppet-performs-fire-at-reed|access-date=2021-10-23|website=The Grail at Reed College|date=29 October 2015|language=en-US|archive-date=April 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419060218/http://reedthegrail.org/newsandfeatures/2015/11/10/radical-puppets-bread-and-puppet-performs-fire-at-reed|url-status=live}}

A kyōgen that critiqued President Nixon's pardoning of soldiers involved in the My Lai massacre.{{Cite web|title=Bread and Puppet Theater: Birdcatcher in Hell|url=https://hemi.nyu.edu/hemi/enc14-performances/item/2312-enc14-performances-breadandpuppet-birdcatcher?lang=en|access-date=2021-10-23|website=hemi.nyu.edu|language=en-gb|archive-date=October 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024005545/https://hemi.nyu.edu/hemi/enc14-performances/item/2312-enc14-performances-breadandpuppet-birdcatcher?lang=en|url-status=live}}

Described by Larry Gordon, at the time the general manager of the company, as a "partially metaphoric [and] partially literal" rendering, Stations of the Cross was a contemporary interpretation of the New Testament story of Jesus' suffering on the way to his eventual crucifixion. Gordon provided the music direction for the production, the first time Sacred Harp music was performed at Bread and Puppet.{{cite news |last1=Crossette |first1=Barbara |title=Bread and Puppet Group's 'Stations of the Cross' Comes to St. John the Divine; One Group Working in France |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1980/04/25/archives/bread-and-puppet-groups-stations-of-the-cross-comes-to-st-john-the.html |access-date=12 November 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=April 25, 1980|author-link=Barbara Crossette}}{{cite news |last1=Kalish |first1=John |title=Larry Gordon, creator of community choruses in Vermont, dies |url=https://vtdigger.org/2021/11/10/larry-gordon-creator-of-community-choruses-in-vermont-dies/ |access-date=11 November 2021 |agency=VTDigger |publisher=The Vermont Journalism Trust |date=November 10, 2021}} Elka Schumann stated that the production was also a metaphor for the Cuban Missile Crisis.

A show that incorporated musical instruments and puppetry into a retelling of the story of St. Joan. This work also had a revival in 1999.{{Cite web|last=Christiansen|first=Richard|title=Bread and Puppet Offers Some Enchanting Evening|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1999-03-15-9903150143-story.html|access-date=2021-10-24|website=Chicago Tribune|date=15 March 1999|language=en-US|archive-date=April 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415082810/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1999-03-15-9903150143-story.html|url-status=live}}

Taiwan is the first Asian country to show the new version of Joan of Arc in 2009.

A collaboration between Bread and Puppet Theater and the 425 Environmental Theatre in Taipei, Taiwan. The play focused on current pollution issues in Taiwan through references to traditional Chinese mythology. In particular, the show depicted the goddess Nüwa and called attention to the pollution of the Tamsui River in its first performances. Later performances focused on different geographical features affected by pollution depending on where the show took place. For example, the work focused on the Love River when it was shown in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Overall, the effectiveness of this collaboration was called into question because many of the members of the 425 Environmental Theatre engaged in environmentally harmful practices (such as smoking) and a part of the show involved burning a puppet which created a considerable amount of black smoke. Still, the work received praise from critics for its relevant social messages.{{Cite journal|last=Diamond|first=Catherine|date=1995|title=Mending the Sky: Fighting Pollution with Bread and Puppets|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1124471|journal=Asian Theatre Journal|volume=12|issue=1|pages=119–142|doi=10.2307/1124471|jstor=1124471|issn=0742-5457|url-access=subscription}}

Performed alongside the revival of Joan of Arc. It was a slow paced play that depicted an old woman's last day on Earth using singers and actors.

Their first production after the COVID-19 pandemic forced them to cancel a planned tour. Featuring cantastoria-style paintings, skeletal dancers and a "fiddle lecture", the performance was critical of the public response to the virus, as well as police brutality. It highlighted themes of uprising and grief, including "lamentations" for those killed by the virus, and for George Floyd{{Cite web |last=Faignant |first=Janelle |date=2020-07-18 |title=Bread and Puppet tackles the Trump era: 'Combined Insurrection/Resurrection Services' |url=https://www.timesargus.com/features/vermont_arts/bread-and-puppet-tackles-the-trump-era-combined-insurrection-resurrection-services/article_677c692e-6a1f-58d7-ae22-d07cc1bd0c95.html |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=Times Argus |language=}}{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.cctv.org/watch-tv/programs/insurrection-resurrection-services |title=Bread and Puppet Theatre: Insurrection + Resurrection Services |date=2020-05-30 |last=Lipani |first=Jerome |type=Video}}

Shows not described above are shown in chronological order in the tables below, by decade of their first performance.{{Cite web |title=Show Chronology – Bread & Puppet Theater |url=https://breadandpuppet.org/timelineperformance-chronology |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=breadandpuppet.org |archive-date=April 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250416071554/https://breadandpuppet.org/timelineperformance-chronology |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=Domestic Resurrection Circus Programs – Bread & Puppet Theater |url=https://breadandpuppet.org/from-the-archives/domestic-resurrection-circus-programs |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=breadandpuppet.org |archive-date=December 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219133836/https://breadandpuppet.org/from-the-archives/domestic-resurrection-circus-programs |url-status=live }}

In addition to the theater, some of the Bread & Puppet puppeteers operate the Bread & Puppet Press, directed by Elka Schumann, who is Peter Schumann's wife (and granddaughter of Scott Nearing). The press produces posters, cards and books on the theater's themes as well as other forms of "cheap art".

Publications from the Bread & Puppet Press include:

• Cheap art manifestos
• 10 Purposes of Cheap Art
• Importance of Cheap Art
• Why Cheap Art?
• Comics
• 40 How Tos
• Courage
• Life and Death of Charolette Solomon
• Off to Lubberland
• Planet Kasper Volume I
• We Grass {{Cite web|title=Products – Bread and Puppet Theater|url=https://breadandpuppet.org/shop|access-date=2021-10-23|language=en-US|archive-date=October 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024005544/https://breadandpuppet.org/shop|url-status=live}}

Notable writers and performers who have participated in the theater, include

• Children's theater performer Paul Zaloom.{{Cite web |date=2016-08-30 |title=Paul Zaloom |url=https://wepa.unima.org/en/paul-zaloom/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=World Encyclopedia of Puppetry Arts |language=en-US |archive-date=April 29, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429004543/https://wepa.unima.org/en/paul-zaloom/ |url-status=live }}
• Writer Grace Paley.{{Cite news |last=Engel |first=Kathy |date=2007-09-18 |title=Little Disturbances, Enormous Changes |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/little-disturbances-enormous-changes/ |access-date=2025-04-23 |language=en-US |issn=0027-8378 |archive-date=April 29, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429004542/https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/little-disturbances-enormous-changes/ |url-status=live }}
• Artist and writer Suze Rotolo{{Cite book |last=Rotolo |first=Suze |title=A Freewheelin' Time: A Memoir of Greenwich Village in the Sixties |publisher=Broadway Books |year=2008 |isbn=9780767926881 |location=New York |pages=86 |language=en}}

Bread & Puppet volunteers were among the 79 people arrested at a warehouse in Philadelphia during the 2000 Republican National Convention. The Associated Press reported the scene of the "SWAT-style" raid was broadcast live by news helicopters. Years later, the AP explained there "was tense talk (later proved unfounded) of terrorist plots being hatched in the 'puppetista' headquarters, of bomb building and anarchist-fueled mayhem". Its report did not include the police's side of the story.

"A couple of our folks were down there, helping to build puppets", said Linda Elbow, company manager for Bread & Puppet. "The cops went into the studio ... arrested people, and took the puppets. So, now, puppets are criminals."{{Cite web |title=Mass Appeal {{!}} TheaterMania |url=https://www.theatermania.com/new-york-city-theater/news/mass-appeal_1808.html |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=www.theatermania.com |date=3 December 2001 |language=en-US}}

The Bread & Puppet Theater is a regular participant in New York's Village Halloween Parade, noted for its use of giant puppets. In 2001, Bread & Puppet did not march in the parade. The theater's plans that year included a presentation protesting the War in Afghanistan. The Halloween parade was to occur fifty days after and 1.5 miles away from the September 11, 2001, attack on the World Trade Center. It was this attack which was the pretext for starting the war which Bread & Puppet Theater was protesting, and the company's "anti-war stance" reportedly "already placed it at odds with some New Yorkers", according to Dan Bacalzo of TheaterMania.com. Many of the parade's macabre elements were suspended that year by its director Jeanne Fleming. It was not known until October 25 whether it would even take place.

Linda Elbow commented, "We certainly weren't saying 'Hooray for the terrorists.' We were saying, 'Look what you're doing to the people of Afghanistan.{{'"}} An unattributed quote in Bacalzo's report — "What you're bringing, we don't want" — suggests it was the group's selection of material that was unwelcome, not the group itself. The report did not make it clear how the decision was made, or who made it; the incident was included as secondary background material in a piece publicizing an upcoming Bread & Puppet show. Fleming, who was not interviewed by Bacalzo (but is quoted as if she was), says that Bread & Puppet was not "disinvited", adding that it was she who first invited the company to march in the parade when she took over as organizer.

In December 2001 the theater returned to New York with The Insurrection Mass with Funeral March for a Rotten Idea: A Special Mass for the Aftermath of the Events of September 11th. It was presented at Theater for the New City, and billed as "a nonreligious service in the presence of several papier-mâché gods". "Insurrection masses" are a common format for the Bread & Puppet Theater, as are such "funerals", though the "rotten" ideas change.

File:Bread and Puppet bus on tour.jpeg

Writers who praised Bread & Puppet include historian Howard Zinn, who cited its "magic, beauty, and power", and poet and NPR commentator Andrei Codrescu, who wrote: "The Bread & Puppet Theater has been so long a part of America's conscious struggle for our better selves, that it has become, paradoxically, a fixture of our subconscious."{{Cite web |title=Rehearsing with Gods – Bread and Puppet Theater |url=https://breadandpuppet.org/product/rehearsing-with-gods |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=breadandpuppet.org |archive-date=November 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115062843/https://breadandpuppet.org/product/rehearsing-with-gods |url-status=live }}

The theater's protestations of the Vietnam war and message of peace generally received positive television coverage, as noted in peace focused magazine WIN.Lampe, K. (1976). [https://www.swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/DG051-099/DG077_WIN_magzine%20issues_pdfs/WIN%201976/WIN_Magazine_V12_N15_16_19760429_0506.pdf "Bread & Puppet Theater"]. Win: Peace and Freedom thru Non Violent Action, 12 (15), 18–19. {{Dead link|date=July 2024}} Keith Lampe, in WIN, also positively comments on the theater's 1966 anti-war demonstration by commending Peter Schumann's "concern for movement", "sound", and "appearance".

In a 2015 criticism of the theater's production The Seditious Conspiracy Theater Presents: A Monument to the Puerto Rican Political Prisoner Oscar Lopez Rivera, Gia Kourlas described the show as "patchy", at times "more cute than pointed", and seemingly "preaching to the converted" in an article for the New York Times.{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/18/theater/review-bread-and-puppet-theater-takes-up-the-cause-of-a-puerto-rican-nationalist.html | title=Review: Bread and Puppet Theater Takes up the Cause of a Puerto Rican Nationalist | work=The New York Times | date=17 December 2015 | last1=Kourlas | first1=Gia | archive-date=June 16, 2022 | access-date=November 15, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616132429/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/18/theater/review-bread-and-puppet-theater-takes-up-the-cause-of-a-puerto-rican-nationalist.html | url-status=live }}

The Bread & Puppet Theater has a visual reference in the 2007 Julie Taymor film Across the Universe. The movie replicated characters such as Uncle Fatso, Washer Women, White Ladies, and the many armed Mother head. The Bread & Puppet Circus Band also has a reference in the costumes of the circus band during "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!". The difference between the real life costumes and the ones made for the movie is the real life ones are red and black, whereas in the movie they are white and black. The Bread & Puppet Theater is in the film's credits.Across the Universe. DVD. Directed by Julie Taymor. (Revolution Studios, 2007)

In her 2008 memoir A Freewheelin' Time: A Memoir of Greenwich Village In The Sixties, New York painter and illustrator, Suze Rotolo, notes she worked a fabrication job with Bread & Puppet early in 1963 near Delancey Street, on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. She described Peter Schumann as a "very sincere and committed man" and a "true visionary".

In his memoir, Chronicles: Volume One, Bob Dylan mentions Peter Schumann's presence at a party held in honor of fellow folk singer, Cisco Houston. In his description, Dylan made reference to the Bread and Puppet Theater play, Christmas Story.{{Cite book |last=Dylan |first=Bob |title=Chronicles: Volume 1 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2004-10-05 |isbn=9780743272582 |location=United States |pages=63–65 |language=En}}

In the Czech Republic, a puppet troupe named Buchtky a Loutky ({{Translation|Cake and Puppets}}) was formed in Prague in the 1990s. Their name is an allusion to the Bread and Puppet theater.{{Cite web |date=2007-12-28 |title=Buchty a Loutky – A minority among minorities in Czech puppet theatre |url=https://english.radio.cz/buchty-a-loutky-a-minority-among-minorities-czech-puppet-theatre-8600732 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=Radio Prague International |language=en |archive-date=November 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109101641/https://english.radio.cz/buchty-a-loutky-a-minority-among-minorities-czech-puppet-theatre-8600732 |url-status=live }}

• Cantastoria
• In the Heart of the Beast Puppet and Mask Theatre
• Paperhand Puppet Intervention

{{Reflist}}

• {{Cite book |last1=Bennett |first1=Terri |chapter=Bread and Puppet Theater |pages=500–501 |editor-last1=Ness |editor-first1=Immanuel |editor-link=Immanuel Ness |title=The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest: 1500 to the Present |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-4051-8464-9 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |df=mdy-all }}
• Ronald T. Simon and Marc Estrin, Rehearsing with Gods: Photographs and Essays on the Bread & Puppet Theater ({{ISBN|1-931498-19-9}}).
• George Dennison, An Existing Better World: Notes on the Bread & Puppet Theater ({{ISBN|1-57027-072-4}}).
• Stefan Brecht, The Bread & Puppet Theater (2 vols., {{ISBN|0-416-01691-X}}).
• DeeDee Halleck, "Meadows Green" 27 minute 16mm film, 1974
• DeeDee Halleck and Tamar Schumann, "Ah! The Hopeful Pageantry of Bread and Puppet!" 2002, 70 minute video.

{{Commons}}

• [https://www.breadandpuppet.org/ Bread and Puppet Theater official Web site]
• [https://www.theaterofmemory.com/photography/rehearsing_with_gods.html Photographer Ronald T. Simon's Bread & Puppet photos]
• [https://www.theaterofmemory.com/art/bread/index.php Photos of Bread and Puppet Theater]
• {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/19981207064649/http://www.scenesofvermont.com/bread%26puppet/bread.htm Discussion of 1998 Pageant]}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20040825002939/https://www.aisling.net/am/cheapart.htm The Why Cheap Art? Manifesto]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20040806152325/https://www.greenvalleymedia.org/bread_puppet.php3?ticket= Videos of the Bread & Puppet Theater from Green Valley Media]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20050516135004/https://1067litefm.theatermania.com/content/news.cfm?int_news_id=1808 TheaterMania]: news feature December 3, 2001
• {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080719124139/https://www.vmga.org/essex/breadpupper.html Information about the Bread and Puppet Museum]}}
• [https://archive.org/search.php?query=Bread%20%26%20Puppet Archive.org Bread & Puppet Archive]

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Category:1962 establishments in New York City

Category:American anti-capitalists

Category:Anti–Vietnam War groups

Category:Art museums and galleries in Vermont

Category:Glover, Vermont

Category:Museums in Orleans County, Vermont

Category:Arts organizations based in Vermont

Category:Performing groups established in 1962

Category:Political theatre companies

Category:Puppet museums in the United States

Category:Puppet theaters

Category:Theatre companies in Vermont

Category:Puppetry in the United States

Category:Postmodern theatre