Brian Earp

{{Short description|American academic}}

{{Scholia}}

{{Infobox writer

| name = Brian David Earp

| image =

| caption =

| occupation = Philosopher, Cognitive Scientist, Bioethicist

| notable_works = Love Drugs: The Chemical Future of Relationships

| website = {{URL|https://www.brianearp.com/}}

| honorific_prefix = Dr

| education = Yale University, University of Oxford, University of Cambridge{{cite web|title=Brian D. Earp|author=National University of Singapore (NUS) Centre for Biomedical Ethics (CBmE)|url=https://medicine.nus.edu.sg/cbme/people_uri/brian-d-earp/|access-date=22 October 2024}}

| birth_date = 1985

| awards = 2020 commendation, by the John Maddox Prize judges{{cite web|title=Anthony Fauci and Salim Abdool Karim jointly awarded John Maddox Prize 2020 for standing up for science during the coronavirus pandemic|author=CAPRISA|date=14 December 2020|url=https://www.caprisa.org/NewsAndEvents/Read/10505|access-date=22 October 2024}}{{cite web|title=Maddox Prize 2020|author=Sense about Science|url=https://senseaboutscience.org/activities/maddox-prize-2020/|access-date=22 October 2024}}

}}

Brian David Earp is an American bioethicist, philosopher, and interdisciplinary researcher. He is probably best known for his writings on bodily autonomy and integrity, the involuntary non-therapeutic (medically unnecessary) genital cutting of children and drug use in the United States. He is Director of the Oxford-National University of Singapore (NUS) Centre for Neuroethics and Society and the EARP Lab (Experimental Bioethics, Artificial Intelligence, and Relational Moral Psychology) within the Centre for Biomedical Ethics at the NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine. Earp is an Associate Professor of Philosophy and of Psychology at NUS by courtesy. He is Associate Director of the Yale-Hastings Program in Ethics and Health Policy at Yale University and The Hastings Center. He is a Research Fellow at the Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics. He is an elected member of the UK Young Academy under the auspices of the British Academy and the Royal Society.

Earp has written on a wide range of topics, including free will,{{cite journal | journal=PsyArXiv | doi=10.31234/osf.io/3bxra | title=Determined to be Humble? Exploring the Relationship Between Belief in Free Will and Humility | last1=Earp | first1=Brian D. | last2=Everett | first2=Jim Albert Charlton | last3=Crone | first3=Damien | last4=Nadelhoffer | first4=Thomas | last5=Caruso | first5=Gregg D. | last6=Shariff | first6=Azim | last7=Sinnott-Armstrong | first7=Walter }} sex and gender{{Cite journal |last=Earp |first=Brian D. |date=2020 |title=What is gender for? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340598169 |journal=The Philosopher |volume=108 |issue=2 |pages=94–99 |via=ResearchGate}} and the replication crisis in psychology{{Cite journal|last1=Earp|first1=Brian D.|last2=Trafimow|first2=David|date=2015|title=Replication, falsification, and the crisis of confidence in social psychology|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|language=English|volume=6|page=621|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00621|pmid=26042061|pmc=4436798|issn=1664-1078|doi-access=free}} He has also worked on relational moral psychology, human enhancement, philosophy of love and children’s rights. Brian helped to establish "experimental philosophical bioethics" (bioXphi) as an area of research. He currently writes the quarterly "Philosophy in the Real World" column for The Philosopher. In 2019, Earp wrote his first book (co-written with Julian Savulescu), published in the UK as Love Is the Drug: The Chemical Future of Our Relationships{{Cite web|title=Manchester University Press - Love is the Drug|url=https://manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk/9781526145413|access-date=2020-12-07|website=Manchester University Press|language=en-US}} and in the United States as Love Drugs: The Chemical Future of Relationships).{{Cite book |last1=Earp |first1=Brian David |url=http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=27130 |title=Love Drugs: The Chemical Future of Relationships |last2=Savulescu |first2=Julian |publisher=Redwood Press |year=2020 |isbn=9780804798198 |language=en |access-date=2020-12-07}}{{Cite web|last=Greenberg|first=Jon|date=April 18, 2016|title=HIV In Africa: 6 Million Circumcisions And Counting|url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2016/apr/18/hiv-africa-6-million-circumcisions-and-counting/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028211259/https://www.politifact.com/article/2016/apr/18/hiv-africa-6-million-circumcisions-and-counting/ |archive-date=2020-10-28 |access-date=2020-10-25|website=Politifact|language=en-US}}{{Cite web|last=Zublin|first=Fiona|date=2020-01-05|title=Love in the Roaring '20s|url=https://www.ozy.com/the-new-and-the-next/love-in-the-roaring-20s/258144/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106153840/https://www.ozy.com/the-new-and-the-next/love-in-the-roaring-20s/258144/ |archive-date=2020-01-06 |access-date=2020-10-25|website=OZY}}{{Cite web|last=Shane|first=Cari|date=2019-12-12|title=Can We Replace Couples Therapy With Real-Life Love Potions?|url=https://www.ozy.com/the-new-and-the-next/can-we-replace-couples-therapy-with-real-life-love-potions/251775/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213140134/https://www.ozy.com/the-new-and-the-next/can-we-replace-couples-therapy-with-real-life-love-potions/251775/ |archive-date=2019-12-13 |access-date=2020-10-25|website=OZY}}{{Cite web|last=Szalavitz|first=Maia|date=2014-05-19|title=Is It Possible to Create an Anti-Love Drug?|url=https://www.thecut.com/2014/05/anti-love-drugs-will-change-how-we-end-romances.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417053306/https://www.thecut.com/2014/05/anti-love-drugs-will-change-how-we-end-romances.html |archive-date=2018-04-17 |access-date=2020-10-29|website=The Cut|language=en-us}}

He's one of the authors of both statements made by the Brussels Collaboration on Bodily Integrity.{{cite journal|last1=Abdulcadir|first1=Jasmine|last2=Adler|first2=Peter W.|last3=Alderson|first3=Priscilla|last4=Alexander|first4=Sophie|last5=Aurenque|first5=Diana|last6=Bader|first6=Dina|last7=Ben-Yami|first7=Hanoch|last8=Bewley|first8=Susan|last9=Boddy|first9=Janice|last10=van den Brink|first10=Marjolein|last11=Bronselaer|first11=Guy|last12=Burrage|first12=Hilary|last13=Ceelen|first13=Wim|last14=Chambers|first14=Clare|last15=Chegwidden|first15=James|last16=Coene|first16=Gily|last17=Conroy|first17=Ronán|last18=Dabbagh|first18=Hossein|last19=Davis|first19=Dena S.|last20=Dawson|first20=Angela|last21=Decruyenaere|first21=Johan|last22=Dekkers|first22=Wim|last23=DeLaet|first23=Debra|last24=De Sutter|first24=Petra|last25=van Dijk|first25=Gert|last26=Dubuc|first26=Elise|last27=Dworkin|first27=Gerald|last28=Earp|first28=Brian D.|last29=Fahmy|first29=Mohamed A. Baky|last30=Ferreira|first30=Nuno|last31=Florquin|first31=Stéphanie|last32=Frisch|first32=Morten|last33=Garland|first33=Fae|last34=Goldman|first34=Ronald|last35=Gruenbaum|first35=Ellen|last36=Heinrichs|first36=Gretchen|last37=Herbenick|first37=Debby|last38=Higashi|first38=Yuko|last39=Ho|first39=Calvin W. L.|last40=Hoebeke|first40=Piet|last41=Johnson|first41=Matthew|last42=Johnson-Agbakwu|first42=Crista|last43=Karlsen|first43=Saffron|last44=Kim|first44=DaiSik|last45=Kling|first45=Sharon|last46=Komba|first46=Everlyne|last47=Kraus|first47=Cynthia|last48=Kukla|first48=Rebecca|last49=Lempert|first49=Antony|last50=Levin Freifrau von Gleichen|first50=Tobe|last51=MacDonald|first51=Noni|last52=Merli|first52=Claudia|last53=Mishori|first53=Ranit|last54=Möller|first54=Kai|last55=Monro|first55=Surya|last56=Moodley|first56=Keymanthri|last57=Mortier|first57=Eric|last58=Munzer|first58=Stephen R.|last59=Murphy|first59=Timothy F.|last60=Nelson|first60=Jamie Lindemann|last61=Ncayiyana|first61=Daniel J.|last62=van Niekerk|first62=Anton A.|last63=O’Neill|first63=Sarah|last64=Onuki|first64=Daisuke|last65=Palacios-González|first65=César|last66=Pang|first66=Myung-Geol|last67=Proudman|first67=Charlotte R.|last68=Richard|first68=Fabienne|last69=Richards|first69=Janet Radcliffe|last70=Reis|first70=Elizabeth|last71=Rotta|first71=Alexandre T.|last72=Rubens|first72=Robert|last73=Sarajlic|first73=Eldar|last74=Sardi|first74=Lauren|last75=Schüklenk|first75=Udo|last76=Shahvisi|first76=Arianne|last77=Shaw|first77=David|last78=Sidler|first78=Daniel|last79=Steinfeld|first79=Rebecca|last80=Sterckx|first80=Sigrid|last81=Svoboda|first81=J. Steven|last82=Tangwa|first82=Godfrey B.|last83=Thomson|first83=Michael|last84=Tigchelaar|first84=Jet|last85=Van Biesen|first85=Wim|last86=Vandewoude|first86=Koenraad|last87=Van Howe|first87=Robert S.|last88=Vash-Margita|first88=Alla|last89=Vissandjée|first89=Bilkis|last90=Wahlberg|first90=Anna|last91=Warren|first91=Nicole|date=26 September 2019|title=Medically Unnecessary Genital Cutting and the Rights of the Child: Moving Toward Consensus|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/15265161.2019.1643945|journal=The American Journal of Bioethics|volume=19|issue=10|pages=50|doi=10.1080/15265161.2019.1643945|access-date=22 October 2024|hdl=20.500.14018/14098|hdl-access=free}}{{cite journal|last1=Abdulcadir|first1=Jasmine|last2=Adler|first2=Peter W.|last3=Almonte|first3=Melanie T.|last4=Anderson|first4=Frank W. J.|last5=Arguedas-Ramírez|first5=Gabriela|last6=Aulisio|first6=Mark P.|last7=Bader|first7=Dina|last8=Balashinsky|first8=David|last9=Baratz|first9=Arlene B.|last10=Bariş|first10=Maide|last11=Bauer|first11=Greta|last12=Behrensen|first12=Maren|last13=Ben-Yami|first13=Hanoch|last14=Boddy|first14=Janice|last15=Bootwala|first15=Yasmin|last16=Bowman-Smart|first16=Hilary|last17=Bruce|first17=Lori|last18=Buckler|first18=Max|last19=Cabral Grinspan|first19=Mauro|last20=Cannoot|first20=Pieter|last21=Carpenter|first21=Morgan|last22=Catto|first22=Marie-Xavière|last23=Catalán|first23=Moisés|last24=Chambers|first24=Clare|last25=Chapin|first25=Georganne|last26=Chegwidden|first26=James|last27=Christian Ghattas|first27=Dan|last28=Clough|first28=Sharyn|last29=Conroy|first29=Ronán M.|last30=Dabbagh|first30=Hossein|last31=Dalke|first31=Katharine B.|last32=Dallière|first32=Sophie|last33=Danon|first33=Limor Meoded|last34=Davis|first34=Dena S.|last35=Davis|first35=Georgiann|last36=Dawson|first36=Angela J.|last37=DeLaet|first37=Debra L.|last38=Dranseika|first38=Vilius|last39=DuBoff|first39=Max|last40=Dwyer|first40=James G.|last41=Earp|first41=Brian D.|last42=Esho|first42=Tammary|last43=Essén|first43=Birgitta|last44=Fahmy|first44=Mohamed A. Baky|last45=Feder|first45=Ellen K.|last46=Ferreira|first46=Nuno|last47=Fillod|first47=Odile|last48=Florquin|first48=Stéphanie|last49=Foldès|first49=Pierre|last50=Fox|first50=Marie|last51=Frisch|first51=Morten|last52=Fusaschi|first52=Michela|last53=Garland|first53=Fae|last54=Geisheker|first54=John|last55=Gheaus|first55=Anca|last56=Giménez Barbat|first56=Teresa|last57=Levin Freifrau von Gleichen|first57=Tobe|last58=Godwin|first58=Samantha|last59=Goldman|first59=Ronald|last60=Gonzalez-Polledo|first60=E. J.|last61=Goodman|first61=Jenny|last62=Gradilla|first62=Alexandro José|last63=Gruenbaum|first63=Ellen|last64=Gwaambuka|first64=Tatenda|last65=Hatem-Gantzer|first65=Ghada|last66=Hakim|first66=M.|last67=Hammond|first67=Tim|last68=Hannikainen|first68=Ivar R.|last69=van der Have|first69=Miriam|last70=Herbenick|first70=Debby|last71=Higashi|first71=Yuko|last72=Hill|first72=B. Jessie|last73=Johansen|first73=R. Elise B.|last74=Johari|first74=Aarefa|last75=Johnson-Agbakwu|first75=Crista|last76=Johnson|first76=Matthew T.|last77=Kimani|first77=Samue|last78=Komba|first78=Eva|last79=Kolak|first79=Julia|last80=Koukoui|first80=Sophia|last81=Kraus|first81=Cynthia|last82=Latham|first82=Stephen R.|last83=Laurent|first83=Bo|last84=Learner|first84=Hazel|last85=Lempert|first85=Antony|last86=Lenta|first86=Patrick|last87=Lesslar|first87=Olivia|last88=Lewis|first88=Jonathan|last89=Liao|first89=Lih-Mei|last90=Lorshbough|first90=Erika|last91=Lurenbaum|first91=Jean-Christophe|last92=MacDonald|first92=Noni E.|last93=McAllister|first93=Ryan|last94=Meddings|first94=Jonathan|last95=Merli|first95=Claudia|last96=Mertens|first96=Mayli|last97=Milos|first97=Marilyn|last98=Mishori|first98=Ranit|last99=Monro|first99=Surya|last100=Moss|first100=Lisa Braver|last101=Munzer|first101=Stephen R.|last102=Nazri|first102=Hannah M.|last103=Ncayiyana|first103=Daniel|last104=Neiders|first104=Ivars|last105=Ngosso|first105=Londé|last106=Nguena|first106=Marianne|last107=van Niekerk|first107=Anton A.|last108=Nobis|first108=Nathan|last109=Oduor|first109=Alphonce Odhiambo|last110=O’Neill|first110=Sarah|last111=Ottenheimer|first111=Deborah|last112=Paalanen|first112=Panda|last113=Palacios-González|first113=César|last114=Qing|first114=Xin|last115=Radcliffe Richards|first115=Janet|last116=Ramus|first116=Franck|last117=Rashid Khan|first117=Abdul|last118=Ray|first118=Saarrah|last119=Reis|first119=Elizabeth|last120=Reis-Dennis|first120=Samuel|last121=Remennick|first121=Larissa|last122=Richard|first122=Fabienne|last123=Roen|first123=Katrina|last124=Rubashkyn|first124=Eliana|last125=Sarajlic|first125=Eldar|last126=Sardi|first126=Lauren|last127=Schuklenk|first127=Udo|last128=Shahvisi|first128=Arianne|last129=Shaw|first129=David|last130=Sinden|first130=Guy|last131=Sidler|first131=Daniel|last132=Skitka|first132=Linda|last133=Somerville|first133=Margaret A.|last134=Sterckx|first134=Sigrid|last135=Svoboda|first135=J. Steven|last136=Taher|first136=Mariya|last137=Tangwa|first137=Godfrey B.|last138=Thomson|first138=Michael|last139=Townsend|first139=Kate Goldie|last140=Travis|first140=Mitchell|last141=Van Howe|first141=Robert S.|last142=Vash-Margita|first142=Alla|last143=Verhagen|first143=Emmanuelle|last144=Vilponen|first144=Tiina|last145=Villani|first145=Michela|last146=Viloria|first146=Hida|last147=Vintiadis|first147=Elly|last148=Virgili|first148=Tommaso|last149=Vissandjée|first149=Bilkis|last150=Ungar-Sargon|first150=Eliyahu|last151=Wahlberg|first151=Anna|last152=Wald|first152=Rebecca|last153=Walsh|first153=Reubs J.|last154=Weisenberg|first154=Desmond|last155=Wenger|first155=Hannah|last156=Wisdom|first156=Travis|last157=Zelayandia|first157=Ernesto|last158=Ziemińska|first158=Renata|last159=Zieselman|first159=Kimberly|last160=Ziyada|first160=Mai Mahgoub|date=17 July 2024|title=Genital Modifications in Prepubescent Minors: When May Clinicians Ethically Proceed?|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/15265161.2024.2353823|journal=The American Journal of Bioethics|volume=|issue=|pages=50|doi=10.1080/15265161.2024.2353823|access-date=22 October 2024|hdl=11590/474747|hdl-access=free}}

Personal life

Earp grew up in a conservative evangelical Christian household. His mother was a stay-at-home mother; his father was a X-ray technician.

Work and views

= Relationships and drugs =

He is best known for writing Love Is the Drug: The Chemical Future of Our Relationships with Julian Savulescu.{{Cite web|last=Fetters|first=Ashley|date=2020-01-16|title=Your Chemical Romance|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2020/01/should-marriage-therapists-give-couples-mdma/605059/|access-date=2020-10-25|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US}}{{Cite web|last=Anekwe|first=Lilian|date=February 12, 2020|title=Drugs may be able to fix our romantic lives when things go wrong|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg24532690-300-drugs-may-be-able-to-fix-our-romantic-lives-when-things-go-wrong/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213132447/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg24532690-300-drugs-may-be-able-to-fix-our-romantic-lives-when-things-go-wrong/ |archive-date=2020-02-13 |access-date=2020-10-29|website=New Scientist|language=en-US}} He has argued that certain forms of medications can be ethically consumed as a "helpful complement" in relationships. Both to fall in love, and, to fall out of it.

= Bodily autonomy and integrity, and children's rights =

{{See also|Bodily integrity|Children's rights|Genital modification and mutilation}}

With other child genital cutting experts, Earp has argued that all forms of involuntary non-therapeutic (medically unnecessary) genital cutting or surgery — including penile circumcision, intersex interventions, and female genital mutilation — are violations of bioethical principles.{{Cite web|last1=Earp|first1=Brian D.|last2=Steinfeld|first2=Rebecca|date=May 15, 2017|title=How different are female, male and intersex genital cutting?|url=http://theconversation.com/how-different-are-female-male-and-intersex-genital-cutting-77569|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516181657/http://theconversation.com/how-different-are-female-male-and-intersex-genital-cutting-77569 |archive-date=2017-05-16 |access-date=October 29, 2020|website=The Conversation|language=en}}{{Cite journal|last=Earp|first=Brian|date=October 2015|title=Female genital mutilation and male circumcision: toward an autonomy-based ethical framework|journal=Medicolegal and Bioethics|volume=5|pages=89|doi=10.2147/mb.s63709|issn=2230-2468|doi-access=free}}{{Cite book|last=Hacker|first=Daphna|title=Legalized Families in the Era of Bordered Globalization|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1316508213|location=|pages=270–271}}{{Cite journal|last=Shweder|first=Richard A.|date=2016|title=Equality Now in Genital Reshaping: Brian Earp's Search for Moral Consistency|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ken.2016.0016|journal=Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal|volume=26|issue=2|pages=145–154|doi=10.1353/ken.2016.0016|pmid=27477192|s2cid=44291019|issn=1086-3249}}{{rp|p=1}}{{rp|p=42}} For this work, Earp was nominated for the 2020 John Maddox Prize, and received commendation from the judges, for “taking a multi-disciplined, science-based approach to a deep-rooted cultural practice”.

A near ethical consensus in the Global North forbids clinicians to perform involuntary non-therapeutic genital cutting of endosex (non-intersex) female minors (except involuntary clitoral reduction surgeries on children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia), even pricking or nicking of the clitoral hood.{{Cite journal|last=Earp|first=Brian D.|date=2021|title=Male or female genital cutting: why 'health benefits' are morally irrelevant|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33462078/|journal=Journal of Medical Ethics|doi=10.1136/medethics-2020-106782|pmid=33462078}}{{rp|p=1}}{{rp|p=24}} For instance, these two are less severe than a endosex male circumcison: the partial or total removal of the penile prepuce of half of the motile skin system of the penis (approximately 30–50 cm2 in the adult organ).{{rp|p=20}}{{rp|p=49}}

Some advocates of the permissibility of medicalized newborn penile circumcision who recognize the physical and symbolic overlaps between this custom and what they see as “minor” female genital cutting (e.g., ritual cutting of the labia or clitoral hood) increasingly argue that the latter should be permitted in Western societies even for nonconsenting girls (i.e., for the sake of parity) overlaps between this custom and what they see as “minor” female genital cutting (e.g., ritual cutting of the labia or clitoral hood) increasingly argue that the latter should be permitted in Western societies even for nonconsenting girls (i.e., for the sake of parity) (Arora and Jacobs 2016; Cohen-Almagor 2020; Porat 2021; Shweder 2022b; for analysis, see Van Howe 2011). Nonvoluntary intersex surgeries have also in some cases been justified by appeals to the presumed acceptability of nonvoluntary penile circumcision (Fox and Thomson 2005; Meoded Danon 2018; see also Earp, Abdulcadir, and Shahvisi 2024).{{rp|p=24}}

With other child genital cutting experts, he asks that clinicians stop involuntary clitoral reduction surgeries on children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), as well as the non-therapeutic genital cutting of endosex male minors and intersex children.{{rp|p=24}}{{rp|p=42}}

He's one of the authors of both statements made by the Brussels Collaboration on Bodily Integrity.

Bibliography

  • {{Cite book |last1=Earp |first1=Brian D. |title=Love is the Drug: The Chemical Future of Our Relationships |last2=Savulescu |first2=Brian D. |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-5261-4541-3}}
  • {{Cite book |title=The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Sex and Sexuality |publisher=Routledge |year=2022 |isbn=9781138370678 |editor-last=Earp |editor-first=Brian D. |editor-last2=Chambers |editor-first2=Clare |editor-last3=Watson |editor-first3=Lori}}

References