Brian Moore (scientist)

Moore studied Natural Sciences at St Catharine's College, Cambridge, obtaining his BA in 1968. In 1971 he was awarded a Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology on the topic of Pitch Perception.{{Cite book|last=Moore|first=Brian C.J.|url=https://idiscover.lib.cam.ac.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=44CAM_ALMA21429700980003606&context=L&vid=44CAM_PROD&lang=en_US&search_scope=SCOP_CAM_ALL&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=cam_lib_coll&query=any,contains,Temporal%20parameters%20in%20pitch%20perception&offset=0|title=Temporal parameters in pitch perception|publisher=University of Cambridge: Ph.D. Dissertation.|year=1972|department=Department of Experimental Psychology}}

{{BLP unsourced section|date=June 2020}}

Moore was a Lecturer in Psychology at the University of Reading from 1971 to 1977, spending the year 1973-74 as a Fulbright-Hays Senior Scholar and Visiting Professor at the Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York. In 1977 he was appointed University Lecturer in Experimental Psychology at the University of Cambridge where he was subsequently appointed Reader (1989) and Professor (1995).http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2002-03/special/06/i.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}} He became Emeritus Professor in 2014. He was appointed as Fellow of Wolfson College in 1983 and is now an Emeritus Fellow.{{cite web | url=https://www.wolfson.cam.ac.uk/people/fellows/emeritus-fellows | title=Wolfson College Cambridge: Emeritus Fellows }}

Moore has been an Associate Editor of the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Auditory Neuroscience, Hearing Research, The International Journal of Audiology, Otology and Neuro-Otology, and Trends in Hearing. He was President of the Association of Independent Hearing Healthcare Professionals (UK) from 1994-2021.

In his early career in the 1970s, Moore was mainly interested in fundamental research on loudness and pitch perception, masking effects, and speech recognition.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ens.psl.eu/en/node/20|title=Brian Moore {{!}} ENS|website=www.ens.psl.eu|access-date=2020-03-12}} He started to consider the practical aspects and potential applications of this research in the 1980s with his work on a 2-channel compression hearing aid. Other examples of practical applications include the development of a new loudness model that eventually became an international (ISO) standard, and the implementation of models of sound quality applicable to mobile telephones and other devices with Nokia.

Moore has written or edited several influential books on hearing. His text book An Introduction to the Psychology of Hearing{{Cite book|last=Moore, Brian C. J.|title=An introduction to the psychology of hearing|date=2003|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=0-12-505628-1|edition=5th|location=Amsterdam|oclc=51652807}} has been cited over 5600 times and has been translated into Japanese, Polish, Korean, and Chinese. Other books include Cochlear hearing Loss{{Cite book|last=Moore, Brian C. J.|title=Cochlear hearing loss : physiological, psychological and technical issues|date=2007|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-51818-2|edition=2nd|location=Chichester|oclc=180765972}} and Auditory Processing of Temporal Fine Structure: Effects of Age and Hearing Loss.{{Cite book|last=Moore|first=Brian C J|title=Auditory Processing of Temporal Fine Structure: Effects of Age and Hearing Loss|date=April 2014|publisher=WORLD SCIENTIFIC|isbn=978-981-4579-65-0|language=en|doi=10.1142/9064}}

Moore was one of the first researchers to present convincing evidence for the role of phase locking (the synchronization of nerve spikes to individual cycles of the filtered stimulus in the cochlea) in the perception of pitch. He showed that the ability of human listeners to detect small changes in frequency of brief tones was too good to be accounted for by a place mechanism of pitch for frequencies up to about 4 kHz.{{Cite journal|last=Moore|first=B. C. J.|date=September 1973|title=Frequency difference limens for short-duration tones|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|language=en|volume=54|issue=3|pages=610–619|doi=10.1121/1.1913640|pmid=4754385|bibcode=1973ASAJ...54..610M|issn=0001-4966}} Together with Stephan Ernst he later showed that the ability to detect small changes in frequency worsened with increasing frequency from 2 to 8 kHz, consistent with the roll-off in the precision of phase-locking information at high frequencies, and then reached a plateau, consistent with a transition to a place mechanism.{{Cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Brian C. J.|last2=Ernst|first2=Stephan M. A.|date=September 2012|title=Frequency difference limens at high frequencies: Evidence for a transition from a temporal to a place code|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|language=en|volume=132|issue=3|pages=1542–1547|doi=10.1121/1.4739444|pmid=22978883|bibcode=2012ASAJ..132.1542M|issn=0001-4966}} Together with Aleksander Sek he showed that phase locking to the temporal fine structure of complex tones contributes to the perception of pitch up to higher frequencies than previously assumed{{Cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Brian C. J.|last2=Sęk|first2=Aleksander|date=2009|title=Sensitivity of the human auditory system to temporal fine structure at high frequencies|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|language=en|volume=125|issue=5|pages=3186–3193|doi=10.1121/1.3106525|pmid=19425661|bibcode=2009ASAJ..125.3186M}} and that the detection of frequency modulation for low modulation rates also probably depends on phase locking.{{Cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Brian C. J.|last2=Sek|first2=Aleksander|date=October 1996|title=Detection of frequency modulation at low modulation rates: Evidence for a mechanism based on phase locking|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|language=en|volume=100|issue=4|pages=2320–2331|doi=10.1121/1.417941|pmid=8865639|bibcode=1996ASAJ..100.2320M|issn=0001-4966}}

Moore together with Brian Glasberg, Thomas Baer and Michael Stone developed a model for predicting the loudness of sounds{{Cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=B. C. J.|last2=Glasberg|first2=B. R.|last3=Baer|first3=T.|date=1997-01-01|title=A model for the prediction of thresholds, loudness and partial loudness|url=https://www.scienceopen.com/document?vid=d25ec8bc-f6c3-4ce6-801d-55fd72188d01}} by extending and modifying the earlier models of Fletcher and Munson{{Cite journal|last1=Fletcher|first1=Harvey|last2=Munson|first2=W. A.|date=1933-10-01|title=Loudness, Its Definition, Measurement and Calculation|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|volume=5|issue=2|pages=82–108|doi=10.1121/1.1915637|bibcode=1933ASAJ....5...82F|issn=0001-4966}} and of Zwicker and Scharf.{{Cite journal|last1=Zwicker|first1=Eberhard|last2=Scharf|first2=Bertram|date=1965|title=A model of loudness summation.|journal=Psychological Review|language=en|volume=72|issue=1|pages=3–26|doi=10.1037/h0021703|pmid=14296451|issn=0033-295X}} The model proposed by Moore and co-workers formed the basis for an American National Standard{{Cite book|last=Acoustical Society of America.|title=Procedure for the computation of loudness of steady sounds|date=2007|publisher=Standards Secretariat, Acoustical Society of America|oclc=318613241}} and an ISO standard.{{Cite book|last=International Organization for Standardization (Ginebra)|title=ISO 532-2 acoustics methods for calculating loudness.|date=2017|publisher=ISO|oclc=1055581064}} An extension of the model to deal with time-varying sounds is under consideration as an ISO standard (ISO532-3, 2020). The loudness model of Moore and colleagues has been extended to predict loudness for people with hearing loss{{Cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Brian C.J.|last2=Glasberg|first2=Brian R.|date=February 2004|title=A revised model of loudness perception applied to cochlear hearing loss|journal=Hearing Research|language=en|volume=188|issue=1–2|pages=70–88|doi=10.1016/S0378-5955(03)00347-2|pmid=14759572|s2cid=12905860}} and this has been used to develop methods of fitting hearing aids.{{Cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Brian C.J.|last2=Glasberg|first2=Brian R.|last3=Stone|first3=Michael A.|date=January 2010|title=Development of a new method for deriving initial fittings for hearing aids with multi-channel compression: CAMEQ2-HF|journal=International Journal of Audiology|language=en|volume=49|issue=3|pages=216–227|doi=10.3109/14992020903296746|pmid=20151930|s2cid=12993397|issn=1499-2027}}

Moore collaborated in the development and evaluation of multi-channel compression hearing aids intended to compensate for the loudness recruitment experienced by most hearing-impaired people.{{Cite journal|last1=Laurence|first1=Roger F.|last2=Moore|first2=Brian C. J.|last3=Glasberg|first3=Brian R.|date=January 1983|title=A Comparison of Behind-the-Ear High-Fidelity Linear Hearing Aids and Two-Channel Compression Aids, in the Laboratory and in Everyday Life|journal=British Journal of Audiology|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=31–48|doi=10.3109/03005368309081480|pmid=6860821|issn=0300-5364}}{{Cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Brian C. J.|last2=Johnson|first2=Jeannette Seloover|last3=Clark|first3=Teresa M.|last4=Pluvinage|first4=Vincent|date=October 1992|title=Evaluation of a Dual-Channel Full Dynamic Range Compression System for People with Sensorineural Hearing Loss|url=https://insights.ovid.com/crossref?an=00003446-199210000-00012|journal=Ear and Hearing|language=en|volume=13|issue=5|pages=349–370|doi=10.1097/00003446-199210000-00012|pmid=1487095|issn=0196-0202}} He and his colleagues developed a dual-time-constant automatic gain control system that has been widely used in hearing aids and cochlear implants.{{Cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Brian C. J.|last2=Glasberg|first2=Brian R.|last3=Stone|first3=Michael A.|date=January 1991|title=Optimization of a slow-acting automatic gain control system for use in hearing aids|journal=British Journal of Audiology|language=en|volume=25|issue=3|pages=171–182|doi=10.3109/03005369109079851|pmid=1873584|issn=0300-5364}}{{Cite journal|last1=Boyle|first1=Patrick J.|last2=Büchner|first2=Andreas|last3=Stone|first3=Michael A.|last4=Lenarz|first4=Thomas|last5=Moore|first5=Brian C.J.|date=January 2009|title=Comparison of dual-time-constant and fast-acting automatic gain control (AGC) systems in cochlear implants|journal=International Journal of Audiology|language=en|volume=48|issue=4|pages=211–221|doi=10.1080/14992020802581982|pmid=19363722|s2cid=2235920|issn=1499-2027}}

Moore and colleagues developed the Threshold Equalizing Noise (TEN) test for diagnosing dead regions in the cochlea; these are regions with very few or no functioning inner hair cells, synapses or neurons.{{Cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=B.C.J.|last2=Huss|first2=M.|last3=Vickers|first3=D. A.|last4=Glasberg|first4=B. R.|last5=Alcántara|first5=J.I.|date=August 2000|title=A Test for the Diagnosis of Dead Regions in the Cochlea|journal=British Journal of Audiology|language=en|volume=34|issue=4|pages=205–224|doi=10.3109/03005364000000131|pmid=10997450|s2cid=27511771|issn=0300-5364}} The outcomes of the TEN test are relevant to the fitting of hearing aids and cochlear implants.{{Cite journal|last=Moore|first=Brian C. J.|date=April 2004|title=Dead Regions in the Cochlea: Conceptual Foundations, Diagnosis, and Clinical Applications|journal=Ear and Hearing|language=en|volume=25|issue=2|pages=98–116|doi=10.1097/01.AUD.0000120359.49711.D7|pmid=15064655|s2cid=12200368|issn=0196-0202}}{{Cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=Ting|last2=Dorman|first2=Michael F.|last3=Gifford|first3=Rene|last4=Moore|first4=Brian C. J.|date=2014|title=Cochlear Dead Regions Constrain the Benefit of Combining Acoustic Stimulation With Electric Stimulation|journal=Ear and Hearing|language=en|volume=35|issue=4|pages=410–417|doi=10.1097/AUD.0000000000000032|issn=0196-0202|pmc=4066196|pmid=24950254}} The TEN test has been incorporated in the audiometers of several major manufacturers. Brian Moore also contributed to the development of tests for assessing monaural and binaural sensitivity to the temporal fine structure of sounds.{{Cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Brian C.J.|last2=Sek|first2=Aleksander|date=January 2009|title=Development of a fast method for determining sensitivity to temporal fine structure|journal=International Journal of Audiology|language=en|volume=48|issue=4|pages=161–171|doi=10.1080/14992020802475235|pmid=19085395|s2cid=10461284|issn=1499-2027}}{{Cite journal|last1=Hopkins|first1=Kathryn|last2=Moore|first2=Brian C. J.|date=December 2010|title=Development of a fast method for measuring sensitivity to temporal fine structure information at low frequencies|journal=International Journal of Audiology|language=en|volume=49|issue=12|pages=940–946|doi=10.3109/14992027.2010.512613|pmid=20874427|s2cid=46058919|issn=1499-2027}} These tests have been widely used in research and clinical studies.{{Cite journal|last1=Füllgrabe|first1=Christian|last2=Moore|first2=Brian C. J.|last3=Stone|first3=Michael A.|date=2015-01-13|title=Age-group differences in speech identification despite matched audiometrically normal hearing: contributions from auditory temporal processing and cognition|journal=Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience|volume=6|pages=347|doi=10.3389/fnagi.2014.00347|issn=1663-4365|pmc=4292733|pmid=25628563|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last1=Füllgrabe|first1=Christian|last2=Moore|first2=Brian C. J.|date=January 2018|title=The Association Between the Processing of Binaural Temporal-Fine-Structure Information and Audiometric Threshold and Age: A Meta-Analysis|journal=Trends in Hearing|language=en|volume=22|pages=233121651879725|doi=10.1177/2331216518797259|issn=2331-2165|pmc=6166311|pmid=30261828}}

Moore and colleagues were among the first to demonstrate the role of harmonicity in auditory scene analysis: simultaneous sinewaves that form a harmonic series are heard as a single sound object, but if a single sinewave is mistuned slightly from the harmonic series it “pops out” as a separate sound object.{{Cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Brian C. J.|last2=Peters|first2=Robert W.|last3=Glasberg|first3=Brian R.|date=May 1985|title=Thresholds for the detection of inharmonicity in complex tones|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|language=en|volume=77|issue=5|pages=1861–1867|doi=10.1121/1.391937|pmid=3998296|bibcode=1985ASAJ...77.1861M|issn=0001-4966}}{{Cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Brian C. J.|last2=Glasberg|first2=Brian R.|last3=Peters|first3=Robert W.|date=August 1986|title=Thresholds for hearing mistuned partials as separate tones in harmonic complexes|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|language=en|volume=80|issue=2|pages=479–483|doi=10.1121/1.394043|pmid=3745680|bibcode=1986ASAJ...80..479M|issn=0001-4966}} Moore and colleagues also showed that for rapid sequences of pure tones with alternating frequencies, the fission boundary (the frequency separation between successive tones at which they can no longer be heard as two separate streams) is constant across a wide range of centre frequencies when expressed on the ERB_N-number scale developed in Moore's laboratory.{{Cite journal|last1=Rose|first1=Marina M.|last2=Moore|first2=Brian C. J.|date=September 1997|title=Perceptual grouping of tone sequences by normally hearing and hearing-impaired listeners|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|language=en|volume=102|issue=3|pages=1768–1778|doi=10.1121/1.420108|pmid=9301054|bibcode=1997ASAJ..102.1768R|issn=0001-4966}}{{Cite journal|last1=Glasberg|first1=Brian R|last2=Moore|first2=Brian C.J|date=August 1990|title=Derivation of auditory filter shapes from notched-noise data|journal=Hearing Research|language=en|volume=47|issue=1–2|pages=103–138|doi=10.1016/0378-5955(90)90170-T|pmid=2228789|s2cid=4772612}}

Moore and colleagues have conducted several studies examining the relationship between psychoacoustic abilities and speech perception by people with cochlear hearing loss and older people. They have shown that difficulties in speech perception are at least partly linked to reduced sensitivity to the temporal fine structure of sounds.{{Cite journal|last1=Hopkins|first1=Kathryn|last2=Moore|first2=Brian C. J.|date=March 2010|title=The importance of temporal fine structure information in speech at different spectral regions for normal-hearing and hearing-impaired subjects|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|language=en|volume=127|issue=3|pages=1595–1608|doi=10.1121/1.3293003|pmid=20329859|bibcode=2010ASAJ..127.1595H|issn=0001-4966|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last1=Hopkins|first1=Kathryn|last2=Moore|first2=Brian C. J.|date=July 2011|title=The effects of age and cochlear hearing loss on temporal fine structure sensitivity, frequency selectivity, and speech reception in noise|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|language=en|volume=130|issue=1|pages=334–349|doi=10.1121/1.3585848|pmid=21786903|bibcode=2011ASAJ..130..334H|issn=0001-4966}}{{Cite journal|last1=Lorenzi|first1=C.|last2=Gilbert|first2=G.|last3=Carn|first3=H.|last4=Garnier|first4=S.|last5=Moore|first5=B. C. J.|date=2006-12-05|title=Speech perception problems of the hearing impaired reflect inability to use temporal fine structure|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=103|issue=49|pages=18866–18869|doi=10.1073/pnas.0607364103|issn=0027-8424|pmc=1693753|pmid=17116863|bibcode=2006PNAS..10318866L|doi-access=free}} Deficits in the processing of temporal fine structure are associated with increasing age even when audiometric thresholds remain normal.

• 1983 Thomas Simm Littler prize of the British Society of Audiology for the book “An Introduction to the Psychology of Hearing”.{{Cite book|last=Allen|first=Ann|title=The History of the British Society of Audiology|publisher=Ann Allen, Reading UK|year=2011}}
• 1997 Appointed an Honorary Member of the Belgian Society of Audiology in recognition of “outstanding contributions to the field of audiology”. [https://www.journals.elsevier.com/hearing-research/editorial-board/brian-moore]
• 1999 Elected an Honorary Fellow of the British Society of Hearing Aid Audiologists in recognition of “outstanding contributions to audiology”. [https://www.journals.elsevier.com/hearing-research/editorial-board/brian-moore]
• 2001 Elected a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences (FMedSci).[https://acmedsci.ac.uk/fellows/fellows-directory/ordinary-fellows/fellow/Professor-Brian-Moore-0006024]
• 2002 Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London (FRS).[https://royalsociety.org/people/brian-moore-11973/]
• 2003 Silver Medal in Physiological and Psychological Acoustics from the Acoustical Society of America.{{Cite news|title=Acoustical Society of America Awards|url=https://acousticalsociety.org/acoustical-society-of-america-awards/|access-date=2020-01-30|website=Acoustical Society of America|language=en-US}}{{Cite journal|date=2003-09-01|title=Acoustical News—USA|url=https://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.1600717|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|volume=114|issue=3|pages=1171–1189|doi=10.1121/1.1600717|issn=0001-4966}}
• 2004 International Award in Hearing from the American Academy of Audiology.{{Cite web|url=https://www.audiology.org/about-us/academy-information/academy-honors/academy-honors-and-presidents-awards|title=Academy Honors and President's Awards|date=2014-05-23|website=Audiology|language=en|access-date=2020-01-30|archive-date=2020-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130112704/https://www.audiology.org/about-us/academy-information/academy-honors/academy-honors-and-presidents-awards|url-status=dead}}
• 2006 Thomas Simm Littler prize of the British Society of Audiology for the best academic contribution to audiology.
• 2008 Award of Merit from the Association for Research in Otolaryngology.{{Cite web|url=https://www.aro.org/aro-award-of-merit|title=ARO Award of Merit|website=www.aro.org|access-date=2020-01-30}}
• 2008 Hugh Knowles Prize for Distinguished Achievement from the Hugh Knowles Center for Clinical and Basic Science in Hearing and Its Disorders. {{Cite web|url=https://knowleshearingcenter.northwestern.edu/hugh-knowles-prize/|title=Hugh Knowles Prize {{!}} Knowles Hearing Center|website=knowleshearingcenter.northwestern.edu|access-date=2020-01-30}}
• 2013 Thomas Simm Littler lectureship of the British Society of Audiology.
• 2014 Gold Medal from the Acoustical Society of America “For leadership in research on human hearing and its clinical applications”.{{Cite journal|last1=Oxenham|first1=Andrew J.|last2=Carlyon|first2=Robert P.|date=2014-04-01|title=Acoustical Society of America Gold Medal 2014: Brian C. J. Moore|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|volume=135|issue=4|pages=2327–2330|doi=10.1121/1.4877642|bibcode=2014ASAJ..135.2327O |issn=0001-4966|doi-access=free}}
• 2015 Awarded a Doctorate Honoris Causa from Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychol.cam.ac.uk/news/2015-04-23-bcj-moore-honorary-doctorate|title=Professor Brian Moore selected to receive an Honorary Doctorate|last=Administrator|date=2015-04-23|website=www.psychol.cam.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2020-01-30}}
• 2016 Elected a Fellow of the Audio Engineering Society in recognition of “significant contributions to the understanding of human auditory perception, particularly in relation to sound reproduction and hearing aids” [http://www.aes.org/awards/?ID=2162]
• 2019 Appointed a Principal Fellow of the British Society of Audiology. [https://www.thebsa.org.uk/bsa-fellowship-award/]
• 2021 Received the Life Achievement Award of the American Auditory Society. [https://www.amauditorysoc.org/society-honors]

• Equivalent rectangular bandwidth
• Equal-loudness contour
• Temporal envelope and fine structure

{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moore, Brian}}

Category:1946 births

Category:Living people

Category:Academics of the University of Cambridge

Category:Fellows of Wolfson College, Cambridge

Category:Fellows of the Royal Society

Category:British psychologists

Category:Audiologists

Category:Fellows of the Acoustical Society of America

Category:Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)