Bridget Carragher
{{short description|American physicist}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Bridget Carragher
| image = Bridget Carragher.jpg
| birth_date = 17 June 1957
| citizenship = USA
| fields = Electron Microscopy, Structural Biology
| alma_mater = University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, S. Africa (B.Sc. and M.Sc. in physics)
Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois (M.Sc. in physics)
University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (Ph.D.)
}}Bridget Olivia Carragher (born 17 June 1957) is a South African physicist specialized in electron microscopy.
Carragher is an adjunct professor at the Columbia University (New York City, NY) and the founder and Chief Operations Officer of NanoImaging Services, Inc. She is also the director of the National Resources for Automated Molecular Microscopy (NRAMM), director of the Simons Electron Microscopy Center at New York Structural Biology Center (New York City, NY) and PI at the National Center for CryoEM Access and Training.
Personal life
Carragher was born in South Africa. She lived in Ghana during her childhood and for one year in England. After earning her master's degree, she moved to the United States and has lived there since where she is a US citizen.
Carragher is married and has two children.
Education
Carragher studied physics at the University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa, from 1975 to 1981. She spent a year at Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, and graduated with a MSc in physics. In 1987 she gained her PhD in physics from University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
Career
Carragher has spent much of her career in developing streamlined and automated electron microscopy (EM) methods aimed at improving both the quality of EM data and the accessibility of these techniques to the broader biological community.
After her Ph.D., she held several posts in industry and academia until moving to the Scripps Research Institute in 2001. Since 2002, she has served with Clint Potter as the director of the National Resource for Automated Molecular Microscopy (NRAMM), an NIH-funded national biotechnology research resource. The NRAMM specializes in developing and applying automated technologies for EM and providing training at all levels.
In 2007 Carragher co-founded NanoImaging Services, Inc. The company works in the area of providing microscopy services to the biopharmaceutical and biotechnology industries.
In 2015 Carragher and Clint moved their academic lab from The Scripps Research Institute to the New York Structural Biology Center, where they serve as co-directors of the Simons Electron Microscopy Center. In May 2018, they were awarded a U24 grant to start the National Center for CryoEM Access and Training (NCCAT).
In 2022 she was named a Founding Technical Director of the Chan Zuckerberg Institute for Advanced Biological Imaging.[https://chanzuckerberg.com/newsroom/chan-zuckerberg-initiative-announces-founding-scientific-team-of-the-chan-zuckerberg-institute-for-advanced-biological-imaging/ Chan Zuckerberg official website][https://www.nanoimagingservices.com/team/bridget-carragher Nano Imaging Services website]
| class="wikitable"
|+Positions and Employment !Year !Position |
| 1987 - 1988
|Research Associate, U. Chicago |
| 1988 - 1990
|Senior Scientist, CEMAX Incorporated, Santa Clara, California |
| 1990 - 1991
|Assistant Research Neuroscientist, Dept. of Neuroscience, UCSD |
| 1992 - 1998
|Director, Optical Visualization Facility, Beckman Institute, UIUC |
| 1994 - 2001
|Adjunct Assistant Professor, Dept. of Cell and Structural Biology, UIUC |
| 1996 - 1999
|Senior Research Scientist, National Center for Supercomputing Applications, UIUC |
| 1998 - 2001
|Director, Imaging Technology Group, Beckman Institute, UIUC |
| 2001 - 2012
|Associate Professor, Dept. of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute. La Jolla, CA |
| 2003–present
|Director, National Resource for Automated Molecular Microcopy (NRAMM) |
| 2007–present
|Founder and Chief Science Officer, NanoImaging Services, Inc. |
| 2012 - 2014
|Professor, Dept. of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute. La Jolla, CA |
| 2015–present
|Director, Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, NY, NY |
| 2015–present
|Adjunct Professor, Columbia University, New York, NY |
| 2018–present
|Co-PI, National Center for CryoEM Access and Training |
| 2022–present
|Founding Technical Director, Chan Zuckerberg Institute for Advanced Biological Imaging |
| class="wikitable"
|+Other Experience and Professional Memberships !Year !Activity |
| 1993–present
|Editorial Board, Journal of Structural Biology |
| 1993–present
|Member of various NIH/NSF Study Sections |
| 1993 - 2000
|Scientific Advisory Committee, National Center for Macromolecular Imaging, Baylor College of Medicine |
| 1993, 1995
|Co-organizer, Workshop on Advanced Computing for Biological Imaging, UIUC/NCSA |
| 1995
|Co-organizer, A Hands-on Workshop on Practical Stereological Techniques, UIUC |
| 1995–present
|Member of Advisory Committee, HVEM Resource, Boulder, Co. |
| 1996
|Co-editor, Journal of Structural Biology Special Issue on “Software Resources for Image Processing and Visualization in Structural Biology” |
| 1998–present
|Member of Advisory Committee, BMIRR, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY |
| 1997, 1999
|Vice-chair, chair, Gordon Conference on 3DEM of Macromolecules |
| 2003
|Co-organizer, Multidisciplinary Workshop on Automated Particle Selection |
| 2003 - 2014
|Co-organizer, Biennial Workshop In Molecular Microscopy |
| 2003
|Co-editor, Journal of Structural Biology, Special Issues on Automated Particle Selection and Analytical Methods |
| 2003 - 2005
|NIH BBCB Study Section |
| 2005 - 2007
|NIH MI Study Section |
| 2005–present
|Associate editor, Journal of Structural Biology |
| 2011 - 2015
|Scientific Advisory Committee, Transcontinental EM Initiative for Membrane Protein Structure |
| 2012 - 2014
|Advisory Board, National Canadian CryoEM Facility |
| 2013 - 2015
|External Advisory Committee, Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Group |
| 2014–present
|Chair, EMDB Committee for cryoEM map challenge |
| 2015–present
|Member, wwPDB Integrative/Hybrid Method (IHM) Task Force: Federation Subgroup |
| 2015–present
|Member, Diamond Scientific Advisory Committee |
| 2015–present
|Member, RCSB Protein Data Bank Advisory Committee |
| 2015–present
|Member, External Advisory Board, National Center for X-ray Tomography |
| 2016–present
|Editorial Board, Cell Chemical Biology |
| 2017–present
|Member, NCXT Advisory Committee |
| 2017–present
|Member, International Scientific Advisory Board, Max Planck Institute, Frankfurt |
| 2017–present
|External Advisory Board, UTSW multi-user cryoEM facility |
| 2017
|Honorary Fellow of the Royal Microscopy Society |
| 2017–present
|Editorial Board, Biophysical Journal |
| 2018–present
|External Advisory Board, Harvard multi-user cryoEM facility |
Contribution to Science
Throughout her career, Carragher has published 165 papers,[https://www.neurotree.org/beta/publications.php?pid=757084 Neuro Tree website][https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-structural-biology-x/about/jsbs-paper-of-the-year-award Science Direct Journal website, Paper of the Year awards 2004 and 2015] received several research funding grants and owns five patents.
= Patents =
- Smith PE, Callahan MP, Daniel I, Potter CS, Carragher B, Suloway CJ, inventors; Robotic system for sequencing multiple specimens between a holding tray and microscope. 2005, US 2005/0107917 A1.
- Mulder A, Carragher B, Potter CS, inventors; Characterization of particulates using electron microscopy and image processing methods. 2011, Provisional. Filed 8/17/2011.
- Carragher B, Potter CS, Jain T, inventors; Preparation of specimen arrays on an EM grid. 2012, Provisional. Filed 1/17/2012.
- Carragher B, Potter CS, Jain T, inventors; Superhydrophilic specimen grids for electron microscopy. 2012, Provisional. Filed 1/17/2012.
- Carragher B, Potter CS, Jain T, Kahn P, Wiktor P, inventors; Apparatus and method for producing specimens for electron microscopy. 2012, Provisional. Filed 1/17/2012.
= Contributions to the EM field =
- {{cite journal | last1 = Suloway | first1 = C | last2 = Pulokas | first2 = J | last3 = Fellmann | first3 = D | last4 = Cheng | first4 = A | last5 = Guerra | first5 = F | last6 = Quispe | first6 = J | last7 = Stagg | first7 = S | last8 = Potter | first8 = CS | last9 = Carragher | first9 = B | year = 2005 | title = Automated molecular microscopy: the new Leginon system | journal = J Struct Biol | volume = 151 | issue = 1| pages = 41–60 | doi=10.1016/j.jsb.2005.03.010 | pmid=15890530}}
- {{cite journal | last1 = Lander | first1 = GC | last2 = Stagg | first2 = SM | last3 = Voss | first3 = NR | last4 = Cheng | first4 = A | last5 = Fellmann | first5 = D | last6 = Pulokas | first6 = J | last7 = Yoshioka | first7 = C | last8 = Irving | first8 = C | last9 = Mulder | first9 = A | last10 = Lau | first10 = PW | last11 = Lyumkis | first11 = D | last12 = Potter | first12 = CS | last13 = Carragher | first13 = B | year = 2009 | title = Appion: an integrated, database-driven pipeline to facilitate EM image processing | pmc = 2775544 | journal = J Struct Biol | volume = 166 | issue = 1| pages = 95–102 | pmid=19263523 | doi=10.1016/j.jsb.2009.01.002}}
- {{cite journal | last1 = Lyumkis | first1 = D | last2 = Julien | first2 = JP | last3 = de Val | first3 = N | last4 = Cupo | first4 = A | last5 = Potter | first5 = CS | last6 = Klasse | first6 = PJ | last7 = Burton | first7 = DR | last8 = Sanders | first8 = RW | last9 = Moore | first9 = JP | last10 = Carragher | first10 = B | last11 = Wilson | first11 = IA | last12 = Ward | first12 = AB | year = 2013 | title = Cryo-EM structure of a fully glycosylated soluble cleaved HIV-1 envelope trimer | journal = Science | volume = 342 | issue = 6165| pages = 1484–90 | doi=10.1126/science.1245627 | pmid=24179160 | pmc=3954647| bibcode = 2013Sci...342.1484L }}
- {{cite journal | last1 = Noble | first1 = AJ | last2 = Wei | first2 = H | last3 = Dandey | first3 = VP | last4 = Zhang | first4 = Z | last5 = Tan | first5 = YZ | last6 = Potter | first6 = CS | last7 = Carragher | first7 = B | year = 2018 | title = Reducing effects of particle adsorption to the air-water interface in cryo-EM. | journal = Nat Methods | volume = 15 | issue = 10 | pages = 793–795 | doi = 10.1038/s41592-018-0139-3 | pmid = 30250056 | pmc = 6168394 }}
- {{cite journal | last1 = Scapin | first1 = G | last2 = Dandey | first2 = VP | last3 = Zhang | first3 = Z | last4 = Prosise | first4 = W | last5 = Hruza | first5 = A | last6 = Kelly | first6 = T | last7 = Mayhood | first7 = T | last8 = Strickland | first8 = C | last9 = Potter | first9 = CS | last10 = Carragher | first10 = B | year = 2018 | title = Structure of the insulin receptor-insulin complex by single-particle cryo-EM analysis | pmc = 5886813 | journal = Nature | volume = 556 | issue = 7699| pages = 122–5 | pmid=29512653 | doi=10.1038/nature26153| bibcode = 2018Natur.556..122S }}
= Additional selected contributions to the EM field =
== ''CryoEM automation'' ==
Carragher was an early advocate for automated methods for electron microscopy. She developed software to analyze poorly ordered sickle cell hemoglobin fibers{{Cite journal|last1=Carragher|first1=B.|last2=Bluemke|first2=D. A.|last3=Gabriel|first3=B.|last4=Potel|first4=M. J.|last5=Josephs|first5=R.|date=1988-01-20|title=Structural analysis of polymers of sickle cell hemoglobin. I. Sickle hemoglobin fibers|journal=Journal of Molecular Biology|volume=199|issue=2|pages=315–331|issn=0022-2836|pmid=3351926|doi=10.1016/0022-2836(88)90316-6}} and went on to collaborate with Ron Milligan's group to develop a pipeline for helical processing (Phoelix).{{Cite journal|last1=Carragher|first1=B.|last2=Whittaker|first2=M.|last3=Milligan|first3=R. A.|date=January 1996|title=Helical processing using PHOELIX|journal=Journal of Structural Biology|volume=116|issue=1|pages=107–112|doi=10.1006/jsbi.1996.0018|issn=1047-8477|pmid=8742731}} Carragher and Potter led the development of [http://leginon.org/ Leginon],{{Cite journal|last1=Suloway|first1=Christian|last2=Pulokas|first2=James|last3=Fellmann|first3=Denis|last4=Cheng|first4=Anchi|last5=Guerra|first5=Francisco|last6=Quispe|first6=Joel|last7=Stagg|first7=Scott|last8=Potter|first8=Clinton S.|last9=Carragher|first9=Bridget|date=July 2005|title=Automated molecular microscopy: the new Leginon system|journal=Journal of Structural Biology|volume=151|issue=1|pages=41–60|doi=10.1016/j.jsb.2005.03.010|issn=1047-8477|pmid=15890530}} a system for automated control and data acquisition from an electron microscope, and [http://appion.org/ Appion],{{Cite journal|last1=Lander|first1=Gabriel C.|last2=Stagg|first2=Scott M.|last3=Voss|first3=Neil R.|last4=Cheng|first4=Anchi|last5=Fellmann|first5=Denis|last6=Pulokas|first6=James|last7=Yoshioka|first7=Craig|last8=Irving|first8=Christopher|last9=Mulder|first9=Anke|date=April 2009|title=Appion: an integrated, database-driven pipeline to facilitate EM image processing|journal=Journal of Structural Biology|volume=166|issue=1|pages=95–102|doi=10.1016/j.jsb.2009.01.002|issn=1047-8477|pmc=2775544|pmid=19263523}} a pipeline for single particle data processing.
== ''New technologies for TEM'' ==
Carragher and her team have developed a number of technologies for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These include Spotiton, an inkjet dispense and vitrification system for cryo-TEM,{{cite journal|last1=Jain|first1=Tilak|last2=Sheehan|first2=Patrick|last3=Crum|first3=John|last4=Carragher|first4=Bridget|last5=Potter|first5=Clinton S.|date=July 2012|title=Spotiton: A prototype for an integrated inkjet dispense and vitrification system for cryo-TEM|journal=Journal of Structural Biology|volume=179|issue=1|pages=68–75|doi=10.1016/j.jsb.2012.04.020|pmid=22569522|pmc=3378829}}{{cite journal|last1=Dandey|first1=Venkata P.|last2=Wei|first2=Hui|last3=Zhang|first3=Zhening|last4=Tan|first4=Yong Zi|last5=Acharya|first5=Priyamvada|last6=Eng|first6=Edward T.|last7=Rice|first7=William J.|last8=Kahn|first8=Peter A.|last9=Potter|first9=Clinton S.|date=May 2018|title=Spotiton: New features and applications|journal=Journal of Structural Biology|volume=202|issue=2|pages=161–169|doi=10.1016/j.jsb.2018.01.002|pmid=29366716|pmc=6317895|last10=Carragher|first10=Bridget}} robotic devices to load TEM specimens into the microscope,{{Cite journal|last1=Potter|first1=Clinton S.|last2=Pulokas|first2=James|last3=Smith|first3=Paul|last4=Suloway|first4=Christian|last5=Carragher|first5=Bridget|date=June 2004|title=Robotic grid loading system for a transmission electron microscope|journal=Journal of Structural Biology|volume=146|issue=3|pages=431–440|doi=10.1016/j.jsb.2004.02.002|issn=1047-8477|pmid=15099584}} liquid handling robots for controlling sample vitrification{{Cite journal|last1=Quispe|first1=Joel|last2=Damiano|first2=John|last3=Mick|first3=Stephen E.|last4=Nackashi|first4=David P.|last5=Fellmann|first5=Denis|last6=Ajero|first6=Teddy G.|last7=Carragher|first7=Bridget|last8=Potter|first8=Clinton S.|date=October 2007|title=An improved holey carbon film for cryo-electron microscopy|journal=Microscopy and Microanalysis|volume=13|issue=5|pages=365–371|doi=10.1017/S1431927607070791|issn=1431-9276|pmid=17900388|bibcode=2007MiMic..13..365Q|s2cid=23667883}}{{Cite journal|last1=Mulligan|first1=Sean K.|last2=Speir|first2=Jeffrey A.|last3=Razinkov|first3=Ivan|last4=Cheng|first4=Anchi|last5=Crum|first5=John|last6=Jain|first6=Tilak|last7=Duggan|first7=Erika|last8=Liu|first8=Er|last9=Nolan|first9=John P.|date=August 2015|title=Multiplexed TEM Specimen Preparation and Analysis of Plasmonic Nanoparticles|journal=Microscopy and Microanalysis|volume=21|issue=4|pages=1017–1025|doi=10.1017/S1431927615014324|issn=1435-8115|pmc=4701052|pmid=26223550|bibcode=2015MiMic..21.1017M}} and negative staining, and new substrates.{{Cite journal|last1=Razinkov|first1=Ivan|last2=Dandey|first2=Venkat|last3=Wei|first3=Hui|last4=Zhang|first4=Zhening|last5=Melnekoff|first5=David|last6=Rice|first6=William J.|last7=Wigge|first7=Christoph|last8=Potter|first8=Clinton S.|last9=Carragher|first9=Bridget|date=August 2016|title=A new method for vitrifying samples for cryoEM|journal=Journal of Structural Biology|volume=195|issue=2|pages=190–198|doi=10.1016/j.jsb.2016.06.001|issn=1095-8657|pmc=5464370|pmid=27288865}}
== ''Contributions to structural biology'' ==
Carragher has co-authored several papers in this area.[https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-structural-biology-x/about/jsbs-paper-of-the-year-award Science Direct Journal website, Paper of the Year awards 2004 and 2015]
Carragher's lab team includes a number of post-docs and graduate students . These researchers have contributed a number of papers to scientific journals.{{Cite journal|last1=Stagg|first1=Scott M.|last2=Gürkan|first2=Cemal|last3=Fowler|first3=Douglas M.|last4=LaPointe|first4=Paul|last5=Foss|first5=Ted R.|last6=Potter|first6=Clinton S.|last7=Carragher|first7=Bridget|last8=Balch|first8=William E.|date=2006-01-12|title=Structure of the Sec13/31 COPII coat cage|journal=Nature|volume=439|issue=7073|pages=234–238|doi=10.1038/nature04339|issn=1476-4687|pmid=16407955|bibcode=2006Natur.439..234S|s2cid=2426465}}{{Cite journal|last1=Mulder|first1=Anke M.|last2=Yoshioka|first2=Craig|last3=Beck|first3=Andrea H.|last4=Bunner|first4=Anne E.|last5=Milligan|first5=Ronald A.|last6=Potter|first6=Clinton S.|last7=Carragher|first7=Bridget|last8=Williamson|first8=James R.|date=2010-10-29|title=Visualizing Ribosome Biogenesis: Parallel Assembly Pathways for 30S Subunit|journal=Science|volume=330|issue=6004|pages=673–677|doi=10.1126/science.1193220|issn=0036-8075|pmc=2990404|pmid=21030658|bibcode=2010Sci...330..673M}}{{Cite journal|last1=Moeller|first1=Arne|last2=Kirchdoerfer|first2=Robert N.|last3=Potter|first3=Clinton S.|last4=Carragher|first4=Bridget|last5=Wilson|first5=Ian A.|date=2012-12-21|title=Organization of the Influenza Virus Replication Machinery|journal=Science|volume=338|issue=6114|pages=1631–1634|doi=10.1126/science.1227270|issn=0036-8075|pmc=3578580|pmid=23180774|bibcode=2012Sci...338.1631M}}{{Cite journal|last1=Lyumkis|first1=Dmitry|last2=Julien|first2=Jean-Philippe|last3=de Val|first3=Natalia|last4=Cupo|first4=Albert|last5=Potter|first5=Clinton S.|last6=Klasse|first6=Per-Johan|last7=Burton|first7=Dennis R.|last8=Sanders|first8=Rogier W.|last9=Moore|first9=John P.|date=2013-12-20|title=Cryo-EM structure of a fully glycosylated soluble cleaved HIV-1 envelope trimer|journal=Science|volume=342|issue=6165|pages=1484–1490|doi=10.1126/science.1245627|issn=1095-9203|pmc=3954647|pmid=24179160|bibcode=2013Sci...342.1484L}}
== ''Contributions to Methodology:'' ==
Carragher has worked to validate and improve methods in the field. In particular, she has worked on a particle picking workshop,{{Cite journal|last1=Zhu|first1=Yuanxin|last2=Carragher|first2=Bridget|last3=Glaeser|first3=Robert M.|last4=Fellmann|first4=Denis|last5=Bajaj|first5=Chandrajit|last6=Bern|first6=Marshall|last7=Mouche|first7=Fabrice|last8=de Haas|first8=Felix|last9=Hall|first9=Richard J.|date=January 2004|title=Automatic particle selection: results of a comparative study|journal=Journal of Structural Biology|volume=145|issue=1–2|pages=3–14|issn=1047-8477|pmid=15065668|doi=10.1016/j.jsb.2003.09.033|citeseerx=10.1.1.5.9218}} the recent CTF challenge{{Cite journal|last1=Marabini|first1=Roberto|last2=Carragher|first2=Bridget|last3=Chen|first3=Shaoxia|last4=Chen|first4=James|last5=Cheng|first5=Anchi|last6=Downing|first6=Kenneth H.|last7=Frank|first7=Joachim|last8=Grassucci|first8=Robert A.|last9=Heymann|first9=J. Bernard|date=June 2015|title=CTF Challenge: Result Summary|journal=Journal of Structural Biology|volume=190|issue=3|pages=348–359|doi=10.1016/j.jsb.2015.04.003|issn=1047-8477|pmc=4672951|pmid=25913484}} and a number of workshops organized by the EMDB to discuss standards and validation.{{Cite journal|last1=Henderson|first1=Richard|last2=Sali|first2=Andrej|last3=Baker|first3=Matthew L.|last4=Carragher|first4=Bridget|last5=Devkota|first5=Batsal|last6=Downing|first6=Kenneth H.|last7=Egelman|first7=Edward H.|last8=Feng|first8=Zukang|last9=Frank|first9=Joachim|date=2012-02-08|title=Outcome of the First Electron Microscopy Validation Task Force Meeting|journal=Structure|volume=20-330|issue=2|pages=205–214|doi=10.1016/j.str.2011.12.014|issn=0969-2126|pmc=3328769|pmid=22325770}}{{Cite journal|last1=Patwardhan|first1=Ardan|last2=Carazo|first2=José-Maria|last3=Carragher|first3=Bridget|last4=Henderson|first4=Richard|last5=Heymann|first5=J Bernard|last6=Hill|first6=Emma|last7=Jensen|first7=Grant J|last8=Lagerstedt|first8=Ingvar|last9=Lawson|first9=Catherine L|date=December 2012|title=Data management challenges in three-dimensional EM|journal=Nature Structural & Molecular Biology|volume=19|issue=12|pages=1203–1207|doi=10.1038/nsmb.2426|issn=1545-9993|pmc=4048199|pmid=23211764}} She have also organized workshops, including the NRAMM biennial Advanced Methods Workshop.
Awards
In 2019, Carragher and Philip E Bateson were awarded the 2019 Microscopy Society of America Distinguished Scientist Award.[https://www.microscopy.org/news/pr_041119.pdf Microscopy Society Of America website]
In 2022, Carragher was awarded The Biophysical Society Innovation Award.[https://www.biophysics.org/news-room/bridget-carragher-to-receive-2022-innovation-award BioPhysics.org website]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
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Category:American cell biologists
Category:University of Chicago alumni
Category:Scripps Research alumni