Brodmann area 9

The area is involved in short term memory,{{cite journal |vauthors=Babiloni C, Ferretti A, Del Gratta C |title=Human cortical responses during one-bit delayed-response tasks: an fMRI study |journal=Brain Research Bulletin |volume=65 |issue=5 |pages=383–90 |date=May 2005 |pmid=15833592 |doi=10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.01.013|s2cid=8559918 |display-authors=etal}} evaluating recency,{{cite journal |vauthors=Zorrilla LT, Aguirre GK, Zarahn E, Cannon TD, D'Esposito M |title=Activation of the prefrontal cortex during judgments of recency: a functional MRI study |journal=NeuroReport |volume=7 |issue=15–17 |pages=2803–6 |date=November 1996 |pmid=8981471 |doi=10.1097/00001756-199611040-00079}} overriding automatic responses,{{cite journal |vauthors=Kübler A, Dixon V, Garavan H |title=Automaticity and reestablishment of executive control-an fMRI study |journal=Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=1331–42 |date=August 2006 |pmid=16859418 |doi=10.1162/jocn.2006.18.8.1331|hdl=2262/24759 |s2cid=12786454 |hdl-access=free }} verbal fluency,{{cite journal |vauthors=Abrahams S, Goldstein LH, Simmons A |title=Functional magnetic resonance imaging of verbal fluency and confrontation naming using compressed image acquisition to permit overt responses |journal=Human Brain Mapping |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=29–40 |date=September 2003 |pmid=12953304 |doi=10.1002/hbm.10126|display-authors=etal|pmc=6872028 }} error detection,{{cite journal |vauthors=Chevrier AD, Noseworthy MD, Schachar R |title=Dissociation of response inhibition and performance monitoring in the stop signal task using event-related fMRI |journal=Human Brain Mapping |volume=28 |issue=12 |pages=1347–58 |date=December 2007 |pmid=17274022 |doi=10.1002/hbm.20355|pmc=6871417 }} auditory verbal attention,{{cite journal |vauthors=Nakai T, Kato C, Matsuo K |title=An FMRI study to investigate auditory attention: a model of the cocktail party phenomenon |journal=Magnetic Resonance in Medical Sciences |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=75–82 |year=2005 |pmid=16340161 |doi=10.2463/mrms.4.75|doi-access=free }} inferring the intention of others,{{cite journal |vauthors=Goel V, Grafman J, Sadato N, Hallett M |title=Modeling other minds |journal=NeuroReport |volume=6 |issue=13 |pages=1741–6 |date=September 1995 |pmid=8541472 |doi=10.1097/00001756-199509000-00009|s2cid=8560791 }} inferring deduction from spatial imagery,{{cite journal |vauthors=Knauff M, Mulack T, Kassubek J, Salih HR, Greenlee MW |title=Spatial imagery in deductive reasoning: a functional MRI study |journal=Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=203–12 |date=April 2002 |pmid=11958963 |doi=10.1016/S0926-6410(01)00116-1|citeseerx=10.1.1.15.1109 }} inductive reasoning,{{cite journal |vauthors=Goel V, Gold B, Kapur S, Houle S |title=The seats of reason? An imaging study of deductive and inductive reasoning |journal=NeuroReport |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=1305–10 |date=March 1997 |pmid=9175134 |doi=10.1097/00001756-199703240-00049|s2cid=13586482 }} attributing intention,{{cite journal |vauthors=Fink GR, Marshall JC, Halligan PW |title=The neural consequences of conflict between intention and the senses |journal=Brain |volume=122 |issue=3 |pages=497–512 |date=March 1999 |pmid=10094258 |doi=10.1093/brain/122.3.497|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free |hdl=21.11116/0000-0001-A22E-5 |hdl-access=free }} sustained attention involved in counting a series of auditory stimuli,{{cite journal |vauthors=Shallice T, Stuss DT, Alexander MP, Picton TW, Derkzen D |title=The multiple dimensions of sustained attention |journal=Cortex |volume=44 |issue=7 |pages=794–805 |year=2008 |pmid=18489960 |doi=10.1016/j.cortex.2007.04.002|s2cid=18269906 }} and displays lower levels of energy consumption in individuals suffering from bipolar disorder.{{cite journal |vauthors=Brooks JO, Bearden CE, Hoblyn JC, Woodard SA, Ketter TA |title=Prefrontal and paralimbic metabolic dysregulation related to sustained attention in euthymic older adults with bipolar disorder |journal=Bipolar Disorders |volume=12 |issue=8 |pages=866–74 |date=December 2010 |pmid=21176034 |doi=10.1111/j.1399-5618.2010.00881.x}}

The area found on the left hemisphere is at least partially responsible for empathy,{{cite journal |vauthors=Farrow TF, Zheng Y, Wilkinson ID |title=Investigating the functional anatomy of empathy and forgiveness |journal=NeuroReport |volume=12 |issue=11 |pages=2433–8 |date=August 2001 |pmid=11496124 |doi=10.1097/00001756-200108080-00029|s2cid=34437619 |display-authors=etal}} idioms,{{cite journal |vauthors=Maddock RJ, Buonocore MH |title=Activation of left posterior cingulate gyrus by the auditory presentation of threat-related words: an fMRI study |journal=Psychiatry Research |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |date=August 1997 |pmid=9287369 |doi=10.1016/s0925-4927(97)00018-8|s2cid=23014601 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Lauro LJ, Tettamanti M, Cappa SF, Papagno C |title=Idiom comprehension: a prefrontal task? |journal=Cerebral Cortex |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=162–70 |date=January 2008 |pmid=17490991 |doi=10.1093/cercor/bhm042|doi-access=free }} processing pleasant and unpleasant emotional scenes,{{cite journal |vauthors=Lane RD, Reiman EM, Bradley MM |title=Neuroanatomical correlates of pleasant and unpleasant emotion |journal=Neuropsychologia |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=1437–44 |date=November 1997 |pmid=9352521 |doi=10.1016/S0028-3932(97)00070-5|s2cid=1322021 |display-authors=etal}} self criticisms{{cite journal |vauthors=Longe O, Maratos FA, Gilbert P |title=Having a word with yourself: neural correlates of self-criticism and self-reassurance |journal=NeuroImage |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=1849–56 |date=January 2010 |pmid=19770047 |doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.09.019|s2cid=9912957 |display-authors=etal|url=https://publications.aston.ac.uk/id/eprint/16903/1/havingwordwithyourself.pdf }} and attention to negative emotions.{{cite journal |vauthors=Kerestes R, Ladouceur CD, Meda S |title=Abnormal prefrontal activity subserving attentional control of emotion in remitted depressed patients during a working memory task with emotional distracters |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=29–40 |date=January 2012 |pmid=21733287 |doi=10.1017/S0033291711001097|s2cid=4984022 |display-authors=etal}}

On the right hemisphere the region is involved in attributing intention,{{cite journal |vauthors=Brunet E, Sarfati Y, Hardy-Baylé MC, Decety J |title=A PET investigation of the attribution of intentions with a nonverbal task |journal=NeuroImage |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=157–66 |date=February 2000 |pmid=10679187 |doi=10.1006/nimg.1999.0525|s2cid=11846982 }} theory of mind,{{cite journal |vauthors=Gallagher HL, Jack AI, Roepstorff A, Frith CD |title=Imaging the intentional stance in a competitive game |journal=NeuroImage |volume=16 |issue=3 Pt 1 |pages=814–21 |date=July 2002 |pmid=12169265 |doi=10.1006/nimg.2002.1117|s2cid=1733601 |url=https://pure.au.dk/ws/files/48455072/gallagher2002.pdf }} suppressing sadness,{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaur S, Sassi RB, Axelson D |title=Cingulate cortex anatomical abnormalities in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=162 |issue=9 |pages=1637–43 |date=September 2005 |pmid=16135622 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.162.9.1637|display-authors=etal}} working memory,{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang JX, Leung HC, Johnson MK |title=Frontal activations associated with accessing and evaluating information in working memory: an fMRI study |journal=NeuroImage |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=1531–9 |date=November 2003 |pmid=14642465 |doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.07.016|s2cid=17878279 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Pochon JB, Levy R, Fossati P |title=The neural system that bridges reward and cognition in humans: an fMRI study |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=99 |issue=8 |pages=5669–74 |date=April 2002 |pmid=11960021 |pmc=122829 |doi=10.1073/pnas.082111099 |bibcode=2002PNAS...99.5669P |jstor=3058552|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Raye CL, Johnson MK, Mitchell KJ, Reeder JA, Greene EJ |title=Neuroimaging a single thought: dorsolateral PFC activity associated with refreshing just-activated information |journal=NeuroImage |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=447–53 |date=February 2002 |pmid=11798278 |doi=10.1006/nimg.2001.0983|s2cid=497926 }} spatial memory,{{cite journal |vauthors=Slotnick SD, Moo LR |title=Prefrontal cortex hemispheric specialization for categorical and coordinate visual spatial memory |journal=Neuropsychologia |volume=44 |issue=9 |pages=1560–8 |year=2006 |pmid=16516248 |doi=10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.01.018|s2cid=14396813 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Leung HC, Gore JC, Goldman-Rakic PS |title=Sustained mnemonic response in the human middle frontal gyrus during on-line storage of spatial memoranda |journal=Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=659–71 |date=May 2002 |pmid=12126506 |doi=10.1162/08989290260045882|citeseerx=10.1.1.211.3485 |s2cid=33797492 }} recognition,{{cite journal |vauthors=Ranganath C, Johnson MK, D'Esposito M |title=Prefrontal activity associated with working memory and episodic long-term memory |journal=Neuropsychologia |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=378–89 |year=2003 |pmid=12457762 |doi=10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00169-0|citeseerx=10.1.1.418.2955 |s2cid=1281343 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Rugg MD, Fletcher PC, Frith CD, Frackowiak RS, Dolan RJ |title=Differential activation of the prefrontal cortex in successful and unsuccessful memory retrieval |journal=Brain |volume=119 |issue=6 |pages=2073–83 |date=December 1996 |pmid=9010011 |doi=10.1093/brain/119.6.2073|doi-access=free |hdl=21.11116/0000-0001-A05C-3 |hdl-access=free }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Tulving E, Habib R, Nyberg L, Lepage M, McIntosh AR |title=Positron emission tomography correlations in and beyond medial temporal lobes |journal=Hippocampus |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=71–82 |year=1999 |pmid=10088902 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(1999)9:1<71::AID-HIPO8>3.0.CO;2-F|citeseerx=10.1.1.538.2507 |s2cid=14846471 }} recall,{{cite journal |vauthors=Tulving E, Kapur S, Markowitsch HJ, Craik FI, Habib R, Houle S |title=Neuroanatomical correlates of retrieval in episodic memory: auditory sentence recognition |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=91 |issue=6 |pages=2012–5 |date=March 1994 |pmid=8134341 |pmc=43299 |doi=10.1073/pnas.91.6.2012 |bibcode=1994PNAS...91.2012T |jstor=2364162|doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Düzel E, Picton TW, Cabeza R |title=Comparative electrophysiological and hemodynamic measures of neural activation during memory-retrieval |journal=Human Brain Mapping |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=104–23 |date=June 2001 |doi=10.1002/hbm.1028 |pmid=11346889|pmc=6872004 |display-authors=etal|citeseerx=10.1.1.714.6378 }} recognizing the emotions of others,{{cite journal |vauthors=Bermpohl F, Pascual-Leone A, Amedi A |title=Attentional modulation of emotional stimulus processing: an fMRI study using emotional expectancy |journal=Human Brain Mapping |volume=27 |issue=8 |pages=662–77 |date=August 2006 |pmid=16317710 |doi=10.1002/hbm.20209|display-authors=etal|pmc=6871342 }} planning,{{cite journal |vauthors=Fincham JM, Carter CS, van Veen V, Stenger VA, Anderson JR |title=Neural mechanisms of planning: a computational analysis using event-related fMRI |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=99 |issue=5 |pages=3346–51 |date=March 2002 |pmid=11880658 |pmc=122521 |doi=10.1073/pnas.052703399 |bibcode=2002PNAS...99.3346F |jstor=3058122|doi-access=free }} calculation,{{cite journal |vauthors=Xie S, Xiao J, Jiang X |script-title=zh:正常老年人计算任务的脑功能磁共振成像研究 |trans-title=The fMRI study of the calculation tasks in normal aged volunteers |language=zh |journal=Journal of Peking University |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=311–3 |date=June 2003 |pmid=12914254 |url=http://xuebao.bjmu.edu.cn/fileup/PDF/200335311.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107005300/http://xuebao.bjmu.edu.cn/fileup/PDF/200335311.pdf |archive-date=2014-11-07 |title=The fMRI study of the calculation tasks in normal aged volunteers }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Rickard TC, Romero SG, Basso G, Wharton C, Flitman S, Grafman J |title=The calculating brain: an fMRI study |journal=Neuropsychologia |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=325–35 |year=2000 |pmid=10678698 |doi=10.1016/S0028-3932(99)00068-8|s2cid=2413702 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1259675 }} semantic and perceptual processing of odors,{{cite journal |vauthors=Royet JP, Koenig O, Gregoire MC |title=Functional anatomy of perceptual and semantic processing for odors |journal=Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=94–109 |date=January 1999 |pmid=9950717 |doi=10.1162/089892999563166|s2cid=20076761 |display-authors=etal}} religiosity,{{cite journal |vauthors=Azari NP, Nickel J, Wunderlich G |title=Neural correlates of religious experience |journal=The European Journal of Neuroscience |volume=13 |issue=8 |pages=1649–52 |date=April 2001 |pmid=11328359 |doi=10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01527.x|s2cid=22241837 |display-authors=etal}} and attention to positive emotions.

Brodmann area 9 also exists in the frontal lobe of the guenon. Brodmann-1909 regarded it on the whole as topographically and cytoarchitecturally homologous to the granular frontal area 9 and frontopolar area 10 in the human. Distinctive features (Brodmann-1905): Unlike Brodmann area 6 (Brodmann-1909), area 9 has a distinct internal granular layer (IV); unlike Brodmann area 6 or Brodmann area 8 (Brodmann-1909), its internal pyramidal layer (V) is divisible into two sublayers, an outer layer 5a of densely distributed medium-size ganglion cells that partially merges with layer IV, and an inner, clearer, cell-poor layer 5b; the pyramidal cells of sublayer 3b of the external pyramidal layer (III) are smaller and sparser in distribution; the external granular layer (II) is narrow, with small numbers of sparsely distributed granule cells.{{CC-notice|cc=by3|url=http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?type=a&ID=1046}}{{unreliable source?|date=November 2014}} {{cite web |url=http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?type=a&ID=1046 |title=BrainInfo |access-date=2013-12-03 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207021330/http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?type=a&ID=1046 |archive-date=December 7, 2013 }}

File:Brodmann area 9 animation small.gif|Animation.

File:Brodmann area 9 frontal.jpg|front view.

File:Brodmann area 9 lateral.jpg|Lateral view.

File:Brodmann area 9 medial.jpg|Medial view.

• Brodmann area
• Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex
• List of regions in the human brain

{{Reflist|24em}}

{{Commons category|Brodmann area 9}}

• {{cite journal |first1=Debra A. |last1=Gusnard |first2=Erbil |last2=Akbudak |first3=Gordon L. |last3=Shulman |first4=Marcus E. |last4=Raichle |date=March 27, 2001 |title=Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Self-Referential Mental Activity: Relation to a Default Mode of Brain Function |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=98 |issue=7 |pages=4259–64 |jstor=3055404 |pmid=11259662 |bibcode=2001PNAS...98.4259G |pmc=31213 |doi=10.1073/pnas.071043098|doi-access=free }}
• https://web.archive.org/web/20141104204919/http://www.skiltopo.com/1/index.htm#BA9L{{full citation needed|date=November 2014}}
• For Neuroanatomy of this area see [https://archive.today/20121212095210/http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/Scripts/ancilcentraldirectory.aspx?ID=1046 BrainInfo]

{{Brodmann area}}

{{Prosencephalon}}

09

Category:Frontal lobe