Broughty Castle#Military and modern use

{{Infobox military conflict|conflict=Siege of Broughty Castle|partof=Anglo-Scottish Wars
Rough Wooing|image=300px|caption=Broughty Castle|date=1547–1550|place=Broughty Ferry, Dundee, Scotland|result=Scottish/French victory|combatant1= 15px Kingdom of Scotland
15px Kingdom of France|combatant2= 15px Kingdom of England|commander1=Earl of Arran
Earl of Argyll
James Doig of Dunrobin
Paul de Thermes
Henri Cleutin|commander2=Sir Andrew Dudley
Sir John Luttrell|strength1=Unknown|strength2=300 (at final assault)
5 warships|casualties1=50 (final assault)|casualties2=Unknown|}}

Broughty Castle is a historic castle on the banks of the River Tay in Broughty Ferry, Dundee, Scotland. It was completed around 1495, although the site was earlier fortified in 1454, when George Douglas, 4th Earl of Angus, received permission to build on the site. His son, Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus, was coerced into ceding the castle to the crown. The main tower house forming the centre of the castle with four floors was built by Andrew, 2nd Lord Gray, who was granted the castle in 1490.

History

=The Rough Wooing=

File:Broughty Castle (2).JPG

The castle saw military action during the 16th-century War of the Rough Wooing. After the battle of Pinkie in September 1547, it was surrendered by purchase to the English by its owner, Lord Gray of Foulis.David Caldwell, Vicky Oleksy, Bess Rhodes, The Battle of Pinkie, 1547: The Last Battle Between the Independent Kingdoms of Scotland and England (Oxbow, 2023), p. 26: Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), p. 39, 14 November 1547, Gray of Foulis, was paid £1000 sterling for the castle. A messenger from the castle, Rinyon (Ninian) Cockburn, who spoke to the English supreme commander the Duke of Somerset before the castle was rendered was given a £4 reward. The Scottish keeper, Henry Durham, was rewarded with an English pension, income from the fishing, and an import/export licence. Durham later lent the English commander £138.John Roche Dasent, ed., Acts of the Privy Council, vol. 2 (HMSO, 1890), 157–159, 242.Clifford, Arthur, ed., Sadler State Papers, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1809), p. 361.Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), p. 102 no. 207. William Patten, the English writer who accompanied Somerset, noted the castle's strategic importance;

"it standeth in such sort at the mouth of the river Tay, that being gotten, both Dundee and St. John's Town (Perth), and many other towns else shall become subject to this hold or be compelled to forgo their use of the river."Patten, William, The Expedition into Scotland (London, 1549), abbreviated, noted for 18 September 1547.

The position of the old castle itself was advantageous to modern warfare, as it was discovered that the swift river current made naval bombardment impractical.CSP Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), p. 124 no. 256. Soon after taking possession, the English garrison further fortified Broughty by building a ditch across the landward side of the castle's promontory. Edward Clinton began the refortification, on the advice of an Italian engineer, Master John Rossetti, and left 100 men guarded by three ships. William Bruce of Earlshall feared the English would build an outpost on the south say of the Tay.Cameron, Annie, I, ed., Scottish Correspondence of Mary of Lorraine (SHS, 1927), p. 204. The garrison was first led by Sir Andrew Dudley, the Duke of Northumberland's brother, who hoped to distribute Tyndale's Bible in Dundee.CSP Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), 21, 35.

Andrew Dudley wrote in October 1547; "as for soldiers, there was never man had so weak a company, given all to eating and drinking and slothfulness", although, "the house stands well."Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), p. 24 no. 56 spelling modernised here. His garrison included Italian and Spanish soldiers, and he hoped that Grey of Wilton would send him an expert French surgeon.CSP Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), p. 50. The town of Dundee agreed to support the garrison and resist the Governor of Scotland, Regent Arran on 27 October 1547. The Constable of Dundee, John Scrimgeour, and the baillies and council signed the agreement, although under the duress of Dudley's two gunships.CSP Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), pp. 33, 35.

The Earl of Argyll tried to capture the castle on 22 November 1547 and again in January 1548 with 150 men led by the soldier Duncan Dundas, without success.Merriman, Marcus, The Rough Wooings (Tuckwell, 2000), 263: CSP Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), 45, 64: Treasurer's Accounts, vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1911), 142: (Duncan Dundas commanded the workmen of the Scottish artillery train before Pinkie) Thomas Wyndham brought two more ships in December 1547 and burnt Balmerino Abbey on Christmas Day.CSP Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), 48–49, 51, 53. On 12 January 1548, one hundred matchlock guns were delivered from Berwick, with powder flasks, matches, touch boxes, and bullet moulds.Starkey, David, ed., The Inventory of Henry VIII, vol. 1 (Society of Antiquaries, 1998), 139. Sir Thomas Palmer and the Italian military engineer "Master John", Giovanni di Rossetti, who was made master of ordnance at Broughty, made plans to improve the fortifications, noting that the castle was overlooked by a nearby hill.C. S. Knighton & David Loades, The Navy of Edward VI and Mary I (Ashgate, 2011), p. 31: HMC Salisbury Hatfield, vol. 14 (London, 1923), p. 343: Marcus Merriman, Rough Wooings (Tuckwell, 2000), p. 312. In February 1548, 100 workmen were sent from Berwick and new armaments including falcon guns, cannonballs for demi-culverins, bows, bills, pikes, cresset lights, cables and anchors. Palmer set to work fortifying the hill in February and also considered ambitious plans to build a citadel in Dundee with the demolition of the church and tolbooth.Marcus Merriman, Rough Wooings (Tuckwell, 2000), p. 313. Andrew Dudley waited for lead to make a new platform (probably for artillery) on the castle tower in March 1548.CSP Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), pp. 69–70, 78, 92, TNA SP50/3 f.28.

Image:Hans Eworth Sir John Luttrell.jpg by Hans Eworth, 1550]]

Andrew Dudley was succeeded by John Luttrell who had been the commander at Inchcolm. On 11 May 1548, the English commander at Haddington, Grey of Wilton wrote to Luttrell that he could not expect more supplies because of the expected French fleet. Grey of Wilton warned him against Scottish assassins in June, and Somerset required him to dismiss the German mercenaries in his command. There was some relief for Luttrell, as Lord Methven took away the guns of the Scottish counter-battery for redeployment at the Siege of Haddington on 6 June 1548.Cameron, Annie, I, ed., Scottish Correspondence of Mary of Lorraine (SHS, 1927), pp. 235–237, 243–248.

Meanwhile, Luttrell had been ordered to build a new fortification on an adjacent site. In November he wrote to Somerset describing the progress of this work explaining that the ramparts made from turf were unstable and could not be strengthened. Luttrell said his enemies would not need guns; "for theye shall fynde hytt fallen downe redy to ther handys."Cameron, Annie, I, ed., Scottish Correspondence of Mary of Lorraine(SHS: Edinburgh, 1927), pp. 275–278. In December 1548, Patrick, Lord Gray of Foulis, was summoned to account for his treasons against the Government of Scotland, and although the French commanders argued for his execution, he was eventually pardoned at Regent Arran's command.Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 9, 264.

In February 1549 Luttrell was joined by Pedro de Negro and his band of Spanish soldiers. In July Luttrell complained that the Spanish soldiers had not yet received pay or clothing.Annie Cameron, Scottish Correspondence of Mary of Lorraine (SHS: Edinburgh, 1927), p. 309.

Thomas Wyndham and his nephew Luttrell's activities on the Forth were called into question in November 1549, and the Earl of Rutland was required to investigate whether one of the ships they had seized was a lawful prize.HMC 12th report, Appendix, part 4, The Manuscripts of the Duke of Rutland at Belvoir Castle, vol. 1 (London, 1888), 50, 52. On Christmas Day 1549, Mary of Guise held a conference at Stirling Castle with her guests, and they agreed that more French guns could be brought to besiege Broughty. Robert Hamilton of Briggis directed labourers called "pioneers" to dig entrenchments for the guns.Accounts of the Treasurer, vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1911), p. 372.

Twelve English ships arrived to support the defenders and it was 12 February 1550 before the French and Scots managed to recapture Broughty. Mary of Guise watched the successful assault on 6 February 1550 from a vantage point across the Tay. Paul de Thermes led the French troops, 240 were injured and 50 killed.Joseph François Michaud & Jean Joseph François Poujoulat, Nouvelle Collection des memoirs pour server a l'Histoire de France, vol. 6 (Paris, 1839), pp. 6–7. The garrison surrendered six days later at midnight.Cameron, Annie I., ed., Scottish Correspondence of Mary of Lorraine (SHS, 1927), 322 note, quoting NRS Arran's liber emptorum. James Dog of Dunrobin claimed Luttrell as his prisoner and his papers were captured. His ransom of £1000 Scots was raised on 16 May 1550 as an exchange for the sons of George Douglas of Pittendreich and the Master of Semple who were prisoners in England. (George Douglas's son would later rule Scotland as Regent Morton.)Cameron, Annie I., Scottish Correspondence of Mary of Lorraine (SHS, 1927), 322, note citing NRS ADCS, 26, 128. Luttrell was promptly re-arrested for debts to a Dundee merchant, Robert Craig, but Regent Arran paid the merchant in September, and Luttrell was allowed home.Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1911), 443.

=War of the Three Kingdoms=

The castle was attacked again, in 1651, by General Monck and his Parliamentary army during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. On this occasion the Royalist defenders fled without a fight. After 1666, when the Gray family sold the castle, it gradually became more ruinous.

=Military and modern use=

In 1846 the castle was bought by the Edinburgh and Northern Railway Company in order to build an adjacent harbour for their railway ferry. In 1855 the castle was acquired by the War Office with the intention of using it to defend the harbour from the Russians. In 1860 renewed fears of a French invasion led the War Office to rebuild and fortify the site. The site was rebuilt according to the designs of Robert Rowand Anderson. The walls of the main courtyard were rebuilt and new wings and courtyards were added to the tower. A caponier was added along the south-east side of the courtyard. Emplacements for nine large guns were also constructed. A small enclosure on the west side of the courtyard was also built. During the First World War, the castle battery mounted two 4.7-inch Quick Firing guns.Farndale, Martin, 2008. History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery – The forgotten fronts and Home Base, Royal Artillery Institution, London, p402

From 1886 to 1887 a range was built to house submarine miners to the east of the castle. In an emergency these would lay mines in the Tay Estuary to damage enemy shipping. In 1889–1891 a magazine was built within the western enclosure which also led to a major remodelling of the gun emplacements. The castle remained in military use until 1932, and again between 1939 and 1949. The last defence-related alteration was made in the Second World War when a defence post was built within the top of the main tower.

In 1969 the castle opened as a museum operated by Dundee city council. The museum is free of charge but is not wheelchair accessible. Its steep spiral staircase also renders it problematic to the elderly.

The structure is designated a scheduled ancient monument.{{Historic Environment Scotland|num=SM90043|desc=Broughty Castle|access-date=27 February 2019}}