Brown falcon
{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2016}}
{{Speciesbox
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| image = Brown_falcon.jpg
| image_caption= At Ingham, Queensland, Australia
| genus = Falco
| species = berigora
| authority = Vigors & Horsfield, 1827
| synonyms =
Asturaetus furcillatus De Vis, 1906
Plioaetus furcillatus (De Vis, 1906)
}}
File:Falco berigora taranna.jpg
The brown falcon (Falco berigora) is a relatively large falcon native to Australia and New Guinea.
A number of plumage morphs occur, with the primary distinction being between the pale morph and the dark morph. Both morphs usually have dark brown upper parts and wing coverts. Dark morph birds have predominantly dark under parts, although some light streaking is common. Pale morph birds have white underparts that are varyingly streaked with brown, sometimes heavily so. Pale individuals may also have prominently white under tail coverts and these may be diagnostic. A distinctive aspect of their behaviour is shown in the breeding season when brown falcons make a loud, high pitched, cackle call (like a laying hen) and screeching while in flight.{{Cite web|url=http://www.wiresnr.org/BrownFalcon.html|title=Brown Falcon|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831022923/http://www.wiresnr.org/BrownFalcon.html|archive-date=August 31, 2021}}
The species name berigora has Aboriginal origins.
Description
Adults are usually {{convert|40|to|50|cm|in|abbr=on}} long. They are found in light and dark forms and a variety of intermediates. Animals typically have red-brown heads with narrow black streaks with a light crown and off-white chin. Wings are a spotted red-brown with dark brown quills. Beaks are light blue/grey; eyes are brown. The falcons make a loud cackle call uttered frequently.
Breeding and habitat
Brown falcons breed from June to November, usually in an old nest of a larger passerine or another hawk species; they occasionally nest in hollow limbs of trees. The brown falcon lays between two and five eggs that have red and brown spots and blotches.
Subspecies
- F. b. novaeguineae : central and eastern New Guinea and coastal northern Australia[http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/falcons/ IOC World Bird List]
- F. b. berigora : Australia (except coastal north) and Tasmania
Diet
The brown falcon eats small mammals, including house mice. They also eat young rabbits in the summer. It also eats small birds, lizards, snakes, and a variety of invertebrates, particularly caterpillars, grasshoppers, crickets, and beetles. Insects form the bulk of the animals' diets during winter and the falcons often chase the insects on the ground.
Behaviour
Brown falcons and other Australian firehawks have been said to pick up sticks with flames and dropping them to spread fires and prey on escaping animals.{{cite web |last1=Greshko |first1=Michael |title=Why These Birds Carry Flames In Their Beaks |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/wildfires-birds-animals-australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222110255/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/wildfires-birds-animals-australia |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 22, 2021 |website=National Geographic |access-date=21 October 2022 |language=en |date=8 January 2018}} According to Audubon, "That anecdotal evidence is sourced from personal testimonies by Australian firefighters and aboriginal people, as well as historical literature, and amounts to 14 firsthand narratives of this specific occurrence."{{cite news | last =Schmitt | first = Kristen| title = Can Birds Actually Start Forest Fires?: Anecdotal evidence suggests that certain birds of prey use fire to their advantage—but the research hasn't been caught on camera yet. | newspaper = Audubon | location = | pages = | language = | publisher = | date = February 22, 2016| url = https://www.audubon.org/news/can-birds-actually-start-forest-fires | accessdate =May 18, 2023 }}{{cite journal | doi = 10.2993/0278-0771-37.4.700 | volume=37 | title=Intentional Fire-Spreading by "Firehawk" Raptors in Northern Australia | year=2017 | journal=Journal of Ethnobiology | page=700 | last1 = Bonta | first1 = Mark | last2 = Gosford | first2 = Robert | last3 = Eussen | first3 = Dick | last4 = Ferguson | first4 = Nathan | last5 = Loveless | first5 = Erana | last6 = Witwer | first6 = Maxwell| issue=4 | s2cid=90806420 }}
References
{{Reflist}}
Further reading
- Birds of The World by Colin Harrison and Alan Greensmith
- Complete Book of Australian Birds Reader's Digest
Gallery
{{Commons category|Falco berigora|Brown falcon
(Falco berigora)}}
{{Wikispecies|Falco berigora}}
File:Falco berigora.jpg|John Gould illustration
File:Brown falcon1444.jpg|Brown falcon portrait
Brown-Falcon,-Vic,-3.1.2008.jpg|Brown falcon
File:Falco berigora -Phillip Island, Victoria, Australia -flying-8 (1).jpg|In flight in Victoria, Australia
File:Falco berigora pale 001.png|Adult, pale morph, Tasmania
File:F berigora pale 002.png|Adult (pale morph) takes flight, Tasmania
File:Brown Falcon on thistles.jpg|alt=Brown Falcon perched on thistles near Lake Borrie, Vic, looking back at photographer.|Brown falcon perched on thistles near Lake Borrie, Vic.
File:Brown Falcon pikedale.ogv|Brown falcon attending prey, Pikedale, S. Queensland
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q605547}}
Category:Birds of prey of New Guinea
Category:Diurnal raptors of Australia