Brown jacamar
{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2021}}
{{speciesbox
| name = Brown jacamar
| image = Deleitando.JPG
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| genus = Brachygalba
| species = lugubris
| authority = (Swainson, 1838)
| synonyms =
| range_map = Brachygalba lugubris map.svg
}}
The brown jacamar (Brachygalba lugubris) is a species of bird in the family Galbulidae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/ |title=IOC World Bird List (v 11.1) |last1=Gill |first1= F. |last2=Donsker|first2=D.|last3=Rasmussen |first3=P. |date=January 2021 |access-date=January 14, 2021 }}Tobias, J., T. Züchner, T.A. de Melo Júnior, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Brown Jacamar (Brachygalba lugubris), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.brojac2.01 retrieved May 9, 2021
Taxonomy and systematics
The brown jacamar and the dusky-backed (B. salmoni), pale-headed (B. goeringi), and white-throated jacamars (B. albogularis) form a superspecies.Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 19 January 2021. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved January 19, 2021 The brown jacamar has seven subspecies:
- B. l. fulviventris Sclater (1891)
- B. l. caquetae Chapman (1917)
- B. l. lugubris Swainson (1838)
- B. l. obscuriceps Zimmer & Phelps (1947)
- B. l. naumburgae Chapman (1931)
- B. l. phaeonota Todd (1943)
- B. l. melanosterna Sclater (1855)
Three of them (fulviventris, phaeonota, and melanosterna) were at one time treated as separate species.
Description
The brown jacamar is {{convert|14|to|18|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and weighs {{convert|16|to|23|g|oz|abbr=on}}. The upper parts of the nominate are brown and the lower back dark brown with a greenish black gloss. The wings are blackish with a blue sheen. The chin and throat are off-white, the breast and flanks reddish brown, and the lower breast and belly off-white or buff. The other subspecies differ in the tone and intensity of the back and breast colors.
Distribution and habitat
The brown jacamar is found in three unconnected areas in northern South America east of the Andes. The details are:
- B. l. fulviventris, central Colombia's Meta and Boyacá Departments
- B. l. caquetae, from Colombia's Caquetá Department south to eastern Ecuador and northern Peru
- B. l. lugubris, eastern and southern Venezuela east through the Guianas and northern Brazil
- B. l. obscuriceps, southern Venezuela and adjoining northwestern Brazil
- B. l. naumburgae, northeastern Brazil's Maranhão and Piauí states
- B. l. phaeonota, Brazil, along Rio Solimões (upper Amazon River) in western Amazonas state
- B. l. melanosterna, Bolivia's Santa Cruz Department and central and southern Brazil
The brown jacamar primarily inhabits terra firme, várzea, and gallery forests, both primary and secondary. There it is found in the canopy, along edges, and in shrubby clearings. It is also found along watercourses in savanna and, in some parts of its range, on white sand soils. In elevation it usually ranges from lowlands to {{convert|900|m|ft|abbr=on}} but has been found as high as {{convert|1500|m|ft|abbr=on}} in Venezuela.
Behavior
=Feeding=
=Breeding=
=Vocalization=
Status
The IUCN has assessed the brown jacamar as being of Least Concern. It is uncommon to common in various parts of its range, occurs in several protected areas, and "its habitat requirements suggest that selective logging would not be a threat." However, subspecies B. l. phaeonota is known only in a very small area, and so "requires further study to clarify its conservation status and range."
References
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Category:Birds of the Ecuadorian Amazon
Category:Birds of the Guiana Shield