Brummie dialect

The term Brummie derives from Brummagem or Bromwichham, which are historical variants of the name Birmingham.Michael Pearce, “The Ethnonym Geordie in North East England” Names, Vol. 63 No. 2, June 2015, 75-85

The strength of a person's accent can vary greatly all across Birmingham.{{sfnp|Elmes|2006|p=130}} As with most cities, the local accent changes relative to the area of the city in question. A common misconception is that everyone in Birmingham speaks the same accent. It could be argued that Brummie is an accent rather than a dialect as opposed to Black Country speech, which is a dialect with unique words and phrases, such as "owamya?" for how are you, which, many comment, is not used in Brummie speech. Similarly, Brummies generally use the word I while pronouncing it as 'oy', whereas Black Country natives instead use the dialectal term 'Ah', as in 'Ah bin', meaning I have been.

{{Harvcoltxt|Thorne|2003}} has said that the accent is "a dialectal hybrid of northern, southern, Midlands, Warwickshire, Staffordshire and Worcestershire speech", also with elements from the languages and dialects of its Asian and Afro-Caribbean communities.

There are also differences between Brummie and Black Country accents, which are not readily apparent to people from outside the West Midlands.{{sfnp|Elmes|2006|p=130}} A Black Country accent and a Birmingham accent can be hard to distinguish if neither accent is that broad. Phonetician John Wells has admitted that he cannot tell any difference between the accents.{{cite web|url=http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/2011/06/black-country.html|title=The Black Country|last=Wells|first=John|date=13 June 2011|website=John Wells's phonetic blog|publisher=Blogspot|access-date=18 May 2014|quote=I have a terrible confession to make. I can’t reliably distinguish between a Birmingham accent (“Brummie”) and a Black Country accent. Sorry, but that’s the truth.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306092728/http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/2011/06/black-country.html|archive-date=6 March 2014|url-status=live}}

Rhymes and vocabulary in the works of William Shakespeare suggest that he used a local dialect, with many historians and scholars arguing that Shakespeare used a Stratford-upon-Avon, Brummie, Cotswold, Warwickshire or other Midlands dialect in his work.{{cite news|author1=Metro reporter|title=Bard spoke loik a Brummie|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/bard-spoke-loik-a-brummie-6943807.html|access-date=24 February 2018|work=Evening Standard|date=29 August 2003|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20180224122918/https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/bard-spoke-loik-a-brummie-6943807.html|archive-date=24 February 2018|url-status=live}} However, the veracity of this assertion is not accepted by all historians,{{cite news|last1=Finch|first1=Ellen|title=Shakespeare 'did not' use Midland dialect, claims academic|url=https://www.birminghampost.co.uk/lifestyle/nostalgia/shakespeare-did-not-use-midland-11092663|access-date=24 February 2018|work=The Birmingham Post|date=27 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327144626/https://www.birminghampost.co.uk/lifestyle/nostalgia/shakespeare-did-not-use-midland-11092663|archive-date=27 March 2016|url-status=live}} and his accent would certainly have been entirely distinct from any modern English accent, including any modern Midlands accent.See Early Modern English#Phonology.

According to {{Harvcoltxt|Thorne|2003}}, among UK listeners "Birmingham English in previous academic studies and opinion polls consistently fares as the most disfavoured variety of British English, yet with no satisfying account of the dislike". He alleges that overseas visitors, in contrast, find it "lilting and melodious", and from this claims that such dislike is driven by various linguistic myths and social factors peculiar to the UK ("social snobbery, negative media stereotyping, the poor public image of the City of Birmingham, and the north/south geographical and linguistic divide").

For instance, despite the city's cultural and innovative history, its industrial background (as depicted by the arm-and-hammer in Birmingham's coat of arms) has led to a muscular and unintelligent stereotype: a "Brummagem screwdriver" is UK slang for a hammer.{{cite book|author=Eric Partridge|title=A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAjyQdFwh4UC&pg=PA142|date=2 May 2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-96365-2|page=142}}

Thorne also cites the mass media and entertainment industry where actors, usually non-Birmingham, have used inaccurate accents and/or portrayed negative roles.

Advertisements are another medium where many perceive stereotypes. Journalist Lydia Stockdale, writing in the Birmingham Post, commented on advertisers' association of Birmingham accents with pigs: the pig in the ad for Colman's Potato Bakes, Nick Park's Hells Angel Pigs for British Gas, the puppet simply known as Pig from Pipkins and ITV's "Dave the window-cleaner pig" all had Brummie accents.{{cite news|last=Stockdale|first=Lydia|date=2 December 2004|title=Pig ignorant about the Brummie accent|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Perspective:+Pig+ignorant+about+the+Brummie+accent%3B+Lydia+Stockdale...-a0125619689|work=Birmingham Post|access-date=23 May 2010|via=The Free Library|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223145316/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Perspective:+Pig+ignorant+about+the+Brummie+accent%3B+Lydia+Stockdale...-a0125619689|archive-date=23 December 2011|url-status=live}} In 2003, a Halifax bank advertisement featuring Howard Brown, a Birmingham-born and -based employee, was replaced by an animated version with an exaggerated comical accent overdubbed by a Cockney actor.{{cite news|last=Ezard|first=John|date=20 January 2003|title=Face of the Halifax given a makeover ... and a cockney's voiceover|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/jan/20/advertising.uknews|work=The Guardian|access-date=23 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304144912/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/jan/20/advertising.uknews|archive-date=4 March 2014|url-status=live}}

{{IPA notice|section}}

*In Brummie, some SQUARE words have shifted to the NEAR lexical set, such as there and where, which are thus pronounced as {{IPA|/ðɪə/}} and {{IPA|/wɪə/}} instead of {{IPA|/ðɛə/}} and {{IPA|/wɛə/}}, respectively.

Urszula Clark has proposed the FACE vowel as a difference between Birmingham and Black Country pronunciation, with Birmingham speakers using /ʌɪ/ and Black Country speakers using /æɪ/.Handbook of Varieties of English, Mouton de Gruyter, 2004, page 148 She also mentions that Black Country speakers are more likely to use /ɪʊ/ where most other accents use /juː/ (in words such as new, Hugh, stew, etc.).Handbook of Varieties of English, Mouton de Gruyter, 2004, page 151 This /ɪʊ/ is also present in some North American dialects for words like ew, grew, new, due, etc., contrasting with /u/ (words like boo, zoo, to, too, moon, doom, etc.). Other North American dialects may use /ju/ for this purpose, or even make no distinction at all.

File:Birmingham monophthongs.svg

Below are some common features of a recognisable Brummie accent (a given speaker may not necessarily use all, or use a feature consistently). The letters enclosed in square brackets{{spaced ndash}}{{IPA|[]}}{{spaced ndash}}use the International Phonetic Alphabet. The corresponding example words in italics are spelt so that a reader using Received Pronunciation (RP) can approximate the sounds.

• The vowel of mouth (RP {{IPA|[aʊ]}}) can be {{IPA|[æʊ]}} or {{IPA|[æə]}}
• The vowel of goat (RP {{IPA|[əʊ]}}) can be close to {{IPA|[ɑʊ]}} (so to an RP speaker, goat may sound like "gout")
• Final unstressed {{IPA|/i/}}, as in happy, may be realised as {{IPA|[əi]}}, though this varies considerably between speakers
• In Birmingham, STRUT and FOOT may either be distinguished or merged. If the two vowels merge, they are pronounced either as {{IPAblink|ɤ}} or {{IPAblink|ʊ}}, as in northern England—see foot–strut split.
• File:Birmingham Diphthongs.svgThe majority of Brummies use the Northern {{IPAblink|a}} in words like bath, cast and chance, although the South-Eastern {{IPAblink|ɑː}} is more common amongst older speakers.Handbook of Varieties of English, Mouton de Gruyter, 2004, pages 145-6
• The vowels in price and choice may be almost merged as {{IPA|[ɒɪ]}} so that the two words would almost rhyme. However, the two are still distinct, unlike in the Black Country dialect.
• In more old-fashioned Brummie accents, the FORCE set of words takes {{IPA|[ʌʊə]}} and the PURE set takes {{IPA|[uːə~ʊə]}}, so both sets were in two syllables in broad transcription. In such an old-fashioned accent, the words paw, pour and poor would all be said differently: {{IPA|[pɔː]}}, {{IPA|[pʌʊə]}}, {{IPA|[puːə]}}. In more modern accents, all three are said as {{IPA|[pɔː]}}.John Wells, Accents of English, page 364, Cambridge University Press, 1981.
• Final unstressed {{IPA|/ə/}} may be realised as {{IPA|[a]}}
• The letters ng often represent {{IPA|/ŋɡ/}} where RP has just {{IPA|/ŋ/}} (e.g. singer as {{IPA|[ˈsiŋɡɐ]}}, Birmingham as {{IPA|[ˈbɘ̝͗ːmiŋɡəm]}})—see NG-coalescence.
• {{IPA|/r/}} is not pronounced except when prevocalic (followed by a vowel); the Brummie accent, as an urban accent of the West Midlands region, is characteristically non-rhotic. The use of linking R and intrusive R in Birmingham and the rest of the urban West Midlands region is practically universal.{{cite journal|last=Thorne|first=Steve|date=2013|title=West Midlands English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=57gZBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA152|journal=World Englishes|volume=I|page=152|doi=10.5040/9781474205955.ch-005|isbn=978-1-4742-0595-5 |access-date=2023-03-24|quote=The English of rural areas of the West Midlands [region] ... is predominantly rhotic ... whereas the English of urban areas such as Birmingham, Wolverhampton, Coventry and the Black Country is non-rhotic. In continuous speech, ... the linking r ... and intrusive r ... are categorical.|url-access=subscription}}{{cite thesis|last=Smith|first=Alison|date=2017|title=U wot m8?: American and British Attitudes toward Regional British Accents|url=https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1045|type=BA|publisher=Scripps Senior Theses|series=1045|pages=16–17|access-date=2023-03-22|quote=The Brummie accent is characterized by numerous phonological qualities, including ... non-rhoticity, ...}}{{cite web|url=http://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A496352|title=h2g2 - How to Speak Brummie - Edited Entry|author=|date=2001|website=H2g2.com|access-date=2023-03-24|quote=Not every written 'r' is articulated. Here, the Birmingham accent mirrors RP quite closely. With a word like 'Centre', the 'r' sound is completely ignored. ... [In t]he word 'Birmingham' therefore, ... the 'r' is not pronounced at all.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324083404/https://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A496352|archive-date=2023-03-24|url-status=live}}
• Some tapping of prevocalic {{IPA|/r/}} (some speakers; e.g. in crime or there is)
• In a few cases, voicing of final {{IPA|/s/}} (e.g. bus as {{IPA|[bʊz]}})

Recordings of Brummie speakers with phonetic features described in SAMPA format can be found at the Collect Britain dialects site.[http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/ Collect Britain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050521083104/http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/ |date=2005-05-21 }}, Samples of Birmingham speech. (WMA format, with annotations on phonology, lexis and grammar.)

According to the PhD thesis of Steve Thorne at the University of Birmingham's Department of English,{{sfn|Thorne|2003}} Birmingham English is "a dialectal hybrid of northern, southern, Midlands, Warwickshire, Staffordshire and Worcestershire speech" also containing elements from the languages and dialects of its Asian and Afro-Caribbean communities.

Traditional expressions used in Brummie speech include:Bentley, David (2017). [http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/lifestyle/50-top-birmingham-black-country-6477059 "50 top Birmingham and Black Country sayings"].

; Babby : variation of "baby"

; Bab : variation of "babe"

; Bawlin, bawl : to weep, as in "She started to bawl" (not unique to Birmingham, common in other parts of England, Canada, Australia and South Africa)

; Bottler : a popular and enjoyable song

; Blart : to weep/cry

; Cob : a crusty bread roll (originates from the idea that bread rolls look like street cobbles and may be as hard as one; soft bread rolls are known as rolls or baps)

; Each : everyone (as in "Good evening each")

; Fock : a milder and more nuanced version of the swear word fuck

; Gambol : a West Midlands term for a forward roll

; Go and play up your own end : said to children from a different street than one's own that are making a nuisance of themselves. Used as the title of the autobiographical book and musical play about the Birmingham childhood of radio presenter and entertainer Malcolm Stent

; Mom : a common variation of the word "Mum" (also common in the United States, Canada, South Africa and elsewhere)

; Our kid : used to refer to siblings (as in "Our kid fell off his bike.") Also commonly used in the north of England

; Our wench : an affectionate term meaning "one's sister", also used sometimes by husbands referring to their wives. Derived from the word "wench{{" '}}s older 16th- and 17th-century meaning of "young woman"

; The outdoor : an exclusively West Midlands term for the off-licence, or liquor store

; Pop : another word for a carbonated drink, e.g. "Do you want a glass of pop?" (common in other parts of Great Britain, as well as in Canada and parts of the United States)

; Snap : food, a meal, allegedly derived from the act of eating itself (usage example: "I'm off to get my snap" equates to "I'm leaving to get my dinner"). May also refer to the tin containing lunch, a "snap tin", as taken down into the pit by miners

; Scrage: a scratched cut where skin is sliced off (example, used as a verb: "I fell over and badly scraged my knee")

; Suff : another word for a drain, as in the phrase "put it down the suff"

; Throw a wobbly : to become sulky or have a tantrum (not unique to Birmingham; also common in England, Australia and South Africa)

; Trap : to leave suddenly or flee

; Up the cut : up the canal (not unique to Birmingham)

; Yampy : mad, daft, barmy. Many from the Black Country believe "yampy" originates from the Dudley-Tipton area of their region, with the word also being appropriated and claimed as their own by speakers of both Birmingham and Coventry dialects. However, usage of the word is, in fact, found in areas of the Black Country both outside Birmingham and Tipton/Dudley, including areas of south Staffordshire and north Worcestershire; therefore, the term might have originated throughout a more general zone than is popularly thought.

File:Ozzy on tour in Japan.jpg is known for his Brummie accent.{{cite news|author=BBC|date=22 September 2014|title=Why is the Birmingham accent so difficult to mimic?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-29307916|work=BBC News|access-date=12 December 2016}}]]

Examples of speakers of the Brummie dialect include TV presenter Adrian Chiles, singer/musician Christine McVie, comedian Jasper Carrott, Goodies actor and TV presenter Bill Oddie, hip-hop and garage musician Mike Skinner, rock musicians Ozzy Osbourne, Tony Iommi, Geezer Butler, Bill Ward (all members of the original Black Sabbath), Roy Wood, Jeff Lynne (ELO founders), and Dave Pegg (of Fairport Convention and Jethro Tull), broadcaster Les Ross, politicians Clare Short and Jess Phillips, SAS soldier and author John "Brummie" Stokes, TV presenter Alison Hammond, internet meme Danny G, and many actresses and actors, including Martha Howe-Douglas, Donnaleigh Bailey, Nicolas Woodman, Julie Walters, Cat Deeley, Sarah Smart, Felicity Jones, footballer Jack Grealish, John Oliver and Ryan Cartwright.

• Black Country dialect
• Potteries dialect (North Staffordshire)

{{reflist|30em}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{citation

|last=Clark

|first=Urszula

|editor-last=Schneider

|editor-first=Edgar W.

|editor2-last=Burridge

|editor2-first=Kate

|editor3-last=Kortmann

|editor3-first=Bernd

|editor4-last=Mesthrie

|editor4-first=Rajend

|editor5-last=Upton

|editor5-first=Clive

|year=2004

|title=A handbook of varieties of English

|chapter=The English West Midlands: phonology

|volume=The British Isles

|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter

|pages=140–

|isbn=3-11-017532-0

}}

• {{citation

|last=Clark

|first=Urszula

|year=2013

|title=West Midlands English: Birmingham and the Black Country

|publisher=Edinburgh University Press

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jFarBgAAQBAJ

|isbn=978-0748685806

}}

• {{citation

|last=Elmes

|first=Simon

|year=2006

|title=Talking for Britain: a journey through the voices of a nation

|publisher=Penguin

|isbn=9780141022772

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJIdAQAAIAAJ

}}

• {{citation

|last=Gimson

|first=Alfred Charles

|editor-last=Cruttenden

|editor-first=Alan

|year=2014

|title=Gimson's Pronunciation of English

|publisher=Routledge

|edition=8th

|isbn=9781444183092

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• {{citation

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|first=Stephen

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|title=Birmingham English: A Sociolinguistic Study

|publisher=University of Birmingham

|url=http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402460

|type=Ph.D

|oclc=500294648

}}

• {{Accents of English|hide1=y|hide3=y|mode=cs2}}

{{refend}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20190402162644/http://www.talklikeabrummie.co.uk/ Talk Like A Brummie] A wiki-based Birmingham dialect dictionary
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20081020064327/http://www.ebrummie.co.uk/ ebrummie.co.uk] Dr Steve Thorne's website devoted to the study of Brummie, including a dictionary, MP3 speech samples, discussion of his research on stereotypes, etc.
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20130812172251/http://classweb.gmu.edu/accent/english57.html Birmingham English sample] using a test paragraph including most English sounds: George Mason University [https://web.archive.org/web/20080821121056/http://classweb.gmu.edu/accent/ Speech Accent Archive]. Compare a [https://web.archive.org/web/20130812172246/http://classweb.gmu.edu/accent/english40.html Dudley] (Black Country) sample
• [http://www.bl.uk/soundsfamiliar Sounds Familiar?] Listen to examples of regional accents and dialects from across the UK on the British Library's 'Sounds Familiar' website
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080509162006/https://www.virtualbrum.co.uk/brummies.htm Why Brummies Why not Birmies?] Etymological article by Dr Carl Chinn
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927204936/http://www.crossroadsnetwork.co.uk/society/paulhenry.htm Paul Henry on Benny's accent] Noele Gordon and Crossroads Appreciation Society interview
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20121107225817/http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/collections/dialects/ English Accents and Dialects], British Library: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120717051945/https://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=021MMC900S18603U00004C01 Sue Long], [https://web.archive.org/web/20120717052007/https://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=021MMC900S18580U00016C01 Aubrey Walton], [https://web.archive.org/web/20120717052029/https://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=021MMC900S18518U00004C01 Harry Phillips] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20120717052035/https://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=021MMC900S18508U00002C01 Billy Lucas].

{{English dialects by continent}}

Category:Culture in Birmingham, West Midlands

Category:English language in England

Category:Languages of the United Kingdom

*Brummie

Category:British regional nicknames

Category:City colloquials