Buchla Electronic Musical Instruments#Buchla 200e

Buchla's first modular electronic music system was the result of a San Francisco Tape Music Center commission by composers Ramon Sender and Morton Subotnick in 1963, who later allotted $500 from a Rockefeller Foundation grant to Buchla in 1964. Subotnick envisioned a voltage-controlled instrument that would allow musicians and composers to create sounds suited to their own specifications. Previously, one had to use either discrete audio generators, such as test oscillators—or musique concrète, manually composed and edited magnetic-tape source recordings of other musical, spoken word, or other audio. Buchla designed the synthesizer in a modular fashion, combining separate components that each generated or modified a music event. Each box served a specific function: envelope generators, oscillators, filters, voltage controlled amplifiers, and analog sequencer modules. Using the different modules, a composer could affect the pitch, timbre, amplitude, and spatial location of the sound. The instrument was controlled and played via an array of touch and pressure-sensitive surfaces.Vail, Mark. Vintage Synthesizers, Miller Freeman Books, 1993, p. 97-99

File:Buchla 100 series at NYU (edit1).jpg

The instrument was named the "Buchla 100 series Modular Electronic Music System," and was installed at the San Francisco Tape Music Center in 1965 and moved to Mills College in 1966. Subotnick completed his first major electronic work, Silver Apples Of The Moon, with another unit that Buchla had built and shipped to New York. This same unit was also used on Buffy Sainte Marie's influential 1969 album, Illuminations.{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/music/2016/01/unboxing-the-buchla-model-100/|title=Unboxing the Buchla Model 100|last=Gordon|first=Theodore|date=January 14, 2016|website=Library of Congress|access-date=September 18, 2016}} Along with Robert Moog's Moog synthesizer, it helped revolutionize the way electronic music and sounds are made.

The original Buchla modular synthesizer was commissioned by Morton Subotnick and Ramon Sender and funded by a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation. The earliest modules are labeled "San Francisco Tape Music Center." Later modules were offered through the musical instruments division of CBS.

File:Buchla 200 (1) @ nordcafe, Teknisca Museet.jpg

The Buchla 200 series Electric Music Box{{cite web| title = The Electric Music Box - Buchla Series 200| url = http://buchla.com/historical/b200/| publisher = Buchla and Associates| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111005142023/http://buchla.com/historical/b200/| archive-date = 2011-10-05}} replaced the previous model in 1970 and represented a significant advance in technology. Almost every parameter can be controlled from an external control voltage.

Buchla 300, 500, Touché (mid 1970s)

In the mid 1970s, Don Buchla began experimenting with digital designs and computer-controlled systems. The results were the 500 series{{cite web| title = Buchla 500 electronic musical instrument (photograph only)| url = http://buchla.com/historical/b500/| publisher = Buchla and Associates| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111005142135/http://buchla.com/historical/b500/| archive-date = 2011-10-05}} and the 300 series,{{cite web| title = Buchla Series 300 - digital control for 200 series module| url = http://buchla.com/historical/b300/| publisher = Buchla and Associates| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111005142315/http://buchla.com/historical/b300/| archive-date = 2011-10-05}} both of which paired the new technology with existing 200 series modules to create hybrid analog/digital systems. The Touché{{cite web| title = Buchla Touche Introduction (front page)| url = http://buchla.com/historical/btouche/| publisher = Buchla and Associates| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111005142246/http://buchla.com/historical/btouche/| archive-date = 2011-10-05}} was also the result of this research, {{Citation needed span|text=and was also his final attempt to market a "mainstream" Buchla synth|date=May 2011}}.

Buchla 400, 700, and MIDAS (1980s)

Also in 1980s, Buchla released the 400 series{{cite web| title = Buchla 400 Product Information| url = http://buchla.com/historical/b400/| publisher = Buchla and Associates| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111005142017/http://buchla.com/historical/b400/| archive-date = 2011-10-05}} and the 700 series{{cite web| title = Buchla 700 (front page)| url = http://buchla.com/historical/b700/| publisher = Buchla and Associates| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111005142256/http://buchla.com/historical/b700/| archive-date = 2011-10-05}} software controlled instruments operated by MIDAS, a Forth language for musical instruments, and also equipped with MIDI.

File:Buchla 250e Arbitrary Function Generator.jpg]]

File:Buchla Music Easel.jpg

Buchla tended to not refer to his instruments as synthesizers, as he felt that name gives the impression of imitating existing sounds/instruments. His intent was to make instruments that create new sounds. This goal is evident in the omission of a standard musical keyboard on his early instruments, which instead used a series of touch plates that were not necessarily tied to equal-tempered tuning.

He also used a naming convention different from most of the industry. One of his modules, for example, is called a "Multiple Arbitrary Function Generator." These differences run deeper than nomenclature. The Multiple Arbitrary Function Generator (or MARF) goes well beyond what a typical sequencer is capable of performing and can act as an envelope generator, LFO, CV selector, voltage quantizer, and tracking generator. The MARF (Buchla model 248)[https://djjondent.blogspot.com/2018/12/egypt-1.html MARF Programming tips by JonDent][https://modularsynthesis.com/roman/buchla248/248marf.htm Page about modern MARF clone with schematics and links to original MARF manuals] is not to be confused with the modern Dual Arbitrary Function Generator (Model 250e) which features a different design.[https://buchla.com/250e-dual-arbitrary-function-generator/ Buchla 250 product page]

Buchla's instruments, such as the Music Easel (pictured),{{cite web| title = Music Easel - Summary Description / December, 1973| url = http://buchla.com/historical_musiceasel.html| publisher = Buchla and Associates| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111222121956/http://www.buchla.com/historical_musiceasel.html| archive-date = 2011-12-22}} use a method of timbre generation different from Moog synthesizers. Moog units use oscillators with basic function generator-type waveshapes and rely heavily on filtering with 24 dB resonant low-pass filters, while Buchlas are geared toward complex oscillators using frequency modulation, amplitude modulation, and dynamic waveshaping to produce other forms of timbre modulation. Many of Don Buchla's designs, including the Lopass Gates, contain vactrols - photoresistive opto-isolator employed as voltage-controlled potentiometers - which can be used for a more "natural", typical Buchla sound. In December 2017, Arturia released a software/plugin emulation of the Music Easel, called the "Buchla Easel V",{{cite web |url=https://www.arturia.com/buchla-easel-v/overview |title = Arturia - Buchla Easel V - Buchla Easel V}} as part of the V collection.

Buchla Thunder, Buchla Lightning, Marimba Lumina

By the late 1980s, Don Buchla had stopped creating instruments and shifted his focus to alternate MIDI controllers. His controller designs have included the Thunder,{{cite web| title = Buchla Thunder| url = http://buchla.com/historical/thunder/| publisher = Buchla and Associates| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111102215621/http://www.buchla.com/historical/thunder/| archive-date = 2011-11-02}} Lightning,{{cite web| title = Buchla Lightning II| url = http://buchla.com/lightning/index_old.html| publisher = Buchla and Associates| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111005142140/http://buchla.com/lightning/index_old.html| archive-date = 2011-10-05}} and Marimba Lumina.

{{cite web| title = Marimba Lumina 2.5| url = http://buchla.com/mlumina/press.html| publisher = Buchla and Associates| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120120185113/http://www.buchla.com/mlumina/press.html| archive-date = 2012-01-20}}{{clear left}}

File:Buchla 200e, Pacific Northwest Synthfest 2011.jpg]]

Finally, in 2004, Don Buchla returned to designing full blown modular electronic instruments with the 200e, a hybrid system using digital microprocessors that uses the same size modules and signals as the 100 and 200 series systems. The 200e modules convert all signals to analog at the panel, appearing to the user like an analog system, with patch cables. Systems can be built using a combination of 100, 200 and 200e modules. The 200e modules connect through a digital communications bus, allowing the system to store the settings of the knobs and switches.{{cite web |title=Buchla Series 200e (front page) |url=http://buchla.com/series200e.html |publisher=Buchla and Associates |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412043252/http://www.buchla.com/series200e.html |archive-date=2009-04-12 }}

At the January 2012 NAMM Show, Buchla & Associates announced new ownership, retaining Don Buchla as Chief Technology Officer and investment in the design, manufacturing, and marketing of Buchla products and the development of an expanded product line, and the company moving forward under the name Buchla Electronic Musical Instruments (BEMI).[https://archive.today/20130411051821/http://www.keyboardmag.com/Default.aspx?tabid=126&ArticleId=147447 "Buchla Electronic Musical Instruments Debuts At Winter NAMM 2012"], Keyboard Magazine (January 2012) One year later, BEMI re-introduced the Music Easel.Robair, Gino. [http://www.emusician.com/eq-mag/0765/namm-2013-ginos-hits/150558 "NAMM 2013 Gino's Hits"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212203442/http://www.emusician.com/eq-mag/0765/namm-2013-ginos-hits/150558 |date=2013-02-12 }}, Electronic Musician, (January 2013) Since then, BEMI has released a small number of new modules, including the 252e Polyphonic Rhythm Generator. The "200h" series of modules (h = half) were also released to allow Buchla system owners to configure their systems in more granular ways.

In 2015, various websites, including FACT,{{cite web |url=http://www.factmag.com/2015/03/25/don-buchla-audio-supermarket-buchla-electronic-musical-instruments-lawsuit/ |title = Don Buchla is taking the owners of his brand to court|date = 25 March 2015}} reported that Don Buchla had taken the owners of BEMI to court, citing health problems due in part to unpaid consulting fees and asserting a claim to his original intellectual property. The lawsuit alleged breach of contract and "bad-faith conduct" on the part of BEMI's owners and sought $500,000 in compensation.{{cite web |url=http://www.sonicstate.com/news/2015/03/25/buchla-v-buchla-/ |title = Buchla v. Buchla}}

Legal documents{{Cite web|url=https://dockets.justia.com/docket/california/candce/3:2015cv00921/285234|title=Buchla v. Buchla Electronic Musical Instrument, LLC et al}} filed with the state of California indicate that the court ordered the case to be settled by arbitration in July 2015. In August 2016, the court dismissed the case in light of the fact that the parties had reached an out-of-court settlement.

Don Buchla died shortly afterward, on September 14, 2016. His obituary was reported in the New York Times{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/18/arts/music/don-buchla-dead.html|title=Don Buchla, Inventor, Composer and Electronic Music Maverick, Dies at 79|newspaper=The New York Times|date=17 September 2016|last1=Pareles|first1=Jon}} and elsewhere, noting his significant achievements to the world of electronic music and technology.

BEMI attended NAMM 2017 and released the Easel AUX Expander. BEMI also established a new distribution model, discontinuing direct sales to customers and integrating more closely with a worldwide network of dealers.

File:Bettina E., LEMUR musical robots lab, Brooklyn.jpg|Buchla Marimba Lumina on LEMUR

File:Buchla 200e with Passive Frame.jpg|Buchla 200e (rear) with
223e Tactile Input Port (front)

File:Buchla 100 @ NYU (closeup).jpg|Earliest analog sequencers on Buchla 100 (array of knobs on the bottom)

• Don Buchla
• Modular synthesizer
• Moog synthesizer
• Serge synthesizer
• Robert Moog
• Harald Bode
• Serge Tcherepnin
• Suzanne Ciani

Notes

{{reflist}}

{{Commons category multi|Buchla synthesizers}}

• [http://buchla.com/ Buchla & Associates homepage]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20090410083023/http://www.buchla.com/historical.html Buchla & Associates - Historical Systems Overview]
• [https://www.buchlaarchives.com/blog/sbr-on-the-buchla-100 Sarah Belle Reid on the Mills Buchla 100]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20090412043252/http://www.buchla.com/series200e.html Buchla Current Model 200e page]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080424113636/http://www.electricmusicbox.com/200series/ Buchla 200 Series Information/Photos]
• [http://www.synthmuseum.com/buchla/buc10001.html Buchla 100 Modular Synthesizer @ Synthmuseum.com]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20061004124149/http://www.audities.org/audities/index.html Buchla instrument collection @ Audities.org]
• [http://www.synthsale.com/brands/buchla Buchla resource page @ synthsale.com]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20150401234717/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/dec05/articles/buchla200e.htm Sound On Sound Buchla 200e: Part 1]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402152922/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jan06/articles/buchla200e.htm Sound On Sound Buchla 200e: Part 2]

{{Electrophones}}

Category:Synthesizer manufacturing companies of the United States

Category:Modular synthesizers