Budukh language
{{Short description|Language belonging to the Lezgic group of the Northeast Caucasian language family}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Budukh
| nativename = {{lang|bdk-Cyrl|Будад мез}} {{lang|bdk-Latn|Budad mez}}
| states = Azerbaijan
| region = Quba Rayon
| ethnicity = 1,000 Budukhs (1990)
| speakers = 200
| ref = e18
| date = 2010
| familycolor = Caucasian
| fam1 = Northeast Caucasian
| fam2 = Lezgic
| fam3 = Samur
| fam4 = Southern Samur
| iso3 = bdk
| glotto = budu1248
| glottorefname = Budukh
| map2 = Lang Status 40-SE.svg
| mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Budukh is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger[http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206 UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222090430/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206 |date=22 February 2009 }} }}}}
| script = Latin script
| map = File:Northeast Caucasus languages map en.svg
| mapcaption = {{legend|#00AC89|Budukh}}
| pronunciation = {{IPA|[budanu mɛz]}}
}}
Budukh or Budugh ({{lang|bdk-Cyrl|Будад мез}}, {{lang|bdk-Latn|Budad mez}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/budukhs.shtml#s |title=The Budukhs |work=The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire|url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211110014620/https://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/budukhs.shtml
|archive-date = 10 November 2021 |access-date = 6 February 2025}}) is a Lezgic language of the Northeast Caucasian language family spoken in parts of the Quba Rayon of Azerbaijan. It is spoken by about 200 of approximately 1,000 ethnic Budukhs.
Budukh is a severely endangered language,[http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/chris.html Published in: Encyclopedia of the world’s endangered languages. Edited by Christopher Moseley. London & New York: Routledge, 2007. 211–280.][http://www.sil.org/silesr/2005/silesr2005-013.pdf The sociolinguistic situation of the Budukh in Azerbaijan] and classified as such by UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.
Orthography
There are two orthographies for Budukh, and it is beginning to be introduced into schools. The orthography takes the following form:{{Cite web |title=Ufuq-S and Buduq Orthography Development |url=http://www.ufuq.az/Buduq/Buduq_orthography.html}}{{dead link|date=May 2024}}
| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background:#f8f8ef;"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |A a | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ä ä | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |B b | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |C c | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ç ç | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ç' ç' | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |D d | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |E e |
| style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |Ә ә | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |F f | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |G g | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |Ğ ğ | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |Ğh ğh | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |H h | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |Hh hh | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |X x |
| style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |Xh xh | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |I ı | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |İ i | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |J j | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |K k | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |K' k' | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |Q q | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |Q' q' |
| style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |Qh qh | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |L l | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |M m | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |N n | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |O o | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |Ö ö | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |P p | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |P' p' |
| style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |R r | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |S s | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |Ş ş | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |T t | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |T' t' | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |Ts' ts' | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |U u | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |Ü ü |
| style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |V v | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |Y y | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |Z z | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |' | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | |
The Buduq Picture Dictionary, published in 2017, uses a slightly different orthography:{{Cite book |last1=Budad |first1=Adıgözəl |url=https://www.academia.edu/35010417 |title=Buduq picture dictionary 2017 06 14 |last2=Kenneth " |last3=Ken" |last4=Keyes |first4=C.}}
| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background:#f8f8ef;"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |A a | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ä ä | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |B b | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |C c | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ç ç | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ç' ç' | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |D d | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |E e |
| style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |Ә ә | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |F f | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |G g | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |Ğ ğ | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |H h | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |Ħ ħ | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |I ı | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |İ i |
| style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |J j | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |K k | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |K' k' | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |L l | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |M m | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |N n | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |O o | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |Ö ö |
| style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |P p | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |P' p' | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |Q q | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |Q' q' | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |Qh qh | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |R r | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |S s | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |Ş ş |
| style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |T t | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |T' t' | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |Ts' ts' | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |U u | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |Ü ü | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |V v | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |X x | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |Xh xh |
| style="text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |Y y | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |Z z | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |ʕ | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |' | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" |˚ | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | |
Grammar
= Gender and agreement =
Authier (2010) reports that Budugh has six 'gender-number' classes:
- human masculine,
- human adult feminine,
- animate (which includes animals, plants, and non-adult human females, as well as some abstract nouns),
- inanimate,
- nonhuman plural,
- human plural.
Verbs normally agree with their absolutive argument (intransitive subject or transitive object) in gender. In the following examples, the verb 'beat' shows animate agreement with 'donkey' and non-human plural agreement with 'donkeys'.
{{interlinear
| lang = bdk|Ma'lla'-cır lem ğùvotu-ri|Mullah-ERG donkey ANIM:beat:PRES|'Mullah beat the donkey'
}}
{{interlinear
| lang = bdk|Ma'lla'-cır lemér ğùtu-ri|Mullah-ERG donkey NHUM.PL:beat:PRES|'Mullah beat the donkeys'
}}
Compare these examples with the following, where the verb agrees with the intransitive subject:
{{interlinear
| lang = bdk|Ma'lla' vìxhici|Mullah M:go:NARR|'Mullah went.'
}}
{{interlinear
| lang = bdk|Lem vüxhücü|donkey ANIM:go:NARR|'The donkey went.'
}}
= Verb agreement =
Budukh verbs typically agree with a single argument, the absolutive. In the agreement paradigms, the majority of verbs show no overt agreement for the masculine, neuter, and nonhuman plural. Consider the following paradigm for the verb 'keep' in the perfective (Authier 2009):
| class="wikitable"
|M/N/NPL | ˤa-q-a |
| F | ˤa-ra-q-a |
| A | ˤa-va-q-a |
| HPL | ˤa-ba-q-a |
In this paradigm, /ˤa/ is a preverb which must appear with the verb root /q/ 'keep', and the agreement morphology appears between the preverb and the root. Due to historical changes, the relationships between the various members of an agreement paradigm are often more complex and show changes of vowel and/or consonant. The following perfective paradigm for 'go' shows this (with the reconstructed form shown after the *)
| class="wikitable"
|M | vi-xhi |
| F | v-r-xhi |
| A | vüxhü < *vi-v-xhi |
| N/NPL | vidki < *vi-d-xhi |
| HPL | vibki < *vi-b-xhi |
= Word order =
Budukh is an SOV language, as seen in the following example:
{{interlinear
| lang = bdk|Ma'lla'-cır lemér ğùtu-ri|Mullah-ERG donkey NHUM.PL:beat:PRES|'Mullah beat the donkeys'
}}
It has possessors before possessed nouns:
{{interlinear
| lang = bdk
| abbreviations = ADLOC:adlocative case|Mallá-co rij|Mullah-ADLOC daughter|'the mullah's daughter'
}}
Adjectives appear before the nouns that they modify:
{{interlinear
| lang = bdk|q'usú Mallá'|old mullah|'the old mullah'
}}
References
- {{cite report |last=Authier |first=Gilles |year=2009 |title=Development of Introflexion (Root-and-pattern Morphology) in Budugh Verbs |url=http://www.digitorient.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/introflexionBudugh.doc |format=doc}}
- {{cite book |last=Authier |first=Gilles |year=2010 |chapter=Finite and Non-Finite: Prosodic Distinctions on Budugh Verb Stems |title=Clause Linking and Clause Hierarchy: Syntax and Pragmatics |editor-first=Isabelle |editor-last=Brill |editor-link=Isabelle Brill |location=Amsterdam |publisher=John Benjamins |pages=143–164}}
{{Reflist}}
External links
- [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ncc\lez&first=0 Budukh basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database]
{{Languages of Azerbaijan}}
{{Languages of the Caucasus}}
{{Northeast Caucasian languages}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Budukh Language}}
Category:Northeast Caucasian languages