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Bugan language

{{Short description|Austroasiatic language spoken in China}}

{{Redirect|Bugan}}

{{Infobox language

|name=Bugan

|altname=Pakan

|states=China

|region=Yunnan

|speakers=2,700

|date=2005

|ref=e18

|familycolor=Austroasiatic

|fam2=Pakanic

|iso3=bbh

|glotto=buga1247

|glottorefname=Bugan}}

Bugan, Bogan, Pakan, or Bugeng (布甘语, 布干语, or 布赓语) is an Austroasiatic language.{{Cite book |title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |date=2005 |publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics |editor-last=Gordon |editor-first=Raymond G. Jr. |edition=15th |location=Dallas |language=en}} The existence of the Bugan language was not known by the rest of world until recently. There are about 3000 speakers, mostly in some villages in southern Guangnan (广南) and northern Xichou (西畴), Yunnan Province, China. Bugan is an analytic language, and word order and auxiliary words have important functions in the grammar.{{Cite web |title=[Buganyu] |url=http://www.ethnic-languages.org.cn/buganyu.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322055053/http://www.ethnic-languages.org.cn/buganyu.htm |archive-date=2012-03-22 |website=Zhōngguó mínzú yǔyán yánjiū wǎng |language=zh |script-website=zh:中国民族语言研究网}}

Distribution

=Li Jinfang (1996)=

According to Li Jinfang (1996), the Bugan-speaking population is distributed in seven villages across southern Guangnan (广南) and northern Xichou (西畴), Yunnan Province, China. As the language is highly uniform, it is not divided into any dialects.

  • Laowalong 老挖龙 (Bugan-only population); Bugan language: {{IPA|pə55 luŋ13}}
  • Xinwalong 新挖龙 (Bugan-only population); Bugan language: {{IPA|pə55 tsuŋ13}}
  • Jiuping 九平 (Bugan and Han Chinese population); Bugan language: {{IPA|pə55 tsiaŋ31}}
  • Shibeipo 石北坡 (Bugan-only population); Bugan language: {{IPA|pə55 ɕe13}}
  • Xinzhai 新寨 (Bugan and Han Chinese population); Bugan language: {{IPA|li̠31 laŋ13}}
  • Malong 马龙 (Bugan-only population); Bugan language: {{IPA|pə55 ɣu31}}
  • Nala 那拉 (Bugan and Han Chinese population)

=Li Yunbing (2005)=

According to a more recent survey by Li Yunbing (2005), the Bugan people, comprising a total of 500+ households and 2,700+ individuals, live in the following locations.

  • Laowalong 老挖龙, Nasa Township 那洒镇;{{Cite web |title=Guǎngnán Xiàn Nàsǎ Zhèn Lóngwāngdòng Cūnwěihuì Lǎowālóng Zìráncūn |script-title=zh:广南县那洒镇龙汪洞村委会老挖聋自然村 |trans-title=Laowalong Natural Village, Longwangdong Village Committee, Nasa Town, Guangnan County |url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=194035 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815200612/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=194035 |archive-date=2018-08-15 |access-date=2012-09-23 |website=ynszxc.gov.cn |language=zh}} Bugan language: {{IPA|pə31 loŋ55}}
  • Xinwalong 新挖龙;{{Cite web |title=Guǎngnán Xiàn Nàsǎ Zhèn Lóngwāngdòng Cūnwěihuì Xīnwālóng Zìráncūn |script-title=zh:广南县那洒镇龙汪洞村委会新挖聋自然村 |trans-title=Xinwalong Natural Village, Longwangdong Village Committee, Nasa Town, Guangnan County |url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=194034 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815200713/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=194034 |archive-date=2018-08-15 |access-date=2012-09-23 |website=ynszxc.gov.cn |language=zh}} Bugan language: {{IPA|pə31 tɕoŋ55}}
  • Xiaoping 小坪寨 ; Bugan language: {{IPA|pə31 tɕaŋ55}}
  • Nala 那腊;{{Cite web |title=Guǎngnán Xiàn Nàsǎ Zhèn Lóngwāngdòng Cūnwěihuì Nàlà Zìráncūn |script-title=zh:广南县那洒镇龙汪洞村委会那腊自然村 |trans-title=Nala Natural Village, Longwangdong Village Committee, Nasa Town, Guangnan County |url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=194033 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305054611/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=194033 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |access-date=2012-09-23 |website=ynszxc.gov.cn |language=zh}} Bugan language: {{IPA|pə31 pʰja44}}
  • Jiuping 九坪, Zhuanjiao Township 篆角乡 (Chongtian Township 冲天乡);{{Cite web |title=Guǎngnán Xiàn Zhuànjiǎo Xiāng Dàpíng Cūnmín Wěiyuánhuì Jiǔpíng Zìráncūn |script-title=zh:广南县篆角乡大坪村民委员会九坪自然村 |trans-title=Jiuping Natural Village, Daping Village Committee, Zhuanjiao Township, Guangnan County |url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=213268 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220185049/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=213268 |archive-date=2016-12-20 |access-date=2012-09-23 |website=ynszxc.gov.cn |language=zh}} Bugan language: {{IPA|pə31 tɕa̠ŋ31}}
  • Shibeipo 石碑坡;{{Cite web |title=Guǎngnán Xiàn Zhuànjiǎo Xiāng Dàpíng Cūnmín Wěiyuánhuì Shíbēipō Zìráncūn |script-title=zh:广南县篆角乡大坪村民委员会石碑坡自然村 |trans-title=Shibeipo Natural Village, Daping Village Committee, Zhuanjiao Township, Guangnan County |url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=213271 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305033843/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=213271 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |access-date=2012-09-23 |website=ynszxc.gov.cn |language=zh}} Bugan language: {{IPA|pə55 ɕe24}}
  • Manlong 曼龙;{{Cite web |title=Xīchóu Xiàn Jījiē Xiāng Hǎizi Cūnwěihuì Mànlóng Zìráncūn |script-title=zh:西畴县鸡街乡海子村委会曼龙自然村 |trans-title=Manlong Natural Village, Haizi Village Committee, Jijie Township, Xichou County |url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=211520 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419021932/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=211520 |archive-date=2015-04-19 |access-date=2012-09-23 |website=ynszxc.gov.cn |language=zh}} Bugan language: {{IPA|pu31ɣu31}}

Li Yunbing also uses the term Bùgēng (布赓) in place of Bùgān (布甘).

People

The Bugan people's autonym is {{IPA|pə55 ka̠n33}}, while the surrounding Han Chinese call them Huazu ({{zh|花族}}; literally "flower people") or Hualo ({{zh|花倮}}) due to their colorful clothing.{{harvp|Li|1996}} Other autonyms are {{IPA|pu55 qe̠ŋ44}} (in Manlong, Xichou County) and {{IPA|pə55 qe̠ŋ44}} (in Nala and Xinwalong in Guangnan County). They are an unrecognized ethnic minority, and are currently classified as Yi. The Bugan are endogamous, and thus do not usually marry people from other ethnic groups{{harvp|Li|2006}}

The Bugan people also hold their own New Year's Day celebration in April of the Chinese lunar calendar, which is separate from that of the Han Chinese New Year.

Common Bugan surnames include Li 李, Wang 王, Guo 郭, Luo 罗, Yan 严, Lu 卢, Pu 普, and Yi.

Phonology

Bugan is a tonal SVO language. Unlike the Bolyu language, Bugan distinguishes between tense and lax voice qualities. In current linguistic publications on Bugan, tense voice is indicated by underlining vowels. Bugan has a total of 49 onsets (including various consonant clusters) and 67 possible rimes.{{harvp|Li|2005}}

= Consonants =

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |

! colspan="2" |Labial

! colspan="2" |Dental/Alveolar

! rowspan="2" |(Alveolo-)
palatal

! rowspan="2" |Velar

! rowspan="2" |Uvular

! rowspan="2" |Glottal

plain

!pal.

!central

!sibilant

colspan="2" |Nasal

|{{IPA link|m}}

|{{IPA link|mʲ}}

|{{IPA link|n}}

|

|{{IPA link|ȵ}}

|{{IPA link|ŋ}}

|

|

rowspan="4" |Stop/
Affricate

!voiceless

|{{IPA link|p}}

|{{IPA link|pʲ}}

|{{IPA link|t}}

|{{IPA link|t͡s}}

|({{IPA link|t͡ɕ}})

|{{IPA link|k}}

|{{IPA link|q}}

|{{IPA link|ʔ}}

aspirated

|{{IPA link|pʰ}}

|{{IPA link|pʰʲ}}

|{{IPA link|tʰ}}

|{{IPA link|t͡sʰ}}

|({{IPA link|t͡ɕʰ}})

|{{IPA link|kʰ}}

|{{IPA link|qʰ}}*

|

voiced

|{{IPA link|b}}

|{{IPA link|bʲ}}

|{{IPA link|d}}

|

|

|{{IPA link|ɡ}}

|

|

prenasal

|{{IPA link|ᵐb}}

|{{IPA link|ᵐbʲ}}

|{{IPA link|ⁿd}}

|{{IPA link|ⁿd͡z}}

|({{IPA link|ᶮd͡ʑ}})

|{{IPA link|ᵑɡ}}

|{{IPA link|ᶰɢ}}

|

rowspan="2" |Fricative

!voiceless

|{{IPA link|f}}

|

|{{IPA link|θ}}

|{{IPA link|s}}

|{{IPA link|ɕ}}

|{{IPA link|x}}

|

|{{IPA link|h}}

voiced

|{{IPA link|v}}*

|

|

|{{IPA link|z}}

|{{IPA link|ʑ}}

|{{IPA link|ɣ}}

|

|

colspan="2" |Lateral

|

|

|{{IPA link|l}}

|

|

|

|

|

colspan="2" |Approximant

|{{IPA link|w}}

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

  • Sounds in asterisks (*): /qh/ and /v/, are only heard in different dialects.
  • Prenasal consonant cluster sounds include /ᵐd, ᵐd͡z, ᵐt͡s, ᵐt͡sʰ/.
  • Sounds /t͡s, t͡sʰ, ⁿd͡z/ are heard as alveolo-palatal [t͡ɕ, t͡ɕʰ, ᶮd͡ʑ] when preceding /i/.{{Harvp|Li|Luo|2015}}

= Vowels =

There is a distinction between tense-throat vowels and lax-throat (plain) vowels.

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="3" |Front

! colspan="2" |Central

! colspan="4" |Back

colspan="2" |plain

!tense

!plain

!tense

! colspan="2" |plain

! colspan="2" |tense

Close

|{{IPA link|i}}

|{{IPA link|y}}

|{{IPA link|i}}

| colspan="2" |

|{{IPA link|ɯ}}

|{{IPA link|u}}

|{{IPA link|ɯ}}

|{{IPA link|u}}

Close-mid

| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|e}}

|{{IPA link|e}}

| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |{{IPA link|ə}}

| colspan="4" |{{IPA link|o}}

Open-mid

| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|ɛ}}

|{{IPA link|ɛ}}

| colspan="4" |{{IPA link|ɔ}}

Open

| colspan="3" |

|{{IPA link|a}}

|{{IPA link|a}}

| colspan="4" |

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+Nasal vowels

! rowspan="2" |

! rowspan="2" |Front

! colspan="2" |Central

! colspan="2" |Back

plain

!tense

!plain

!tense

Close

|

| colspan="2" |

|{{IPA link|ũ}}

|{{IPA link|ũ}}

Mid

|{{IPA link|ɛ̃}}

| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|ə̃}}

| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|õ}}

Open

|

|{{IPA link|ã}}

|{{IPA link|ã}}

| colspan="2" |

Notes

{{Reflist|2}}

References

{{refbegin}}

  • {{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Jinfang |date=1996 |title=Bugan – A New Mon–Khmer Language of Yunnan Province, China |url=http://sealang.net/archives/mks/pdf/26:135-159.pdf |journal=Mon-Khmer Studies |language=en |volume=26 |pages=135–160}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Li |first=Jinfang 李锦芳 |title=Xīnán dìqū bīnwēi yǔyán diàochá yánjiū |date=2006 |publisher=Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe |location=Beijing shi |language=zh |script-title=zh:西南地区濒危语言调查研究 |trans-title=Studies on Endangered Languages in the Southwest China}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Li |first=Yunbing 李云兵 |title=Bùgēngyǔ yánjiū |date=2005 |publisher=Minzu chubanshe |location=Beijing |language=zh |script-title=zh:布赓语研究 |trans-title=A Study of Bugeng [Bugan]}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Li |first=Jinfang |title=Bugan |last2=Luo |first2=Yongxian |publisher=Leiden: Brill |year=2015 |location=In Paul Sidwell and Mathias Jenny (eds.), The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages |pages=1033–1064}}{{refend}}

{{Languages of China}}

{{Austroasiatic languages}}

Category:Pakanic languages

Category:Languages of Yunnan