Bugandi#Bugandi High School

Bugandi straddles the Highlands Highway and is located to the West and North of the Lae Golf Club, Eriku and North East of Lae central. According to the Lae Telephone Directory{{efn|Lae telephone directory is available in hard copy only from PNG Directories Limited. Map 3 coordinates I1 to C5. Few online maps adequately depict the relationship to the Atzera settlements and Bugandi.{{cite web|url=http://www.whitepages.com.pg/ |title=Papua New Guinea (PNG) White Pages - Telephone Directory |accessdate=2014-02-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325022709/http://www.whitepages.com.pg/ |archivedate=2014-03-25 }} Papua New Guinea White Pages}} Atzera settlements are located to the North of the suburb and to the North West of Omili is the Timber Industry Training College.

{{wide image|BugandiHighPanorama.jpg|600px|Bugandi High School Markham Road facing South West. Mount Shungol in background.}}

Bugandi High School was built in 1959 requiring ten acres of rainforest to be cleared so that two classrooms, a dormitory, two houses and a mess could be built.{{cite news|last=MURRELL|first=DENIS|title=A boys school in the sixties – a Bugandi story|url=http://asopa.typepad.com/asopa_people/2010/07/a-boys-school-in-the-sixties-a-bugandi-story.html|accessdate=28 February 2014|newspaper=Keith Jackson & Friends: PNG ATTITUDE|date=July 19, 2010}} Henry Robert Jack AMESBURY (Bugandi Jack) earned the nickname from his tireless work in establishing a boarding school amidst thick jungle in a swampy area called Bugandi, outside Lae in New Guinea. Carved from the jungle by students who cleared bush, installed drainage and established playing fields, food plots and cattle pens, Bugandi High School established a reputation for academic achievement and the quality of its rugby league players. Many Bugandi graduates went on to become political, business and professional leaders in Papua New Guinea.{{cite news|title=Vale, September 2013|url=http://www.pngaa.net/Vale/vale_sept13.htm|accessdate=28 February 2014|newspaper=Papua New Guinea Association of Australia|date=September 2013}}

In January 1960 the first classes began and by 1968 the school farm grew peanuts, soybeans and pineapples and raised pigs and poultry

In 1965 the school had become a full high school with 257 students but in 1966, Bugandi began enrolling students from all over the New Guinea mainland and forms 3 and 4 were begun{{cite news|last=NALU|first=MALUM|title=Remembering Bugandi the way it used to be|url=http://malumnalu.blogspot.com.au/2010/07/remembering-bugandi-way-it-used-to-be_09.html|accessdate=28 February 2014|date=July 9, 2010}}

In 1995, Trukai Industries started a rice farming project at Bugandi Secondary School with the aim to promote rice production through Bugandi students with assistance from Trukai Industries field officers. The project also involved a collaborative research work with Papua New Guinea University of Technology on rice pest.{{cite journal|last=Trukai Industries|title=BUGANDI PROJECT HAND OVER|journal=The Rice Relay|date=June 1999|volume=4|issue=2|url=http://www.trukai.com.pg/relay/pdf/Jun99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303133201/http://www.trukai.com.pg/relay/pdf/Jun99.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-03-03|accessdate=28 February 2014}}

In 1998 the site hosted a trial to determine the potential of using dead cane toads

(Bufus marinus) to control rice bug (Leptocorisa species){{cite journal|title=Dead Cane toads trial|journal=The Rice Relay|date=March 1999|volume=4|issue=2|url=http://www.trukai.com.pg/relay/pdf/Mar99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303123806/http://www.trukai.com.pg/relay/pdf/Mar99.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-03-03|accessdate=28 February 2014}} and a trial to examine the balance between brown planthopper and selected natural enemies {{cite journal|last=Trukai Industries|title=PLANTHOPPER & NATURAL ENEMY MONITORING|journal=The Rice Relay|date=May 1998|volume=3|issue=5|url=http://www.trukai.com.pg/relay/pdf/May98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303151735/http://www.trukai.com.pg/relay/pdf/May98.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-03-03|accessdate=28 February 2014}}

The project was handed over to the school on 17 March 1999 along with a donation of a hand tractor, farming implements, hand tools, fertiliser and chemicals for the next crop. and in 2000 the site was used for food security trials.{{cite web|title=Proceedings of the Papua New Guinea Food and Nutrition 2000 Conference, PNG University of Technology, Lae|url=http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/135368/2/PR099.pdf#page=858|accessdate=28 February 2014|author=Bourke, Allen and Salisbury|date=26–30 June 2000}}

In September 2009 a Cholera outbreak affected students from Bugandi High School (and other schools) as a result of the sale of prepared food in the schoolyard markets.{{cite news|last=GUMAR|first=PISAI|title=Lae schools shut down|url=http://www.thenational.com.pg/?q=node/509|accessdate=28 February 2014|newspaper=The National|date=September 9, 2009}} In the same month the PNG Ports Corporation Limited announced that port pilots will be able to be trained in Papua New Guinea using simulators and actively recruiting "really bright Grade 12 school leavers" from Bugandi High School to be trained as pilots next year.{{cite news|title=PNG Ports eyes more pilotage training|url=http://www.thenational.com.pg/?q=node/287|accessdate=28 February 2014|newspaper=The National|date=September 1, 2009}}

In May 2013, students from Bugandi Secondary School and Lae Secondary School (Eriku) engaged in fighting resulting in one death and serious injury of another student {{cite news|last=Lahoc|first=Gabriel|title=One Dead, Another Hospitalized After PNG School Fight|url=http://pidp.eastwestcenter.org/pireport/2013/May/05-29-16.htm|accessdate=27 February 2014|newspaper=The National|date=May 28, 2013}}

{{See also|List of earthquakes in Papua New Guinea}}

The Atzera Range starts at Bugandi and runs adjacent to the Markham River has an elevation of 280 meters above sea level.{{cite web|title=Atzera Range|url=http://pg.geoview.info/atzera_range,2100381|publisher=GeoView|accessdate=28 February 2014}}{{cite web|title=Atzera Range|url=http://www.travelsradiate.com/oceania/independent-state-of-papua-new-guinea/morobe-province/2100381-atzera-range.html|publisher=TravelsRadiate|accessdate=28 February 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304051233/http://www.travelsradiate.com/oceania/independent-state-of-papua-new-guinea/morobe-province/2100381-atzera-range.html|archivedate=4 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}

Anticlines in the vicinity of Lae, such as the Atzera Range and hills near Situm, appear to indicate that the Ramu-Markham Fault

(which follows the northern edge of the Markham Valley) changes dip close to the surface from a steep ramp to a shallow fault, breaching the surface south of Lae.{{cite web|last=43rd Association of Surveyors PNG Congress, Lae|title=Lae, a City caught between two plates - 15 years of Deformation Measurements with GPS|url=http://www.quickclose.com.au/LaeDeformation.pdf|work=Focus On Challenges; Society-Space-Surveyors|accessdate=28 February 2014 |author2=Richard Stanaway |author3=Laura Wallace |authorlink3=Laura Wallace (scientist) |author4=Zebedee Sombo |author5=Johnson Peter |author6=Trevor Palusi |author7=Ben Safomea |author8=John Nathan|date=12–15 August 2009}}

The Lae Seismic Zone has been identified between the Atzera Range and Situm{{cite journal|last=Kulig|first=Christopher|author2=McCaffrey, Robert |author3=Abers, Geoffrey A. |author4= Letz, Horst |title=Shallow seismicity of arc-continent collision near Lae, Papua New Guinea|journal=Tectonophysics|date=November 1993|volume=227|series=1|issue=1–4|pages=81–93|doi=10.1016/0040-1951(93)90088-2|bibcode=1993Tectp.227...81K }} which has the potential to generate shallow Mw~7.0 earthquakes and landslides around the Atzera Range. The possibility of major landsides in this area has increased as a result of human modification to the natural vegetation cover through clearing and gardening.{{cite web|last=Tau |first=Asigau |title=Lae - Nabzad Development Plan Using Gis |url=http://ict.sopac.org/gisreg/registration/show/169 |work=Secretariat of the Pacific Community |accessdate=28 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305101058/http://ict.sopac.org/gisreg/registration/show/169 |archivedate=5 March 2014 }}

The 1983 floods remain the worst natural disaster since the establishment of the town in the late 1920s. Hundreds of people at the Five

Mile settlement along the Highland Highway were also affected by mud-slides from the Atzera mountain ranges.{{cite journal|last=dfdfd|title=ttt|volume=20|issue=1}}{{cite journal|author1=KAITILLA, S|author2=YAMBUI , A|name-list-style=amp|title=Intervention in PNG: The Case of Lae|journal=Disaster Management and Government|year=1996|volume=20|issue=1|pages=61–63|url=http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/JB_DM104_PNG_1996_DM_intrvntn.pdf|accessdate=28 February 2014|doi=10.1111/j.1467-7717.1996.tb00515.x|pmid=8867511 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304090229/http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/JB_DM104_PNG_1996_DM_intrvntn.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2014|url-status=dead}}

Before the construction of the Highlands Highway, a road in the Atzera foothills connected Nadzab with Lae and a rough trail on the other side of the Atzeras paralleled this road from Lae to Yalu. Jensen's plantation was located in the Markham Valley and the location of battles between Japanese and Australian soldiers.

On 10 September the 25th Australian Infantry Brigade moved East from Nadzab towards Lae along the Atzera foothills while the 9th Division approached Lae from the East and on 16 September both units converged on Lae {{cite web|last=Miller (jnr)|first=John|title=CHAPTER XI The Markham Valley and the Huon Peninsula|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Rabaul/USA-P-Rabaul-11.html|work=Hyperwar|accessdate=28 February 2014}}

In 1978 the Human Ecology Programme of the Department of Minerals and Energy, assisted by the UNEP and Unesco (Man and the Biosphere MAB Project 11) and in cooperation with the Lae City Council, instigated the Atzera Hills Project, described as an ecologically sound management system to arrest the rapid deterioration and loss of productive capacity of 600 ha of Atzera Hills.{{cite journal|last=DUBE|first=V.N|title=Firewood Cropping, Food Cultivation, and Conservation Planting: A Three-Dimensional Strategy for Displaced Rural Communities: The Case of the Atzera Hills, Lae, Papua New Guinea |journal=Mountain Research and Development|year=1983|volume=3|series=Lae City Interim Authority|issue=4|pages=422–428|url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnaav629.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305104412/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnaav629.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 March 2014|accessdate=28 February 2014|doi=10.2307/3673051|jstor=3673051}}

The Atzera project folded after only three years despite efforts to train and raise awareness on the benefits of charcoal, the uptake in PNG households was minimal.{{cite book|last=Murphy|first=MEG|title=What is free about fuelwood? A critique of the value of fuelwood in the rural and squatter settlement households in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea|year=2009|publisher=PhD thesis, Southern Cross University|url=http://epubs.scu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1118&context=theses}}File:AtzeraSettlementBridge.jpg

File:Atzurasettlementslanes.jpgFile:AtzuraSettlementchurch.jpg

Heavy rains in 2005 resulted in the Morobe administration highlighting the vulnerability of the city to the weather and recommending that a major rehabilitation programme be started immediately to reforest the surrounding hills behind the city to prevent soil erosion. This problem has been exacerbated as a result of the increased number of squatter settlements.{{cite news|last=Editorial |title=PNG'S LAE IN NEED OF MAJOR REHABILITATION |url=http://pidp.org/archive/2005/September/09-07-ed1.htm |accessdate=28 February 2014 |newspaper=Post Courier |date=September 7, 2005 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304173313/http://pidp.org/archive/2005/September/09-07-ed1.htm |archivedate=4 March 2014 }}

Population pressures are produced by population drift which creates a need for land and food as well as squatter settlements, further aggravated by the extended family system particularly evident in the Atzera settlements.{{cite book|title=Catalyst|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MZ0EAQAAIAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Melanesian Institute for Pastoral & Socio-Economic Service|page=34}}

By 1963 there were 400 persons living in the Bumbu settlement (10 percent of the Lae population). By 1976 this same settlement had grown to over 3000 people and in 1980 the population was officially recorded at 4460 persons living in 847 self-help units.{{cite book|title=In Search of a Home|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_2tuWK8JxIC&pg=PA181|year=1987|publisher=editorips@usp.ac.fj|isbn=978-982-01-0016-9|pages=181–}} In 1990 Bumbu settlement is the largest settlement in Papua New Guinea with 10,000 people spread over 40 hectares and 785 structures.{{cite book|author=Denis Murphy|title=A Decent Place to Live: Urban Poor in Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GS1PAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Asian Coalition for Housing Rights, Habitat International Coalition-Asia|isbn=978-971-501-400-7}}

More than 90 percent of the settlers had been living at Bumbu for more than ten years.{{cite journal|last=KAITILLA, S|title=Post-occupancy evaluation in self-help housing schemes |journal=Cities|year=1994|volume=11 | issue = 5 |series=Web of Science|pages=312–324|doi=10.1016/0264-2751(94)90084-1}}

{{cite book|author=John Connell|title=Papua New Guinea: The Struggle for Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=38qHAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT244|date=28 July 2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-93831-5|pages=244}} Most of the settlers migrated here during the colonial days in search of an easy and better life with money.{{cite book|author=Wiri Yakaipoko|title=The Blue Logic: Something from the Dark Side of Port Moresby|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2fFlAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=University of Papua New Guinea Press|isbn=978-9980-84-092-9}} Settlement buildings are usually made of wood, tin, cardboard and tar paper amongst other material representing a desperate effect to provide shelter.{{cite book|author=Guillaume Iyenda|title=Households' livelihoods and survival strategies among Congolese urban poor: alternatives to Western approaches to development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zhu8AAAAIAAJ|date=30 December 2007|publisher=Edwin Mellen Press|isbn=978-0-7734-5269-5}}

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Category:Suburbs of Lae