Bulbine bulbosa
{{short description|Species of plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|name = Bulbine lily
|image = Bulbine bulbosa flower.jpg
|taxon = Bulbine bulbosa
|image_caption = Bulbine bulbosa near Hobart
|authority = (R.Br.) Haw.{{cite web|title=Bulbine bulbosa|url= https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/69206|publisher=Australian Plant Census|access-date=1 June 2021}}
|synonyms =
- Anthericum bulbosum R.Br.
- Blephanthera depressa Raf. nom. illeg.
- Blephanthera hookeri Raf.
- Bulbine australis Spreng. nom. illeg.
- Bulbine fraseri Kunth
- Bulbinopsis bulbosa (R.Br.) Borzi
- Phalangium bulbosum (R.Br.) Kuntze
- Anthericum bulbosum auct. non R.Br.: Hooker, W.J. in Hooker, W.J. (ed.) (1830)
}}
Bulbine bulbosa, commonly known as bulbine lily, native leek, golden lily, or native onion,{{cite web |title=Bulbine bulbosa |url=https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Bulbine~bulbosa |publisher=Royal Botanic Garden Sydney |access-date=1 June 2021}} is a species of flowering plant in the family Asphodelaceae and is endemic to Australia. It is a perennial herb with thick roots, channelled leaves, and yellow flowers with hairy stamen filaments.
Description
Bulbine bulbosa is a perennial herb that grows in tufts {{cvt|27–75|cm}} high with thick, fleshy roots and usually a bulb-like tuber. There are between three and seven leaves, channelled to more or less cylindrical, tapering and hollow, up to {{cvt|30|cm}} long and {{cvt|1–5|mm}} wide. The flowers are borne in racemes {{cvt|4.5–26|cm}} long with up to fifty fragrant flowers on one or two scapes {{cvt|19–50|cm}} long. Each flower is on a pedicel {{cvt|5–30|mm}} long with a bract {{cvt|0.7–15|mm}} long at the base. The six tepals are yellow, {{cvt|9–22|mm}} long and {{cvt|1–3.5|mm}} wide, and the stamens are {{cvt|8–9|mm}} long with golden-brown, club-shaped hairs on the filaments, and gold-coloured anthers. Flowering occurs from February to March and the fruit is a more or less spherical to oval capsule {{cvt|3–6|mm}} long.{{cite web |title=Bulbine bulbosa |url=https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/1eb00dc2-54bf-402a-8968-8361bb9d64bf |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria |access-date=1 June 2021}}{{cite web |title=Bulbine bulbosa |url=http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/cgi-bin/speciesfacts_display.cgi?form=speciesfacts&name=Bulbine_bulbosa |publisher=State Herbarium of South Australia |access-date=1 June 2021}}
Taxonomy
This species was first formally described in 1810 by Robert Brown who gave it the name Anthericum bulbosa in his Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen.{{cite web|title=Anthericum bulbosa|url= https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/517656 |publisher=APNI|access-date=1 June 2021}}{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Robert |title=Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae |date=1810 |location=London |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/21871#page/143/mode/1up |access-date=1 June 2021}} In 1821, Adrian Hardy Haworth changed the name to Bulbine bulbosa in Revisiones Plantarum Succulentarum.{{cite web|title=Bulbine bulbosa|url= https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/478772 |publisher=APNI|access-date=1 June 2021}} The specific epithet (bulbosa) means "bulb", although the species does not form true bulbs.{{cite web |last1=Vivian |first1=Lyndsey |title=Bulbine bulbosa |url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/interns-2003/bulbine-bulbosa.html |publisher=Australian National Botanic Gardens |access-date=1 June 2021}}
The taxon may be a complex of up to four distinct species.[http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/BT9860481.htm Cytoevolutionary studies in the genus Bulbine Wolf (Liliaceae). I. The Australian perennial taxa (B. bulbosa s.l.)]
Distribution and habitat
Ecology
Experiments have shown that the ability of self-sown seeds of B. bulbosa to germinate between tufts of grasses of several species, depends on the species of grass and the gap width between the tufts. The experiments were performed to test the performance of the B. bulbosa in habitat reconstruction programs in south-eastern Australia.[http://www.aff.org.au/AFF2_Owen_Bulbine_talk.htm The mechanism of self-sterility in Bulbine bulbosa: self-incompatibility or inbreeding depression.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912200610/http://www.aff.org.au/AFF2_Owen_Bulbine_talk.htm |date=September 12, 2009 }}
Uses
=Bush food=
The corms of mature plants are nutritious, containing calcium and iron, and were used as food by Aboriginal people,Isaacs, J. 1987. Bush Food: Aboriginal Food and Herbal Medicine. Weldon, Sydney, Australia. who called it parm, puewan, and pike. They regarded the corms as the sweetest-tasting of the lily and lily-like Australian plants.
=Use in horticulture=
The long-lasting stalks of fragrant, attractive yellow flowers and its moderate frost-hardiness have encouraged its use as a garden flower in suitable areas. Few garden varieties have been developed, however. The plant can be propagated from seeds or by division of the corm. Seeds are released from the ripened seed capsules and are best kept at least a month or two before use. They should be sown in the spring, and germination takes about 35 days. Watering and good drainage are essential.
The species suppresses self-fertilization, so collecting seeds from garden-grown plants may result in low germination.[http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/513488 Facilitated autogamy and costs of selfing in the perennial herb Bulbine bulbosa (Asphodelaceae).] Planting seeds from multiple sources may increase yield.
Toxicity
The plant is said to cause scouring if eaten by sheep or cattle.[http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Bulbinopsis+bulbosa Plants for a Future - Bulbine bulbosa]{{cite book|title=Poisonous Plants of Australia|page=504|author=Everist, S.L.|date=1981|publisher=Angus & Robertson|location=Sydney|edition=revised}}