Burum language

{{Infobox language

|name = Burum

|nativename = Mindik

|states = Papua New Guinea

|region = Huon Peninsula, Morobe Province

|speakers = 9,000

|date = 2000 census

|ref=e18

|familycolor = Papuan

|fam1 = Trans–New Guinea

|fam2 = Finisterre–Huon

|fam3 = Huon

|fam4 = Western Huon

|iso3 = bmu

|glotto=buru1306

|glottorefname=Burum-Mindik

|dia1=Somba

|dia2=Siawari

}}

Burum (also known as Yaknge or Somba-Siawari after its two dialects and Mindik in the language itself) is a Papuan language spoken in Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea. Its closest related language is Borong (also known as Kosorong).{{sfn|Usher}}

Phonology

=Consonants=

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" \|+Consonants{{sfn\|Olkkonen\|1994\|p=1}} ! colspan=2 rowspan=2\| !! rowspan=2\|Labial !! rowspan=2\|Alveolar !! rowspan=2\|Palatal !! colspan=2\|Velar
plain	lab.
rowspan=2\|Plosive	unvoiced \| {{IPAlink\|p}} \|\| {{IPAlink\|t}} \|\| \|\| {{IPAlink\|k}} \|\| {{IPAlink\|kʷ}}
voiced \| {{IPAlink\|b}} \|\| {{IPAlink\|d}} \|\| \|\| {{IPAlink\|g}} \|\| {{IPAlink\|gʷ}}
rowspan=2\|Affricate	unvoiced \| \|\| {{IPAlink\|ts}} \|\| \|\| \|\|
voiced \| \|\| {{IPAlink\|dz}} \|\| \|\| \|\|
colspan=2\|Nasal \| {{IPAlink\|m}} \|\| {{IPAlink\|n}} \|\| \|\| {{IPAlink\|ŋ}} \|\|
colspan=2\|Trill \| \|\| {{IPAlink\|r}} \|\| \|\| \|\|
colspan=2\|Fricative \| {{IPAlink\|f}} \|\| {{IPAlink\|s}} \|\| \|\| {{IPAlink\|ɣ}} \|\|
colspan=2\|Approximant \| \|\| {{IPAlink\|l}} \|\| {{IPAlink\|j}} \|\| \|\| {{IPAlink\|w}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+Consonants{{sfn|Olkkonen|1994|p=1}}

plain

lab.

rowspan=2|Plosive

unvoiced

| {{IPAlink|p}} || {{IPAlink|t}} || || {{IPAlink|k}} || {{IPAlink|kʷ}}

voiced

| {{IPAlink|b}} || {{IPAlink|d}} || || {{IPAlink|g}} || {{IPAlink|gʷ}}

rowspan=2|Affricate

unvoiced

| || {{IPAlink|ts}} || || ||

voiced

| || {{IPAlink|dz}} || || ||

colspan=2|Nasal

| {{IPAlink|m}} || {{IPAlink|n}} || || {{IPAlink|ŋ}} ||

colspan=2|Trill

| || {{IPAlink|r}} || || ||

colspan=2|Fricative

| {{IPAlink|f}} || {{IPAlink|s}} || || {{IPAlink|ɣ}} ||

colspan=2|Approximant

| || {{IPAlink|l}} || {{IPAlink|j}} || || {{IPAlink|w}}

{{IPA|/p, t, k/}} are aspirated word initially and unreleased word finally. Between vowels, they are {{IPA|

/w, r, h/}}.{{sfn|Olkkonen|1994|p=4}}

{{IPA|/kʷ/}} and {{IPA|/gʷ/}} are rarely {{IPAblink|kp}}, {{IPAblink|gb}} in some dialects.{{sfn|Olkkonen|1994|p=4}}
{{IPA|/ɣ/}} is {{IPAblink|h}} word initially.{{sfn|Olkkonen|1994|p=4}}

=Vowels=

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" \|+Monophthongs{{sfn\|Olkkonen\|1994\|p=2}} ! !! Front !! Central !! Back
Close \| {{IPAlink\|i}} \|\| \|\| {{IPAlink\|u}}
Mid \| {{IPAlink\|e}} \|\| {{IPAlink\|ə}} \|\| {{IPAlink\|o}}
Open \| \|\| \|\| {{IPAlink\|ɑ}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+Monophthongs{{sfn|Olkkonen|1994|p=2}}

! !! Front !! Central !! Back

| {{IPAlink|i}} || || {{IPAlink|u}}

Mid

| {{IPAlink|e}} || {{IPAlink|ə}} || {{IPAlink|o}}

Open

| || || {{IPAlink|ɑ}}

Burum also has 14 diphthongs: {{IPA|/iɑ/}}, {{IPA|/iu/}}, {{IPA|/ei/}}, {{IPA|/eu/}}, {{IPA|/əi/}}, {{IPA|/əu/}}, {{IPA|/oi/}}, {{IPA|/oe/}}, {{IPA|/ou/}}, {{IPA|/ɑi/}}, {{IPA|/ɑu/}}, {{IPA|/ui/}}, {{IPA|/ue/}}, and {{IPA|/uɑ/}}.{{sfn|Olkkonen|1994|p=3}}

Orthography

class="wikitable" \|+Orthography{{sfn\|Olkkonen\|1994\|p=1}}
Uppercase letters \| A \|\| B \|\| D \|\| E \|\| F \|\| G \|\| H \|\| I \|\| J \|\| K \|\| L \|\| M \|\| N \|\| Ŋ \|\| O \|\| P \|\| Q \|\| R \|\| S \|\| T \|\| U \|\| W \|\| Gw \|\| Y \|\| Z \|\| Ö
Lowercase letters \| a \|\| b \|\| d \|\| e \|\| f \|\| g \|\| h \|\| i \|\| j \|\| k \|\| l \|\| m \|\| n \|\| ŋ \|\| o \|\| p \|\| q \|\| r \|\| s \|\| t \|\| u \|\| w \|\| gw \|\| y \|\| z \|\| ö
IPA \| {{IPAslink\|ɑ}} \|\| {{IPAslink\|b}} \|\| {{IPAslink\|d}} \|\| {{IPAslink\|e}} \|\| {{IPAslink\|f}} \|\| {{IPAslink\|ɡ}} \|\| {{IPAslink\|ɣ}}\|\| {{IPAslink\|i}} \|\| {{IPA\|/dz/}} \|\| {{IPAslink\|k}} \|\| {{IPAslink\|l}} \|\| {{IPAslink\|m}} \|\| {{IPAslink\|n}} \|\| {{IPAslink\|ŋ}} \|\| {{IPAslink\|o}} \|\| {{IPAslink\|p}} \|\| {{IPAslink\|kʷ}} \|\| {{IPAslink\|r}} \|\| {{IPAslink\|s}} \|\| {{IPAslink\|t}} \|\| {{IPAslink\|u}} \|\| {{IPAslink\|w}} \|\| {{IPAslink\|gʷ}} \|\| {{IPAslink\|j}} \|\| {{IPAslink\|t͡s}} \|\| {{IPAslink\|ə}}

class="wikitable"

|+Orthography{{sfn|Olkkonen|1994|p=1}}

Uppercase letters

| A || B || D || E || F || G || H || I || J || K || L || M || N || Ŋ || O || P || Q || R || S || T || U || W || Gw || Y || Z || Ö

Lowercase letters

| a || b || d || e || f || g || h || i || j || k || l || m || n || ŋ || o || p || q || r || s || t || u || w || gw || y || z || ö

IPA

| {{IPAslink|ɑ}} || {{IPAslink|b}} || {{IPAslink|d}} || {{IPAslink|e}} || {{IPAslink|f}} || {{IPAslink|ɡ}} || {{IPAslink|ɣ}}|| {{IPAslink|i}} || {{IPA|/dz/}} || {{IPAslink|k}} || {{IPAslink|l}} || {{IPAslink|m}} || {{IPAslink|n}} || {{IPAslink|ŋ}} || {{IPAslink|o}} || {{IPAslink|p}} || {{IPAslink|kʷ}} || {{IPAslink|r}} || {{IPAslink|s}} || {{IPAslink|t}} || {{IPAslink|u}} || {{IPAslink|w}} || {{IPAslink|gʷ}} || {{IPAslink|j}} || {{IPAslink|t͡s}} || {{IPAslink|ə}}

{{grapheme|f}} occurs in loanwords.{{sfn|Olkkonen|1994|p=4}}
Weakened {{IPA|/p, t, k/}} are written {{grapheme|w, r, h}}, as pronounced.{{sfn|Olkkonen|1994|p=4}}

Notes

References

{{Cite web |last=Usher |first=Timothy |title=Bulum River |url=https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/trans-new-guinea/finisterre-range-huon-peninsula/huon-peninsula/south-huon/bulum-river/start |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=newguineaworld}}
{{cite web |url=http://www-01.sil.org/pacific/png/pubs/928474542455/Burum_Mindik.pdf|title=Organised Phonology Data|last=Olkkonen|first=Soini|year=1994|access-date=2018-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710213258/http://www-01.sil.org/pacific/png/pubs/928474542455/Burum_Mindik.pdf|archive-date=2018-07-10|url-status=dead}}