C. Donald Shane telescope
{{Short description|120-inch reflecting telescope}}
{{Infobox telescope
| first_light =1959 }}
The C. Donald Shane telescope is a 120-inch (3.05-meter) reflecting telescope located at the Lick Observatory in San Jose, California. It was named after astronomer C. Donald Shane in 1978, who led the effort to acquire the necessary funds from the California Legislature, and who then oversaw the telescope's construction. It is the largest and most powerful telescope at the Lick Observatory, and was the second-largest optical telescope in the world when it was commissioned in 1959.
The Shane's mirror started as a 10,000-pound Corning Labs glass test blank for the Palomar Observatory's 200-inch (5-m) Hale Telescope (in north San Diego County, California), but was sold below cost ($50,000) by Caltech to the Lick Observatory.[http://www.ucolick.org/public/telescopes/shane.html Mt. Hamilton Telescopes: Carnegie Double Astrograph] It was then transported to Mount Hamilton, where the blank was ground and polished by the observatory.
The telescope is noted for having three foci, prime focus, Cassegrain focus, and coudé focus. After several decades of celebrated use, it was also fitted with an early adaptive optics system.
Features
The telescope can be used with three different focal stations: wide field prime focus, coudé focus for high precision spectroscopy, or the intermediate cassegrain focus.
In the Shane dome there is a laser, whose light is sometimes visible with the naked eye, that the observatory beams from the Shane telescope into the night sky. The laser is part of the Lick Adaptive Optics (LAO) program, a joint project of the Lick Observatory and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. LAO corrects for atmospheric turbulence either by using a natural guide star or by creating a sodium laser guide star, and using the observed motion of the guide star to direct distortion of a deformable mirror hundreds of times each second. The system produces images that are nearly equivalent to those obtained from space-based telescopes. Adaptive optics using natural guide stars has been in development since 1996, and using laser guide stars since 2001. Similar laser adaptive optics systems based on LAO have been installed on the University of California's two Keck telescopes in Hawaii.
Operation of the Kast instrument began in 1992, and it was upgraded in the 2010s.{{Cite web|url=https://news.ucsc.edu/2014/12/kast-spectrograph.html|title=Lick Observatory plans major upgrade for Shane Telescope|last=Lebow|first=Hilary|website=UC Santa Cruz News|language=en|access-date=2019-12-14}} The Kast Double Spectrograph can detect spectrum from near-infrared to near-ultraviolet, and includes two sub-instruments.
Instrumentation currently in operation at the Shane telescope includes:{{cite web|title=Lick Observatory Shane Telescope web site|url=http://www.ucolick.org/main/science/telescopes/shane.html|accessdate=25 January 2017}}
- The Kast Double Spectrograph, used for visible wavelength observations of stars, supernovae, galaxies, and active galactic nuclei
- The Hamilton Spectrograph, an echelle spectrograph used for stellar spectroscopy and detection of exoplanets
- The Shane Adaptive optics infra-Red Camera Spectrograph (ShARCS), an infrared camera used with the Shane adaptive optics system{{cite journal|last1=McGurk|first1=Rosalie|display-authors=et al|title=Commissioning ShARCS: the Shane Adaptive optics infraRed Camera-Spectrograph for the Lick Observatory 3-m telescope|journal=Proceedings of the SPIE|date=2014|volume=9148|page=91483A|doi=10.1117/12.2057027|url=http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=1891172|accessdate=25 January 2017|arxiv=1407.8205|s2cid=118824898}}
History
File:Tycho Brahe Peak, Mt Hamilton, Aug 2019.jpg
File:120inch-reflector-maint-Lick-Observatory.jpg
After WW2 ended, plans for a large reflecting telescope for the Lick observatory were realized by funding from the State of California in 1946.{{Cite journal|url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1964PASP...76...77S/0000084.000.html|title=1964PASP...76...77S Page 84|website=articles.adsabs.harvard.edu|bibcode=1964PASP...76...77S|access-date=2019-11-18}} A 120 inch glass blank leftover from the Hale telescope was acquired, and ground to its figure at optical shops on the mountain.
For Lick Observatory's first 55 years of operation, its astronomers relied on two telescopes built in the 19th century. Once considered giants in the field, they had become obsolete. International competition was mounting. The 120-inch reflector addition took 15 years to complete, being completed in 1959. It would be the second-largest telescope in the world, taking its place behind the then World's largest 200-inch Palomar Hale Telescope.
An adaptive optics system for the Shane was developed, utilizing an artificial star made by laser and a deformable mirror with actuators.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bj_6CAAAQBAJ&q=Lyon+Observatory+telescopes&pg=PA508|title=Reports on Astronomy: Transactions of the International Astronomical Union Volume XXIIIA|last=Appenzeller|first=Immo|date=2012-12-06|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9789401157629|language=en}} This AO system was mounted at the f/17 cassegrain focus of the Shane telescope. The system could send light to a visible-light CCD or an infrared sensor (NICMOS III camera).
The Shane telescope was tested in 1995 with a sodium laser to make an artificial light for the AO system; the laser utilizes a layer in the atmosphere that reacts with the light.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0xsDQAAQBAJ&q=shane+telescope&pg=PA103|title=Observatories and Telescopes of Modern Times|last=Leverington|first=David|date=2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521899932|language=en}}
In 2009, the Lick Observatory celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of the Shane telescope.{{Cite web|url=https://news.ucsc.edu/2009/09/3172.html|title=Lick Observatory celebrates 50th anniversary of Shane Telescope|last1=Stephens|first1=Tim|last2=Writer 459-2495|first2=Staff|website=UC Santa Cruz News|language=en|access-date=2019-11-18}} The celebration included a ticketed event with a dinner and a lecture on exoplanets by an astronomer. In 2014, the observatory received a grant to upgrade the Kast instrument of the Shane telescope.{{Cite web|url=https://news.ucsc.edu/2014/12/kast-spectrograph.html|title=Lick Observatory plans major upgrade for Shane Telescope}}
In 2015, the company Google donated 1 million USD to the observatory over two years.{{Cite web|url=https://astronomynow.com/2015/02/10/google-gives-lick-observatory-1-million/|title=Google gives Lick Observatory $1 million – Astronomy Now}}
Contemporaries on commissioning
The Shane telescope saw first light to a different world for large telescopes in 1959:
| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align: center;" |
| style="background: #BBEEFF;" | #
! style="background: #BBEEFF;" | Name / ! style="width:40px; background: #BBEEFF;" | Image ! style="background: #BBEEFF;" | Aperture ! style="background: #BBEEFF;" | Altitude ! style="background: #BBEEFF;" | First ! style="background: #BBEEFF;" | Special advocate |
|---|
| 1
| 50px | 200 inch | 1713 m | 1948 |
| bgcolor="efefef"
! 2 | Shane Telescope | 30px | 120 inch | 1283 m | 1959 |
| 3
| Hooker Telescope | 30px | 100 inch | 1742 m | 1917 |
| 4
| Otto Struve Telescope | 40px | 82 inch | 2,070 m | 1939 |
See also
References
{{reflist}}
External links
- {{Commons category inline}}
- [http://digitalcollections.ucsc.edu/cdm/search/collection/p265101coll10/searchterm/Shane%20reflector/order/title Models of the 120 inch Shane Reflector from the Lick Observatory Records Digital Archive, UC Santa Cruz Library's Digital Collections]
Category:Reflecting telescopes