CACNA2D1

{{Short description|Protein-coding gene in humans}}

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{{Infobox gene}}

Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CACNA2D1 gene.{{cite journal | vauthors = Powers PA, Scherer SW, Tsui LC, Gregg RG, Hogan K | title = Localization of the gene encoding the alpha 2/delta subunit (CACNL2A) of the human skeletal muscle voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel to chromosome 7q21-q22 by somatic cell hybrid analysis | journal = Genomics | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 192–193 | date = Jun 1994 | pmid = 8188232 | doi = 10.1006/geno.1994.1044 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1229596 }}{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: CACNA2D1 calcium channel, voltage-dependent, alpha 2/delta subunit 1 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=781 }}

This gene encodes a member of the alpha-2/delta subunit family, a protein in the voltage-dependent calcium channel complex. Calcium channels mediate the influx of calcium ions into the cell upon membrane depolarization and consist of a complex of alpha-1, alpha-2/delta, beta, and gamma subunits in a 1:1:1:1 ratio. Research on a highly similar protein in rabbit suggests the protein described in this record is cleaved into alpha-2 and delta subunits. Alternate transcriptional splice variants of this gene have been observed, but have not been thoroughly characterized.

In mammals, alpha-2/delta proteins exist in four subtypes coded by four separate but closely related genes, CACNA2D1, CACNA2D2, CACNA2D3 and CACNA2D4.

Recently, alpha-2/delta1 proteins, in addition to calcium channels, have been found to interact directly with N-methyl-D-aspartate type glutamate receptors (NMDAR), AMPA type glutamate receptors (AMPAR) and the extracellular adhesion protein, thrombospondin.{{Cite journal | vauthors = Varadi G | title = Mechanism of Analgesia by Gabapentinoid Drugs: Involvement of Modulation of Synaptogenesis and Trafficking of Glutamate-Gated Ion Channels | journal = The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | volume = 388 | issue = 1 | pages = 121–133 | date = 2024 | pmid = 37918854 | doi = 10.1124/jpet.123.001669 | language = en | issn = 0022-3565 | doi-access = free }}

Gabapentinoids

Alpha-2/delta proteins are believed to be the molecular target of the gabapentinoids gabapentin and pregabalin, which are used to treat epilepsy and neuropathic pain.{{cite journal | vauthors = Rogawski MA, Bazil CW | title = New molecular targets for antiepileptic drugs: alpha(2)delta, SV2A, and K(v)7/KCNQ/M potassium channels | journal = Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports | volume = 8 | issue = 4 | pages = 345–352 | date = July 2008 | pmid = 18590620 | pmc = 2587091 | doi = 10.1007/s11910-008-0053-7 }}{{Cite journal | vauthors = Patel R, Dickenson AH | title = Mechanisms of the gabapentinoids andα2δ-1 calcium channel subunit in neuropathic pain | journal = Pharmacology Research & Perspectives | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = e00205 | date = 2016-04-01 | pmid = 27069626 | pmc = 4804325 | doi = 10.1002/prp2.205 | language = en | issn = 2052-1707 }}{{Cite journal | vauthors = Patel R, Bauer CS, Nieto-Rostro M, Margas W, Ferron L, Chaggar K, Crews K, Ramirez JD, Bennett DL, Schwartz A, Dickenson AH, Dolphin AC | title = α2δ-1 Gene Deletion Affects Somatosensory Neuron Function and Delays Mechanical Hypersensitivity in Response to Peripheral Nerve Damage | journal = The Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 33 | issue = 42 | pages = 16412–16426 | date = 2013-10-16 | pmid = 24133248 | pmc = 3797367 | doi = 10.1523/jneurosci.1026-13.2013 }} Only alpha-2/delta subtypes 1 and 2 (but not 3 and 4) are substrates for gabapentinoid drug binding.

See also

References

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Further reading

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  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Williams ME, Feldman DH, McCue AF | title = Structure and functional expression of alpha 1, alpha 2, and beta subunits of a novel human neuronal calcium channel subtype. | journal = Neuron | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 71–84 | year = 1992 | pmid = 1309651 | doi = 10.1016/0896-6273(92)90109-Q | s2cid = 39341712 }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Ellis SB, Williams ME, Ways NR | title = Sequence and expression of mRNAs encoding the alpha 1 and alpha 2 subunits of a DHP-sensitive calcium channel. | journal = Science | location = New York, N.Y. | volume = 241 | issue = 4873 | pages = 1661–1664 | year = 1988 | pmid = 2458626 | doi = 10.1126/science.2458626 | bibcode = 1988Sci...241.1661E }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Iles DE, Lehmann-Horn F, Scherer SW | title = Localization of the gene encoding the alpha 2/delta-subunits of the L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel to chromosome 7q and analysis of the segregation of flanking markers in malignant hyperthermia susceptible families. | journal = Human Molecular Genetics | volume = 3 | issue = 6 | pages = 969–975 | year = 1994 | pmid = 7951247 | doi = 10.1093/hmg/3.6.969 }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Brust PF, Simerson S, McCue AF | title = Human neuronal voltage-dependent calcium channels: studies on subunit structure and role in channel assembly. | journal = Neuropharmacology | volume = 32 | issue = 11 | pages = 1089–1102 | year = 1994 | pmid = 8107964 | doi = 10.1016/0028-3908(93)90004-M | s2cid = 33257989 }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = ((The Sanger Centre)), ((The Washington University Genome Sequencing Cente)) | title = Toward a complete human genome sequence. | journal = Genome Research | volume = 8 | issue = 11 | pages = 1097–1108 | year = 1999 | pmid = 9847074 | doi = 10.1101/gr.8.11.1097 | doi-access = free }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Schleithoff L, Mehrke G, Reutlinger B, Lehmann-Horn F | title = Genomic structure and functional expression of a human alpha(2)/delta calcium channel subunit gene (CACNA2). | journal = Genomics | volume = 61 | issue = 2 | pages = 201–209 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10534405 | doi = 10.1006/geno.1999.5941 }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Bell DC, Butcher AJ, Berrow NS | title = Biophysical properties, pharmacology, and modulation of human, neuronal L-type (alpha(1D), Ca(V)1.3) voltage-dependent calcium currents. | journal = Journal of Neurophysiology | volume = 85 | issue = 2 | pages = 816–827 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11160515 | doi = 10.1152/jn.2001.85.2.816 | s2cid = 147295966 }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH | title = Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 99 | issue = 26 | pages = 16899–16903 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12477932 | pmc = 139241 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.242603899 | bibcode = 2002PNAS...9916899M | doi-access = free }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Hillier LW, Fulton RS, Fulton LA | title = The DNA sequence of human chromosome 7. | journal = Nature | volume = 424 | issue = 6945 | pages = 157–164 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12853948 | doi = 10.1038/nature01782 | bibcode = 2003Natur.424..157H | doi-access = free }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Stotz SC, Barr W, McRory JE | title = Several structural domains contribute to the regulation of N-type calcium channel inactivation by the beta 3 subunit. | journal = Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 279 | issue = 5 | pages = 3793–3800 | year = 2004 | pmid = 14602720 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M308991200 | doi-access = free }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Liu T, Qian WJ, Gritsenko MA | title = Human plasma N-glycoproteome analysis by immunoaffinity subtraction, hydrazide chemistry, and mass spectrometry. | journal = Journal of Proteome Research | volume = 4 | issue = 6 | pages = 2070–2080 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16335952 | pmc = 1850943 | doi = 10.1021/pr0502065 }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Antzelevitch C, Pollevick GD, Cordeiro JM | title = Loss-of-function mutations in the cardiac calcium channel underlie a new clinical entity characterized by ST-segment elevation, short QT intervals, and sudden cardiac death. | journal = Circulation | volume = 115 | issue = 4 | pages = 442–449 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17224476 | pmc = 1952683 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.668392 }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Chaudhuri D, Issa JB, Yue DT | title = Elementary mechanisms producing facilitation of Cav2.1 (P/Q-type) channels. | journal = The Journal of General Physiology | volume = 129 | issue = 5 | pages = 385–401 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17438119 | pmc = 2154375 | doi = 10.1085/jgp.200709749 }}

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