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C (musical note)

{{Short description|Note in western music}}

{{Redirect|High C|the fruit-flavored drink|Hi-C}}

{{stack|{ \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \magnifyStaff #3/2 } { \time 2/1 c'1^"c′" \clef bass c^"c" } }}}

C or Do is the first note of the C major scale, the third note of the A minor scale (the relative minor of C major), and the fourth note (G, A, B, C) of the Guidonian hand, commonly pitched around 261.63 Hz. The actual frequency has depended on historical pitch standards, and for transposing instruments a distinction is made between written and sounding or concert pitch. It has enharmonic equivalents of B{{music|sharp}} and D{{music|bb}}.

In English the term Do is used interchangeably with C only in the context of fixed Do solfège; in the movable Do system Do refers to the tonic of the prevailing key.

Frequency

Historically, concert pitch has varied. For an instrument in equal temperament tuned to the A440 pitch standard widely adopted in 1939, middle C has a frequency around 261.63 Hz{{cite web|last=Suits|first=B. H.|title=Physics of Music Notes - Scales: Just vs Equal Temperament|url=https://pages.mtu.edu/~suits/scales.html|website=MTU.edu|publisher=Michigan Technological University|date=1998|access-date=5 February 2024|archive-date=27 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127155251/https://pages.mtu.edu/~suits/scales.html|url-status=dead}} (for other notes see piano key frequencies). Scientific pitch was originally proposed in 1713 by French physicist Joseph Sauveur and based on the numerically convenient frequency of 256 Hz for middle C, all C's being powers of two. After the A440 pitch standard was adopted by musicians, the Acoustical Society of America published new frequency tables for scientific use. A movement to restore the older A435 standard has used the banners "Verdi tuning", "philosophical pitch" or the easily confused scientific pitch.

Octave nomenclature

=Middle C=

{{redirect|Middle C|the novel|Middle C (novel){{!}}Middle C (novel)}}

{{image frame|caption=Middle C centrally set on a grand staff|content=

\new GrandStaff <<

\time 5/4

\new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \magnifyStaff 1.5 } { s4 c'1 }

\new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \magnifyStaff 1.5 \clef bass } { s4 s1 } >>

}}

Middle C (the fourth C key from left on a standard 88-key piano keyboard) is designated C4 in scientific pitch notation, c{{prime}} in Helmholtz pitch notation, and note number 60 in the MIDI standard.{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/Complete_MIDI_1.0_Detailed_Specification_96-1-3 |title=Complete MIDI 1.0 Detailed Specification |year=1996 |pages=10}}

While the expression middle C is generally clear across instruments and clefs, some musicians naturally use the term to refer to the C note in the middle of their specific instrument's range. C4 (approximately 261.626 Hz\frac{440}{2^{\!^\tfrac{9}{12}}}) may be called Low C by someone playing a Western concert flute, which has a higher and narrower playing range than the piano, while C5 (523.251 Hz) would be middle C. This practice has led some to encourage standardizing on C4 as the definitive middle C in instructional materials across all instruments.{{cite journal

|last=Large

|first= John

|date=February 1981

|title= Theory in Practice: Building a Firm Foundation

|journal= Music Educators Journal

|volume= 32

|pages= 30–35}}

On the grand staff, middle C is notated with a ledger line above the top line of the bass staff or below the bottom line of the treble staff. Alternatively, it is written on the centre line of a staff using the alto clef, or on the fourth line from the bottom, or the second line from the top, of staves using the tenor clef.

=Other octaves=

In vocal music, the term High C (sometimes called Top C{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/11/04/archives/music-view-birgit-nilsson-the-return-of-a-supersoprano-music-view.html|title=Birgit Nilsson – The Return of a Super-Soprano|author=Harold C. Schonberg|author-link=Harold C. Schonberg|work=The New York Times|date=November 4, 1979}}) can refer to either the soprano's C6 (1046.502 Hz; {{prime|c}}{{prime}}{{prime}} in Helmholtz notation) or the tenor's C5; soprano written as the C two ledger lines above the treble clef, with the tenor voice the space above concert A, sung an octave lower. Sometimes written with “8v” below the treble, to represent the octave (8 tones in a major scale).

Tenor C is an organ builder's term for small C or C3 (130.813 Hz), the note one octave below middle C. In older stoplists it usually means that a rank was not yet full compass, omitting the bottom octave, until that octave was added later on.

Designation by octave

class="wikitable"

!Scientific designation

!Helmholtz designation

!Octave name

!Frequency (using A 440 equal temperament)

!MIDI note number

!Other names

!Audio

C−1C͵͵͵ or ͵͵͵C or CCCCOctocontraalign="right"| {{#expr:440 * 2^((0-69)/12) round 3}} Hz

|0

Quadruple Low C (64 ft. organ pipes)100px
C0C͵͵ or ͵͵C or CCCSubcontraalign="right" | {{#expr:440 * 2^((12-69)/12) round 3}} Hz

|12

Triple Low C (32 ft. organ pipes), Octobass C100px
C1C͵ or ͵C or CCContraalign="right" | {{#expr:440 * 2^((24-69)/12) round 3}} Hz

|24

Double Low C (16 ft. organ pipes), Double Bass w/ either Low C Extension, 5 Strings, or in 5ths Tuning100px
C2CGreatalign="right" | {{#expr:440 * 2^((36-69)/12) round 3}} Hz

|36

Low C, cello C, 8{{prime}} C (see organ pipe length)100px
C3cSmallalign="right" | {{#expr:440 * 2^((48-69)/12) round 3}} Hz

|48

4{{prime}} C or Tenor C (organ), viola C, Tenor Middle C (Tenor Voice)100px
C4c{{prime}}One-linedalign="right" style="background-color:#ccf"| {{#expr:440 * 2^((60-69)/12) round 3}} Hz

|60

Middle C for Sopranos, 2 ft. organ pipes100px
C5c{{prime}}{{prime}}Two-linedalign="right" | {{#expr:440 * 2^((72-69)/12) round 3}} Hz

|72

Treble C, Tenor High C (written an octave higher for tenor voices),[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/09/weekinreview/09wakin.html "The Note That Makes Us Weep"] by Daniel J. Wakin, The New York Times, September 9, 2007 1 ft. organ pipes100px
C6c{{prime}}{{prime}}{{prime}}Three-linedalign="right" |{{#expr:440 * 2^((84-69)/12) round 3}} Hz

|84

High C (soprano)100px
C7c{{prime}}{{prime}}{{prime}}{{prime}}Four-linedalign="right" |{{#expr:440 * 2^((96-69)/12) round 3}} Hz

|96

Double high C{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}100px
C8c{{prime}}{{prime}}{{prime}}{{prime}}{{prime}}Five-linedalign="right" |{{#expr:440 * 2^((108-69)/12) round 3}} Hz

|108

Eighth octave C, triple high C100px
C9c{{prime}}{{prime}}{{prime}}{{prime}}{{prime}}{{prime}}Six-linedalign="right" |{{#expr:440 * 2^((120-69)/12) round 3}} Hz

|120

Quadruple high C
C10c{{prime}}{{prime}}{{prime}}{{prime}}{{prime}}{{prime}}{{prime}}Seven-linedalign="right" |{{#expr:440 * 2^((132-69)/12) round 3}} Hz

|N/A

Quintuple high C

Graphic presentation

Image:Middle C in four clefs.svgs]]

Image:MiddleC-Keyboard.svg]]

Scales

=Common scales beginning on C=

  • C major: C D E F G A B C′
  • C natural minor: C D E{{music|b}} F G A{{music|b}} B{{music|b}} C′
  • C harmonic minor: C D E{{music|b}} F G A{{music|b}} B C′
  • C melodic minor ascending: C D E{{music|b}} F G A B C′
  • C melodic minor descending: C′ B{{music|b}} A{{music|b}} G F E{{music|b}} D C

=[[Diatonic scale]]s=

  • C Ionian: C D E F G A B C′
  • C Dorian: C D E{{music|b}} F G A B{{music|b}} C′
  • C Phrygian: C D{{music|b}} E{{music|b}} F G A{{music|b}} B{{music|b}} C′
  • C Lydian: C D E F{{music|#}} G A B C′
  • C Mixolydian: C D E F G A B{{music|b}} C′
  • C Aeolian: C D E{{music|b}} F G A{{music|b}} B{{music|b}} C′
  • C Locrian: C D{{music|b}} E{{music|b}} F G{{music|b}} A{{music|b}} B{{music|b}} C′

=[[Jazz scale#Modes of the melodic minor scale|Jazz melodic minor]]=

See also

References

{{Reflist}}

{{Semitones}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:C (Musical Note)}}

Category:Musical notes