Cabomba

File:Cabomba palaeformis Fassett flower.jpg

File:Cabomba palaeformis Fassett leaves.jpg

File:紅菊花草 Cabomba piauhyensis -香港公園 Hong Kong Park- (9200928562).jpg

Cabomba are perennial, rhizomatous, aquaticPellegrini, M. O. O. & Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. (n.d.). Cabomba Aubl. Flora E Funga Do Brasil. Retrieved February 5, 2025, from https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB6610 herbsCabomba Aublet - Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN). (n.d.). https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/924 with short, brown rhizomes. The roots, which are formed on the lower nodes of the stems,T.D. Stanley & A.E. Orchard. Cabomba, in P.G. Kodela (ed.), Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Cabomba [Date Accessed: 06 February 2025] are delicate, brown to white, and branched. The long, cylindrical, flexible,Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research. (n.d.). Cabomba Aubl. Flora of New Zealand. Retrieved February 5, 2025, from https://www.nzflora.info/factsheet/taxon/Cabomba.html delicate, branched or unbranched stems are 2–4 mm wide,Ørgaard, M. (1991). [https://nsojournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1991.tb01819.x The genus Cabomba (Cabombaceae)–a taxonomic study.] Nordic Journal of Botany, 11(2), 179-203. and up to 4 m long. Both floating and submerged leaves are present, but only few floating leaves are produced,Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. (n.d.). Cabomba. VicFlora Flora of Victoria. Retrieved February 5, 2025, from https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/14a740cd-b533-4c51-a0e4-0175fcc33499 and they may be absent entirely.Fassett, N. C. (1953). A Monograph of Cabomba. Castanea, 18(4), 116–128. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4031558 The submerged leaves are divided into 3–7 dichotomously or trichotomously branched parts.Cabomba in Flora of North America @ efloras.org. (n.d.). Retrieved February 5, 2025, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=104954 The floating leaves are inconspicuous.Cabomba in Flora of China @ efloras.org. (n.d.). Retrieved February 5, 2025, from http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=104954

The solitary, hermaphrodite, pedicellate, chasmogamous, scentless, actinomorphic, white, yellow, or purple, trimerous or rarely di- and tetramerous flowers extend beyond the water surface. The petals are oval-shaped, and are usually about {{convert|2.0|cm|abbr=on}} across when fully developed. The petals are unlike the sepals in that the former have two yellow ear-shaped nectaries at the base. Petals may also have purplish edges. Flowers are protogynous, having primarily female sexual structures on the first day of appearance and then switching to male on the second and subsequent days. Flowers emerge and are designed to be pollinated above the waterline. Principal pollinators are flies and other small flying insects.{{cite book|author1=Klaus Kubitzki|author2=Jens G. Rohwer|author3=Volker Bittrich|title=Flowering Plants · Dicotyledons: Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid Families|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjlzrzbRXNQC&pg=PA159|date=28 July 1993|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-55509-4|page=159}}

Various chromosome counts have been observed in Cabomba: 2n = 26, 39, 52, 78, 104.

It was published by Jean Baptiste Christophore Fusée Aublet in 1775. The type species is Cabomba aquatica Aubl.

The genus Cabomba Aubl. consists of six extant species:{{cite POWO |id=27990-1 |title=Cabomba Aubl. |accessdate=12 January 2024}}

• Cabomba aquatica Aubl. (fanwort)
• Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray (green cabomba)
• Cabomba furcata Schult. & Schult.f. (red cabomba)
• Cabomba haynesii {{ill|John H. Wiersema|es|lt=Wiersema}}
• Cabomba palaeformis Fassett
• Cabomba schwartzii Rataj

And four fossil species:

• Cabomba gracilis {{au|Newb.}}Cabomba gracilis Newb. (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved February 18, 2025, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=F77FCE1B-5F22-4EA3-A22E-BE7DED077EBF
• Cabomba grandis {{au|Newb.}}Cabomba grandis Newb. (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved February 18, 2025, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=63C5D164-498E-4160-B964-A5A2295D89AB
• Cabomba inermis {{au|(Newb.) Hollick}}Cabomba inermis (Newb.) Hollick in Newb. (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved February 18, 2025, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=E756C876-9AA1-44E0-BC16-97E187BFCABA
• Cabomba pitonii {{au|L. Laurent & Marty}}Cabomba pitonii L. Laurent, Marty in L. Piton. (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved February 18, 2025, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=30D7B8D6-3F0D-C3C7-9E11-A5448E2A3995

It has been speculated, that Cabomba haynesii may be a result of a hybridisation event involving Cabomba palaeformis and Cabomba furcata.{{Cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=Claire E |last2=Darbyshire |first2=Stephen J |last3=Jones |first3=Rosita |date=2007-07-01 |title=The Biology of Invasive Alien Plants in Canada. 7. Cabomba caroliniana A. Gray |url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.4141/P06-068 |journal=Canadian Journal of Plant Science |language=en |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=615–638 |doi=10.4141/P06-068 |issn=0008-4220|url-access=subscription }}

The generic name Cabomba may be derived from an aboriginal name of the plant in Guyana.

It is native to tropical and subtropical America, and the centre of diversity is Brazil.

The flowers are pollinated by flies and bees.Matias, L. Q., & Nascimento, H. P. D. (2021). [https://www.scielo.br/j/rod/a/CRJCYvxjcxj8CKVj74W6mxC/?format=pdf&lang=en Flora of Ceará, Brazil: Cabombaceae.] Rodriguésia, 72, e00592019.

Cabomba occurs in ponds, floodplains, swamps, and creeks.

Cabomba species are popular aquarium plants.{{Cite book |last=Zernecke |first=E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K0U9AAAAYAAJ&dq=cabomba%20aquarium&pg=PA53 |title=Leitfaden für Aquarien- und Terrarienfreunde: Im Auftrage des "Triton" Verein für Aquarien- und Terrarienkunde zu Berlin |date=1897 |publisher=G. Schmidt |language=de}} Cabomba caroliniana is easily cultivated and is tolerant of various substrates and temperatures. However, in dimly lit conditions the leaves grow small and the internodes of the stems elongate.{{Cite book |last=Bade |first=Ernst |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYFUAAAAYAAJ&dq=cabomba%20aquarium&pg=PA95 |title=Das Süsswasser-Aquarium: Geschichte, Flora und Fauna des Süsswasser-Aquariums, seine Anlage und Pflege |date=1896 |publisher=F. Pfenningstorff |language=de}} By contrast, Cabomba furcata is considered to be difficult to cultivate in the aquarium, as it requires soft, acid water and a high light intensity.{{Cite web |title=Die Gegabelte Haarnixe - Cabomba furcata |url=https://www.aquarium-ratgeber.com/aquarienpflanzen/pflanzen-vz/haarnixe/gegabelte-haarnixe/ |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=Aquarium Ratgeber |language=de-DE}}{{Cite web |title=Cabomba furcata - Red Cabomba |url=https://www.flowgrow.de/db/aquaticplants/cabomba-furcata |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=Flowgrow |language=en}}{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=How to grow Cabomba furcata |url=https://www.2hraquarist.com/blogs/freshwater-aquarium-plants-guide/how-to-grow-cabomba-furcata |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=The 2Hr Aquarist |language=en}}

Use in the aquarium trade has led to some species being introduced to other parts of the world, such as Australia, where Cabomba caroliniana it is a nationally declared weed.{{cite web | title=Cabomba (Cabomba caroliniana) | website=NSW WeedWise | date=24 January 2020 | url=https://weeds.dpi.nsw.gov.au/Weeds/Details/26 | access-date=13 July 2023}} Having arrived in 1967, it spread rapidly in waterways and out-competed native plants, threatening water supplies, especially along the eastern side of the continent.{{cite web | last=Nichols | first=Jennifer | title=Cabomba weevil unleashed on weed-infesting Australian waterways | website=ABC News (Australia) | date=10 July 2023 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2023-07-10/cabomba-weevil-unleashed-on-weed-infesting-australian-waterways/102482954 | access-date=12 July 2023}} In Australia, Cabomba caroliniana has been targeted by both chemical,Day, C., Petroeschevsky, A., Pellow, B., Bevan, J., O’Dwyer, T., St Lawrence, A., & Smith, G. (2014). [https://www.bmcc.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/document/files/ManagingCabombainGlenbrookLagoonFullPaper.pdf Managing a priority outlier infestation of Cabomba caroliniana in a natural wetland in the Blue Mountains, NSW, Australia–could this be eradication.] In Draft paper to 19th Australasian Weeds Conference, Hobart, Australia. and biological control. Herbicide treatment is effective, yet also damages the remaining aquatic flora and fauna. The cabomba weevil (Hydrotimetes natans) is introduced to waterways as a means of biological control of Cabomba caroliniana.Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. (2023, May 9). Hydrotimetes natans for the biological control of Cabomba caroliniana. Retrieved October 2, 2023, from https://www.agriculture.gov.au/biosecurity-trade/policy/risk-analysis/biological-control-agents/risk-analyses/completed-risk-analyses/ra-release-hydrotimetes-natans They consume the plant's tips and inflict significant harm when present in large quantities. Larvae burrow within the stems and result in substantial damage to the main stem due to tissue necrosis.Kumaran, N., Vance, T. J., Comben, D., Dell, Q., Oleiro, M. I., Goñalons, C. M., ... & Raghu, S. (2022). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1049964422000597/pdfft?md5=4b8208cd87e1a05a90ee397dd699f077&pid=1-s2.0-S1049964422000597-main.pdf "Hydrotimetes natans as a suitable biological control agent for the invasive weed Cabomba caroliniana."] Biological Control, 169, 104894.

Likewise, Cabomba furcata has become an invasive species in Kerala, India,{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-12-04 |title='Bloom of pink' spotted on lake in Kerala turns out to be major threat to aquatic system |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/Dec/04/bloom-of-pink-spotted-on-lake-inkerala-turns-out-to-be-major-threat-to-aquatic-system-2231918.html |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Shaji |first=K. A. |date=2020-12-15 |title=Kerala's 'pink phenomenon' can choke water bodies and drains, warn scientists |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/wildlife-biodiversity/kerala-s-pink-phenomenon-can-choke-water-bodies-and-drains-warn-scientists-74645 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=Down To Earth |language=en}} in the Kalutara district of Sri Lanka,Yakandawala, D. M. D., Yakandawala, K., Madola, I., & Herath, H. M. L. K. (2022). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kapila-Yakandawala/publication/361462522_Would_history_repeat_Detection_of_Cabomba_furcata_a_potential_invasive_plant_in_natural_ecosystems_of_Sri_Lanka/links/62b2ff6689e4f1160c92f708/Would-history-repeat-Detection-of-Cabomba-furcata-a-potential-invasive-plant-in-natural-ecosystems-of-Sri-Lanka.pdf Would history repeat? Detection of Cabomba furcata, a potential invasive plant in natural ecosystems of Sri Lanka.] Ceylon Journal of Science, 51(2), 155-163. in Chini Lake, Malaysia,Yunoh, S. M. M. (2011, December 28). Cabomba furcata (Cabombaceae). Malaysia Biodiversity Information System (MyBIS). https://www.mybis.gov.my/art/130 and Taiwan.{{Cite web |title=Cabomba piauhyensis 紅花穗蓴 |url=https://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/species/342%20002%2002%200 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=台灣植物資訊整合查詢系統 |language=zh-TW}}Wu, S. H., Yang, T. A., Teng, Y. C., Chang, C. Y., Yang, K. C., & Hsieh, C. F. (2010). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Chang-Fu-Hsieh/publication/258239910_Insights_of_the_Latest_Naturalized_Flora_of_Taiwan_Change_in_the_Past_Eight_Years/links/02e7e5278ad0d911f2000000/Insights-of-the-Latest-Naturalized-Flora-of-Taiwan-Change-in-the-Past-Eight-Years.pdf Insights of the latest naturalized flora of Taiwan: change in the past eight years.] Taiwania, 55(2), 139-159. Its presence leads to a decline of water quality and biodiversity.Rao, G. P., & Rani, K. S. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kethavath-Santhosh/publication/382445060_Bioinvasion-Proceedings-final-090224_2/links/669dbf41cb7fbf12a465573a/Bioinvasion-Proceedings-final-090224-2.pdf#page=116 A report on the biological invasion of alien plant species red Cabomba in the Kozhikode district of Kerala state and its impact on agro-ecosystem.] Issues in Biodiversity Conservation and Management, 103.

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{{Commons category inline|Cabomba|Cabomba}}

• [http://www.invadingspecies.com InvadingSpecies.com]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20110605044623/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?1834 United States Department of Agriculture, Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN): Cabomba]
• [https://en.fishkeeping.info/beginners-guide-to-cabomba-the-preferred-background-plant/ Information about Cabomba for Aquarium Hobbyists]

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Category:Nymphaeales genera

Category:Freshwater plants

Category:Taxa named by Jean Baptiste Christophore Fusée Aublet