Cairo edition
{{Short description|1924 version of the Qur'an}}
The Cairo edition ({{Langx|ar|المصحف الأميري}}, "the Amiri Mus'haf"), or the King Fu'ād Quran ({{Lang|ar|مصحف الملك فؤاد}}) or the Azhar Quran, is an edition of the Quran printed by the Amiri Press in the Bulaq district of Cairo on July 10, 1924.{{Cite web |last=Imane |title=مصحف الملك فؤاد عام ١٩٢٤: النصّ والتاريخ والتحدّيات – معهد الدراسات الشرقية للآباء الدومنيكان |url=https://www.ideo-cairo.org/ar/2021/12/%d9%85%d8%b5%d8%ad%d9%81-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%84%d9%83-%d9%81%d8%a4%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%a1%d9%a9%d9%a2%d9%a4-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b5%d9%91-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a/ |access-date=2022-05-08 |language=ar}}{{Cite web |title=Qur'ān 12-21. Translations of the Qur'ān in Europe, 12th - 21st centuries. |url=https://quran12-21.org/en/contexts/caire |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=quran12-21.org}}{{Cite book |last=Conidi |first=Emanuela |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1079208428 |title=Arabic types in Europe and the Middle East, 1514-1924 : challenges in the adaptation of the Arabic script from written to printed form. |oclc=1079208428}} It is the first printed Quran to be accepted by a Muslim authority, this authority being Al-Azhar.
The process of creating the Fu'ad Quran lasted 17 years, from 1907 to 1924, achieved with the support by Fuad I of Egypt and the supervision of Azhari scholars. It was regarded as an "official" Quran and was replicated by a number of following editions.
History
A committee of leading professors from Al-Azhar UniversityStefan Wild, "basmallah" The Quran: an Encyclopedia, Routledge had started work on the project in 1907 but it was not until 10 July 1924 that the "Cairo Qur’an" was first published by Amiri Press under the patronage of Fuad I of Egypt,Brockett, Adrian Alan, [https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/handle/10023/2770 Studies in two transmissions of the Qur'an]Peter G. Riddell, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Tq1v_V4haj4C&dq=nafi%27+al+madani&pg=PA164 Early Malay Qur'anic exegical activity], p. 164. Taken from Islam and the Malay-Indonesian World: Transmission and Responses. London: C. Hurst & Co., 2001. {{ISBN|9781850653363}} as such, it is sometimes known as the "royal (amīriyya) edition."{{cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=Printing of the Qurʾān |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |publisher=Brill Publishers |location=Leiden |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe |volume=IV |doi=10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00158 |isbn=90-04-14743-8 |author-last=Albin |author-first=Michael W.}} The goal of the government of the newly formed Kingdom of Egypt was not to delegitimize the other methods of recitation, but to eliminate that, which the colophon labels as imprecise typefaces, found in Qur’anic texts used in state schools. To do this they chose to preserve one of the fourteen Qira'at “readings”, namely that of Hafs (d. 180/796), student of ‘Asim. Its publication has been called a "terrific success", and the edition has been described as one "now widely seen as the official publishing methods of the Qur’an", and is popular among both Sunni and Shia Muslims. Minor amendments were made later in 1924 and in 1936 - the "Faruq edition" in honour of then ruler, King Faruq.{{cite book |author-last=Reynolds |author-first=Gabriel Said |url=https://archive.org/details/quranitshistoric00reyn |title=The Qur'an in its Historical Context |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-415-42899-6 |editor-last=Reynolds |editor-first=Gabriel Said |location=Abingdon, Oxfordshire |pages=[https://archive.org/details/quranitshistoric00reyn/page/n17 1–26] |chapter=Introduction: Qur'anic Studies and its Controversies |doi=10.4324/9780203939604 |ref=GSRQSaIC2008 |author-link=Gabriel Said Reynolds |access-date=15 January 2021 |url-access=limited |s2cid=160637821}}
Reasons given for the overwhelming popularity of Hafs and Asim include the fact that it doesn’t have Imāla, Ibdāl and so forth makes it easy to recite.{{cite web |date=9 March 2009 |title=Popularity of the recitation of Hafs from 'Aasim. Fatwa No: 118960 |url=https://www.islamweb.net/en/fatwa/118960/popularity-of-the-recitation-of-hafs-from-aasim |access-date=11 April 2020 |website=Islamweb}} (Qatari Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs) Ingrid Mattson credits mass-produced printing press mushaf with increasing the availability of the written Quran but also diminishing the diversity of qira'at.{{cite book |last1=Mattson |first1=Ingrid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-eUnDh_OWgC&q=recitation+of+Hafs+now+became+dominant&pg=PA129 |title=The Story of the Qur'an: Its History and Place in Muslim Life |date=2013 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons. |isbn=9780470673492 |page=129 |access-date=11 April 2020}} Written text has become canonical and oral recitation has lost much of its previous equality.
Muslim disagreement over whether to include the Basmala within the Quranic text, reached consensus following the 1924 Edition, which included it as the first verse (āyah) of Quran chapter 1 but otherwise included it as an unnumbered line of text preceding the other relevant 112 chapters.{{cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=Basmala |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |publisher=Brill Publishers |location=Leiden |author-link=William A. Graham (dean) |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe |volume=I |doi=10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00024 |isbn=90-04-14743-8 |author-last=Graham |author-first=William A.}} The Cairo Quran adopted the Kufan tradition of separating and numbering verses, and thus standardized a different verse numbering to Flügel's 1834 edition.{{cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=Preface |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |publisher=Brill Publishers |location=Leiden |author-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-first=Jane Dammen |volume=VI |isbn=978-90-04-14764-5 |author-last=McAuliffe |author-first=Jane Dammen}} It adopted the order of chapters attributed to Ibn Abbās, which became widely accepted following 1924.{{cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=Chronology and the Qurʾān |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |publisher=Brill Publishers |location=Leiden |author-link=Gerhard Böwering |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe |volume=I |doi=10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00034 |isbn=90-04-14743-8 |author-last=Böwering |author-first=Gerhard}} A large number of pre-1924 Qurans were destroyed by disposing of them in the river Nile.
Prominent committee members included Islamic scholar, Muhammad b. ‘Ali al-Husayni al-Haddad, Egypt's senior Qur'an Reader (Shaykh al-Maqâri). Noteworthy Western scholars/academics working in Egypt during the era include Bergsträsser and Jeffery. Methodological differences aside, speculation alludes to a spirit of cooperation. Bergsträsser was certainly impressed with the work.