Caló language#Loans

{{lang|rmq|Calé}} is the endonym of the Romani people in Iberia, and {{lang|rmq|caló}} means 'the language spoken by the {{lang|rmq|calé}}'. However, the {{lang|rmq|calé}} are commonly known in Portuguese- and Spanish-speaking countries by the exonyms {{lang|pt|ciganos}} and {{lang|es|gitanos}}.

In {{lang|rmq|caló}} and other varieties of Romani, {{lang|rmq|kalo}} means 'black' or 'absorbing all light',[https://glosbe.com/rom/en/kalo Glosbe 2013, Dictionary/Romany-English Dictionary/kalo] (23 September 2016). hence closely resembling words for 'black' and/or 'dark' in Indo-Aryan languages (e.g. Sanskrit {{lang|sa|काल}} {{lang|sa-Latn|kāla}} 'black', 'of a dark colour'). Hence {{lang|rmq|caló}} and {{lang|rmq|calé}} may have originated as ancient exonyms.

Caló has six vowels:

It has the following consonant inventory:

Notable phonological features of Iberian Caló are:

• the loss of the distinction between aspirated {{IPA|/pʰ tʰ kʰ tʃʰ/}}, unaspirated {{IPA|/p t k tʃ/}} and voiced {{IPA|/b d ɡ dʒ/}}.
• the merger of {{IPA|/b/}} and {{IPA|/v/}} – betacism.
• affrication of {{IPA|/t d/}} to {{IPA|/tʃ dʒ/}} before the front vowels {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/e̞/}} cf. Brazilian Portuguese {{IPA|/ti/}}, {{IPA|/di/}} > {{IPA|[tʃi ~ tɕi]}}, {{IPA|[dʒi ~ dʑi]}}.

Spanish Romani:

:{{lang|rmq|Y sasta se hubiese catanado sueti baribustri, baribustri, y abillasen solictos á ó de los fores, os penó por parabola: Manu chaló abri á chibar desqueri simiente: y al chibarle, yeque aricata peró sunparal al drun, y sinaba hollada, y la jamáron as patrias e Charos. Y aver peró opré bar: y pur se ardiñó, se secó presas na terelaba humedad. Y aver peró andré jarres, y as jarres, sos ardiñáron sat siró, la mulabáron. Y aver peró andré pu lachi: y ardiñó, y diñó mibao á ciento por yeque. Penado ocono, se chibó á penar á goles: Coin terela canes de junelar, junele.}}

:Parable of the Sower, Luke, 8, 4–8, as published by George Borrow in 1838[https://web.archive.org/web/20070115152743/http://img.forministry.com/B/B8/B8EA8ADD-FCF4-491A-9BC86982189D33F4/DOC/PV13_Biblia_en_accion.pdf Biblia en acción], JORGE BORROW: Un inglés al encuentro de lo Español.

Compare with a Spanish version:

:{{lang|es|Cuando una gran multitud se reunió y personas de cada ciudad fueron donde Jesús, Él les habló con una parábola. «Un campesino salió a sembrar su semilla. Al sembrar algunas cayeron en la carretera; fueron pisoteadas y se las comieron los pájaros del cielo. Otras semillas cayeron encima de la roca, tan pronto como crecieron se secaron porque no tenían humedad. Otras cayeron entre los espinos, y los espinos crecieron con éstas y las sofocaron. Otras cayeron en tierra buena; crecieron y dieron fruto, cien veces más.» Después de decir estas cosas gritó, «¡Aquel que tiene oídos para escuchar, que escuche!»}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20070812184607/http://de.geocities.com/nuestroamigojesus/bdp/lucas-libro.html Traducción de dominio público abierta a mejoras] derived from the World English Bible.

The Lord's Prayer has often been used as a parallel text:

Spanish Caló:

:{{lang|rmq|Amaro Dada, oté andré o Tarpe, majarificable sinele tun nao. Abillele tun chim. Sinele querdi tun pesquital andré a jolili, sasta andré o Tarpe. Diñamangue achibes amaro manro de cada chibes. Y amangue ertina amarias visabas, andiar sasta mu ertinamos á os sares, sos debisarelen amangue buchi. Y na enseeles amangue andré o chungalo y choro.}}

: Luke, 11, 2-4, [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/29470/29470-h/29470-h.htm Embéo e Majaró Lucas], translated by George Borrow, 1837.

Lovara Balkans Romani:

:{{lang|rom|Amaro Dat, kai san ando rhaio, te avel cho anav ankerdo Swunto. Chi amperetsia te avel, chi voia te kerdiol pe phuv sar ando rhaio. De amen adies amaro manrho sar swako dies. Iertisar amare bezexa; sar vi ame iertis kodolen kai keren bezexa karing amende. Na mek ame te zhas ando zumaimos; numa skepisar ame katar o nasul iek.}}

: Luke, 11, 2-4, [https://jesusfellowship.uk/cgi-bin/bible/bible.cgi?SEARCH=++&CASE=ON&HILITE=ON&FIRST=OK&R1=I&BIBLE=Romani+NT&BOOK=42&CHAP=11&SUBMIT=Read Romani (Gypsy) New Testament: E Lashi Viasta]. Ruth Modrow, 1984.

Spanish:

:{{lang|es|Padre nuestro que estás en los cielos: Santificado sea tu nombre; venga tu reino; sea hecha tu voluntad, como en el cielo, así también en la tierra. el pan nuestro de cada día, dánoslo hoy; y perdónanos nuestros pecados porque también nosotros perdonamos a todos los que nos deben. Y no nos metas en tentación, mas líbranos del mal.}}

: Luke, 11, 2-4, [https://jesusfellowship.uk/cgi-bin/bible/bible.cgi?SEARCH=++&CASE=ON&HILITE=ON&FIRST=OK&R1=I&BIBLE=Spanish&BOOK=42&CHAP=11&SUBMIT=Read Spanish Bible]: Reina-Valera 1569, revised 1960.

Many Caló terms have been borrowed in Spanish (especially as slangisms and colloquialisms), often through flamenco lyrics and criminal jargon ({{lang|es|germanía}}).

Examples are {{lang|es|gachó/gachí}} ("man/woman", from gadjo/gadji), {{lang|es|chaval}} ("boy", originally "son", also present in English as chav{{lang|es|Diccionario crítico etimológico de la lengua castellana}}, vol. II, p. 39. Joan Corominas, Francke Verlag, Bern, 1954. {{ISBN|978-84-249-1361-8}}.), {{lang|es|parné}} ("money"), {{lang|es|currelar}} or {{lang|es|currar}} ("to work"), {{lang|es|fetén}} ("excellent"), {{lang|es|pinreles}} ("feet"), {{lang|es|biruji}} ("cold"), {{lang|es|churumbel}} ("boy"), {{lang|es|gilí}} ("silly, stupid"), {{lang|es|chachi}} ("outstanding, genuine"), {{lang|es|(un)debel}} or {{lang|es|debla}} ("god/goddess"), {{lang|es|mengue}} ("demon"), {{lang|es|chorar}} or{{lang|es|chorrar}} in Spain ("to steal", also present in English slang as to chaw), {{lang|es|molar}} ("to be appealing to someone"), {{lang|es|piltra}} ("bed"), {{lang|es|acais}} ("eyes"), {{lang|es|chola}} ("head"), {{lang|es|jeró}} ("face"), {{lang|es|napia}} ("nose"), {{lang|es|muí}} ("mouth"), {{lang|es|lache}} ("shame"), {{lang|es|pitingo}} ("vain"), {{lang|es|chungo}} ("bad, nasty, dodgy"), {{lang|es|guripa}} ("cheeky, soldier"), {{lang|es|ful}} ("fake"), {{lang|es|paripé}} ("pretence, white lie"), {{lang|es|juncal}} ("slender, graceful"), {{lang|es|pure}} or {{lang|es|pureta}} ("old"), {{lang|es|sobar}} ("to sleep"), {{lang|es|quer}} or {{lang|es|queli}} ("house"), {{lang|es|garito}} ("house, gambling den"), {{lang|es|jalar}} ("to eat with great apetite"), {{lang|es|cate}} ("hit"), {{lang|es|jiñar}} ("to defecate, to fear"), {{lang|es|diñar}} ("to give, to die"), {{lang|es|palmar}} ("to die"), {{lang|es|chinarse}} ("to get upset"), {{lang|es|langui}} ("lame"), {{lang|es|chalado}} or {{lang|es|pirado}} ("crazy"), {{lang|es|pirarse}} ("to leave", "to make oneself scarce"), {{lang|es|changar}} ("to break"), {{lang|es|chivarse}} ("to denounce sb, to squeal"), {{lang|es|chivato}} ("informer"), {{lang|es|hacerse el longuis}} ("to pretend to be absent-minded"), pringar ("to get sb mixed up, to overdo"), {{lang|es|chingar}} ("to have sexual relations, to bother"), {{lang|es|chinorri}} ("little"), {{lang|es|najar}} ("to flee"), {{lang|es|privar}} ("drink, to drink"), {{lang|es|mangar}} ("to steal"), {{lang|es|nanay}} ("no way, there isn't"), {{lang|es|chorizo}} ("thief"), {{lang|es|achantar}} ("to intimidate"), {{lang|es|pispar}} ("to nick"), {{lang|es|birlar}} ("to nick"), {{lang|es|achanta la muí}} ("shut your mouth"), {{lang|es|canguelo}} or {{lang|es|cangueli}} ("fear"), {{lang|es|cañí}} ("Romani person"), {{lang|es|calé}} ("Romani person"), {{lang|es|caló}} ("language of the Iberian Kale"), {{lang|es|calas}} ("money"), {{lang|es|curda}} ("drunkenness"), {{lang|es|menda}} ("myself"), and {{lang|es|galochi}} ("heart"), payo ("non-Romani person, fool, easy to cheat").[http://oliba.uoc.edu/gitanos/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=118&Itemid=273&lang=ca Aportacions gitanes al castellà] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722022230/http://oliba.uoc.edu/gitanos/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=118&Itemid=273&lang=ca |date=2011-07-22 }}.

Some words underwent a shift in meaning in the process: {{lang|es|camelar}} (etymologically related to Sanskrit kāma, "love, desire") in colloquial Spanish has the meaning of "to woo, to seduce, to deceive by adulation" (but also "to love", "to want"; although this sense has fallen into disuse),[http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltGUIBusUsual?TIPO_HTML=2&TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=camelar camelar] in the Diccionario de la Real Academia, but in Caló it more closely matches the Spanish meanings of {{lang|es|querer}} ("to want" and "to love"). In addition {{lang|es|camelar}} and the noun {{lang|es|camelo}} can also mean either "lie" or "con".

Caló also appears to have influenced Madrid slang {{lang|es-ES|cheli}} and quinqui, the language of another Iberian group of travellers who are not ethnically Romani.

{{lang|es-ES|Gacería}}, a cant spoken by makers of agricultural equipment in a village of Segovia, also derives some words from Caló.

To a lesser extent than in Spanish, Caló terms have also been adapted into Catalan as slangisms and colloquialisms, most of which were taken adopted from Spanish slang.

Examples are {{lang|ca|halar}} ({{IPA|ca|həˈla|pron}} or {{IPA|ca|xəˈla|}}; "to eat"), {{lang|ca|xaval}} ("boy"), {{lang|ca|dinyar(-la)}} ("to die"), {{lang|ca|palmar(-la)}} ("to die"), {{lang|ca|cangueli}} ("fear"), {{lang|ca|paio}} ("non-Romani person"), {{lang|ca|calés}} ("money"), {{lang|ca|caló}} ("language of the Iberian Kale"), {{lang|ca|cangrí}} ("prison"), {{lang|ca|pispar}} ("to nick"), {{lang|ca|birlar}} ("to nick"), {{lang|ca|xorar}} ("to steal"), {{lang|ca|mangar}} ("to steal"), {{lang|ca|molar}} ("to like"), {{lang|ca|pringar}} ("to get sb mixed up, to overdo"), {{lang|ca|pirar(-se)}} ("to leave, to make oneself scarce"), {{lang|ca|sobar}} ("to sleep"), {{lang|ca|privar}} ("drink, to drink"), ("pleb"), {{lang|ca|laxe}} ("shame"), {{lang|ca|catipén}} ("stink"), {{lang|ca|xaxi}} ("outstanding, genuine"), {{lang|ca|xivar-se'n}} ("to denounce sb, to squeal"), {{lang|ca|xivato}} ("informer"), {{lang|ca|xinar(-se)}} ("to get upset"), {{lang|ca|fer el llonguis}} (lit. "Do a long one" fig. "to pretend to be thick/slow") and {{lang|ca|potra}} ("luck").[http://oliba.uoc.edu/gitanos/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=120&Itemid=275&lang=ca Aportacions gitanes al català] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722022245/http://oliba.uoc.edu/gitanos/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=120&Itemid=275&lang=ca |date=2011-07-22 }}[http://www.edu3.cat/Edu3tv/Fitxa?p_id=23242 El català dels gitanos]. Caçadors de Paraules (TV3, edu3.cat).

There are a small number of words of Caló (Calão) origin and many of those are indirect loans, borrowed via Spanish.

The examples generally understood by most or all speakers of Portuguese include {{lang|pt|gajo}} ({{IPA|pt|ˈɡaʒu|pron}}, "man, dude", primarily in Portugal),{{Cite web|url=https://dicionario.priberam.org/gajão|title=gajão|first=Priberam Informática|last=S.A|website=Dicionário Priberam}} {{lang|pt|chavalo}} ("lad, young boy"), chunga ("bad, nasty, dodgy"), chibar-se ("to denounce sb, to squeal"), chibo ("informer"),{{Cite web|url=https://dicionario.priberam.org/chavalo|title=Chavalo|first=Priberam Informática|last=S.A|website=Dicionário Priberam}} {{lang|pt|baque}} ({{IPA|pt|ˈbaki|}}, {{IPA|pt|ˈbakɨ|}},{{Cite web|url=https://michaelis.uol.com.br/moderno-portugues/busca/portugues-brasileiro/baque|title=Baque|website=Michaelis On-Line}} generally "impact", but in this sense "sudden happiness"), {{lang|pt|pileque}} ({{IPA|pt|piˈlɛki|}}, {{IPA|pt|piˈlɛk(ɨ)|}}, "drunkenness"),{{Cite web|url=https://michaelis.uol.com.br/moderno-portugues/busca/portugues-brasileiro/pileque/|title=Pileque|website=Michaelis On-Line}} {{lang|pt|chulé}} ("bad smell of feet),{{Cite web|url=https://michaelis.uol.com.br/moderno-portugues/busca/portugues-brasileiro/Chul%C3%A9+/|title=Chulé|website=Michaelis On-Line}} {{lang|pt|pirar-se}} ("to leave"),{{Cite web|url=https://michaelis.uol.com.br/busca?r=0&f=0&t=0&palavra=Pirar|title=Pirar|website=Michaelis On-Line}} {{lang|pt|pirado}} and {{lang|pt|chalado}}{{Cite web|url=https://dicionario.priberam.org/chalado|title=Chalado|first=Priberam Informática|last=S.A|website=Dicionário Priberam}} ("crazy").[https://lordcesarvalentine.blogspot.com.br/2010/05/mundo-cigano.html Suplemento do léxico cigano]. Mundo Cigano.

File:Caló (Spanish Romani) lessons in a public library in Barcelona.jpg

There is a growing awareness and appreciation for Caló: "...until the recent work by Luisa Rojo, in the Autonomous University of Madrid, not even the linguistics community recognized the significance and problems of Caló and its world."[http://ibs.lgu.ac.uk/forum/luri.htm The Responsibility of Linguist and the Basque Case] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051120151324/http://ibs.lgu.ac.uk/forum/luri.htm |date=2005-11-20 }} Its world includes songs, poetry and flamenco.

As Iberian Romani proper is extinct and as Caló is endangered, some people are trying to revitalise the language. The Spanish politician Juan de Dios Ramírez Heredia promotes Romanò-Kalò, a variant of International Romani, enriched by Caló words.[https://unionromani.org/notis/2006/noti2006-12-29a.htm "Unión Romaní imparte el primer curso de romanò-kalò"], Union Romani, 29 December 2006 His goal is to reunify the Caló and Romani roots.

In 1838, the first edition of Embéo E Majaró Lucas[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/29470 Embéo e Majaró Lucas by George Borrow] at Project Gutenberg. translated by George Borrow was published and began to be distributed in Madrid. This was Borrow's translation of the Gospel of Luke into Caló.[http://georgeborrow.org/literature/theGypsyLuke.html Embéo E Majaró Lucas] - further details are given in the page on the website of the [http://georgeborrow.org/ George Borrow Society]. A revision of this was printed in 1872.

• Angloromani
• Erromintxela
• Germanía
• Gitanos
• The Zincali: An Account of the Gypsies of Spain

{{reflist}}

{{wiktionary|Category:Spanish terms derived from Caló}}

{{wiktionary|Category:Caló language}}

{{wikisource|es:Diccionario gitano}}

{{incubator|rmq|wiktionary}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20081118084018/http://www.geocities.com/webromany/notas_gramaticales/dos_ejemplos/the_romany_language_in_spain.html The Romany language in Spain]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080509104228/http://www.unionromani.org/ftp/idioma05.asc Romanò-Kalò (As promoted by Juan de Dios Ramírez Heredia)]
• [http://dirae.es/palabras/?q=%22del%20cal%C3%B3%22 List of Spanish words from Caló] in the Diccionario de la Real Academia Española.

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