Calcium perchlorate
{{Chembox
| ImageFile = Calcium_perchlorate.svg
| ImageSize =
| ImageAlt =
| IUPACName = Calcium perchlorate
| OtherNames = Calcium perchlorate tetrahydrate, Calcium diperchlorate, Perchloric acid calcium salt (2:1), Calcium perchlorate, hydrated
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo = 13477-36-6
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| EINECS = 236-768-0
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 8249MC3K19
| PubChem = 61629
| ChemSpiderID = 55537
| SMILES = [Ca+2].O=Cl(=O)(=O)[O-].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O
| InChI = 1/Ca.2ClHO4/c;2*2-1(3,4)5/h;2*(H,2,3,4,5)/q+2;;/p-2
| InChIKey = ZQAOXERLHGRFIC-NUQVWONBAO
| StdInChI = 1S/Ca.2ClHO4/c;2*2-1(3,4)5/h;2*(H,2,3,4,5)/q+2;;/p-2
| StdInChIKey = ZQAOXERLHGRFIC-UHFFFAOYSA-L
}}
|Section2={{Chembox Properties
| Formula = {{chem2|Ca(ClO4)2}}
| MolarMass = 238.9792 g/mol
| Appearance = White to yellow crystalline solid
| MeltingPtC = 270
| BoilingPt =
| SolubleOther =
|Solubility2=61.76 g/100 g
|Solvent2=acetone
|Solubility3=113.5 g/100 g
|Solvent3=ethyl acetate
|Solubility4=166.2 g/100 g
|Solvent4=ethanol
|Solubility5=0.26 g/100 g
|Solvent5=ethyl ether
|Solubility6=237.4 g/100 g{{cite book|title=AMCP 706-187 Military Pyrotechnics - Properties of Materials|url=https://archive.org/details/AMCP706187MilitaryPyrotechnicsPropertiesOfMaterials/page/n93|page=78|date=October 1963|publisher=US Army Materiel Command}}
|Solvent6=methanol}}
|Section3={{Chembox Hazards
| ExternalSDS =
| MainHazards = oxidiser
| NFPA-H = 2
| NFPA-F = 0
| NFPA-R = 1
| NFPA-S = OX
| ExploLimits =
| LD50 =
| SkinHazard =
| EyeHazard =
| InhalationHazard =
| IngestionHazard =
| GHSPictograms = {{GHS03}}
| GHSSignalWord = Danger
| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|271}}
| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|210|220|221|280|283|306+360|370+378|371+380+375|501}}
| TLV =
| TLV-TWA =
| TLV-STEL =
| PEL =
}}
}}
Calcium perchlorate is classified as a metal perchlorate salt with the molecular formula {{chem2|Ca(ClO4)2}}. It is an inorganic compound that is a yellow-white crystalline solid in appearance. As a strong oxidizing agent, it reacts with reducing agents when heated to generate heat and products that may be gaseous (which will cause pressurization in closed containers). Calcium perchlorate has been categorized as having explosive reactivity. {{chem2|Ca(ClO4)2}} is a common chemical on the soil of planet Mars, counting for almost 1% of the Martian dust, by weight.
Properties
Calcium perchlorate is a strong inorganic oxidizing agent, enhancing the combustion of other substances that can potentially lead to explosion. The perchlorate ion, {{chem2|ClO4−}}, has a highly symmetrical tetrahedral structure that is strongly stabilized in solution by its low electron-donating proton-accepting power and its relatively low polarizability.
= Eutectic system =
Calcium perchlorate solution forms a simple eutectic system. The eutectic composition of the calcium perchlorate solution is 4.2 mol / 1000 g {{chem2|H2O}}, very similar to the composition of closely related metal cation perchlorates of strontium and barium.{{cite journal |last1=Marion |first1=G.M. |last2=Catling |first2=D.C. |last3=Zahnle |first3=K.J. |last4=Claire |first4=M.W. |title=Modeling aqueous perchlorate chemistries with applications to Mars |journal=Icarus |date=June 2010 |volume=207 |issue=2 |pages=675–685 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2009.12.003 |url=http://faculty.washington.edu/dcatling/Marion2010_PerchlorateFREZCHEM.pdf |access-date=5 November 2022 |language=en}}
Occurrences
= Electrolyte conductance =
Electrolyte conductance of {{chem2|Ca(ClO4)2}} and double charged metal cations in the organic solvent acetonitrile has been tested. The interest in metal cation perchlorate interactions with photosensitive ligands has increased due to the development of highly specific fluorescence indicators.
Production
Perchlorate salts are the product of a base and perchloric acid. Calcium perchlorate can be prepared through the heating of a mixture of calcium carbonate and ammonium perchlorate. Ammonium carbonate forms in the gaseous state, leaving behind a calcium perchlorate solid.
Reactions
= Water =
Being very hygroscopic, calcium perchlorate is commonly seen in the presence of four water molecules, referred to as calcium perchlorate tetrahydrate {{chem2|Ca(ClO4)2*4H2O}}.
= Cyclic hydrogenphosphonates =
A hybrid organic-inorganic molecule is formed using dioxazaphosphocanes, eight-membered cyclic hydrogenphosphonates and calcium. Calcium from the calcium perchlorate contributes to the structural integrity of the oligomeric molecule; the four calcium ions are bridged between four dioxazaphosphocane moieties.
Human toxicity
References
{{Reflist|refs=
| url = http://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/2787
| title = Calcium Perchlorate
| work = Cameo Chemicals
| publisher = Office of Response and Restoration, National Ocean Service
| access-date = October 25, 2012
}}
| url = http://www.chemicalbook.com/ProductChemicalPropertiesCB9181917_EN.htm
| title = Calcium Perchlorate
| work = ChemicalBook
| publisher =
| access-date = October 25, 2012
}}
| title = Ion association and solvation in solutions of Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ and Ni2+ perchlorates in acetonitrile: Conductometric study
| journal = Journal of Molecular Liquids
| doi=10.1016/j.molliq.2011.10.012
| volume=165
| pages=78–86
| date = January 2012
| last1 = Kalugin
| first1 = Oleg N.
| last2 = Agieienko
| first2 = Vira N.
| last3 = Otroshko
| first3 = Natalya A.
}}
| title = A New Oligomeric Complex of Cyclic Hydrogenphosphonates with Calcium Perchlorate
| journal = European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry
| doi=10.1002/1099-0682(200210)2002:10<2727::AID-EJIC2727>3.0.CO;2-D
| volume=2002
| issue = 10
| pages=2727–2729
|year = 2002|last1 = Sutra|first1 = Elsa| last2 = Lamandé
| first2 = Lydia
| last3 = Gornitzka
| first3 = Heinz
| last4 = Bellan
| first4 = Jacques
}}
|url=http://www.roguesci.org/megalomania/explo/perchlorates.html
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050312085054/http://www.roguesci.org/megalomania/explo/perchlorates.html
|archive-date= March 12, 2005
| title = Perchlorates
| work = Megalomania's Method of Making Perchlorates
| publisher = Megalomania's Controversial Chem Lab
| access-date = June 4, 2023
}}
| url = https://archive.org/details/CRCHandbookOfChemistryAndPhysics97thEdition2016/page/n771
|page=4-54
| title = Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds
| work = CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
|year=2016
|edition=97
| publisher = Taylor and Francis Group
| access-date = June 4, 2023
}}
| title = Polythermal Study of the Systems M(ClO4)2–H2O (M2+ = Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+)
| journal = Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry
| volume = 78
| issue = 3
| pages = 409–413
| doi = 10.1007/s11167-005-0306-z
| year = 2005
| last1 = Pestova
| first1 = O. N.
| last2 = Myund
| first2 = L. A.
| last3 = Khripun
| first3 = M. K.
| last4 = Prigaro
| first4 = A. V.
| s2cid = 95464181
}}
}}
{{Calcium compounds}}
{{Perchlorates}}