Calderonista invasion of Costa Rica
{{Expand Spanish|topic=mil|Invasión de Costa Rica de 1955|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Calderonista Invasion of Costa Rica (1955)
| partof = History of Costa Rica
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = Costa Rican Soldiers in Santa Rosa
| date = January 11 – February 21, 1955
| place = Costa Rica
| casus =
| result = Costa Rican government victory
| combatant1 = {{flag|Costa Rica}}
Supported by:
{{flag|United States|1912}}
{{Flag|Organization of American States}}
| combatant2 = File:Bandera Partido Republicano Nacional (1932-1952) Costa Rica.svg Calderón forces
Supported by:
{{flag|Nicaragua|1908}}
{{flag|Venezuela|1954}}
{{flag|Dominican Republic}}
-----
{{Flag|Guatemala}} (Diplomatic Support)
| commander1 = {{Flagdeco|Costa Rica}} José María Figueres Ferrer
| commander2 = Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia
{{Flagdeco|Nicaragua}} Anastasio Somoza
{{Flagdeco|Dominican Republic}} Rafael Leónidas Trujillo
{{Flagdeco|Venezuela}} Marcos Pérez Jiménez
| strength1 = 9,000 troops
| strength2 = 3,500 troops
15 tankettes
5 planes
4 armored vehicles
| casualties1 = 39 killed
| casualties2 = 58 killed
1 plane shot down
Several tankettes captured
}}
{{History of Costa Rica}}
The Calderonista Invasion of Costa Rica was a small rebellion carried out in North-West Costa Rica by forces loyal to the disgruntled former president Rafael Calderón, and was supported by the Government of Nicaragua who were unhappy with the election of Jose "Pepe" Figueres Ferrer to the Costa Rican Presidency two years prior.
Summary
Don José Figueres Ferrer was elected president in 1953. Since late 1954, a group of Costa Ricans in favor of restoring Calderón Guardia, then in Mexico, to power, began preparing a movement in Nicaragua to overthrow the Figueres administration, with the complicity of the Somoza regime, since the dictatorial president of Nicaragua, Anastasio Somoza García, alleged that members of the Caribbean Legion, a supposed group of political exiles from the Caribbean nations, had participated in a conspiracy to assassinate him with the help of Figueres.
Apparently Somoza made plans with Trujillo (dictator of the Dominican Republic) to retaliate and then supported Calderón Guardia, who commanded a band of rebels in southern Nicaragua under the military leadership of Major Teodoro Picado Lara, son of former President Teodoro Picado, who invaded the country through the northern border, some invaders even reaching Villa Quesada (now Ciudad Quesada) in San Carlos, on January 11, 1955.
Figueres immediately appealed to the Organization of American States (OAS) to investigate; a commission discovered that the supplies and war material came from Nicaragua. As soon as this became public, Nicaragua ceased aid to the Calderonist rebels, who were mostly Costa Ricans. Meanwhile, the country organized itself through its Public Forces, reservists, and volunteers. The United States sold four warplanes , at the symbolic price of $1 each, to Costa Rica to aid in its defense.
There were some battles and skirmishes in several towns, especially in Santa Rosa, where the remains of some tanks still remain. But the rebels were no match for the government forces, which enjoyed great popular support, and they were driven back across the border into Nicaragua. In early 1956, Costa Rica and Nicaragua agreed to cooperate in monitoring their border. [https://elespiritudel48.org/invasion-55/ "Invasión 55"]
Beginning
The rebellion started on 7 January 1955 when forces loyal to former president Rafael Calderón, who were backed by the Nicaraguan president Anastasio Somoza García,{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cOsi1BSPRm4C&q=Calderonista%2520Invasion%2520of%2520Costa%2520Rica&pg=PA137 |title=Caribbean Legion: Patriots, Politicians, Soldiers of Fortune, 1946–1950 |last=Ameringer |first=Charles |date=2010-11-01 |publisher=Penn State Press |isbn=978-0271042183 |language=en}} crossed the border from Nicaragua into Costa Rica.{{cite web|title=Calderonista invasion of Costa Rica 1955|url=https://www.onwar.com/aced/chrono/c1900s/yr50/fcostarica1955.htm|website=Onwar.com|publisher=Onwar|accessdate=17 February 2018}} Venezuelan dictator Marcos Pérez Jiménez provided financial support to the rebels and, reportedly, air support.{{Cite web|url=https://idnc.library.illinois.edu/?a=d&d=DIL19550119.2.47&e=-------en-20--1--img-txIN---------|title=Daily Illini 19 January 1955 — Illinois Digital Newspaper Collections|website=idnc.library.illinois.edu|access-date=2020-01-16}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.laprensa.com.ni/magazine/reportaje/cuando-somoza-invadio-costa-rica/|title=Cuando Somoza invadió Costa Rica|date=2017-06-12|website=Magazine - La Prensa Nicaragua|language=es|access-date=2020-01-16}}{{Cite web|url=https://elespiritudel48.org/invasion-55/#top|title=Invasión 55 – El Espíritu del 48|website=elespiritudel48.org|access-date=2020-01-16}} The rebel forces seized the border town of Villa Quesada on 12 January.{{Cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/cascon/cases/case_ncr.html |title=Cascon Case NCR: Nicaragua-Costa Rica 1955–56 |website=web.mit.edu |access-date=2018-02-18}}
Jose Figueres accused the CIA of covertly aiding Nicaragua's invasion by sending pilots and sorties to covertly attack Costa Rica, notably subjecting at least 11 villages to machine gun fire.{{Cite book|last=Ameringer|first=Charles D.|title=Don Pepe: a political biography of José Figueres of Costa Rica|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|year=1978|isbn=|location=Albuquerque|pages=124-125}}
Resolution
The Costa Rican government appealed to the Organization of American States to investigate.{{cite web|url=https://news.co.cr/a-history-of-invasions-costa-rica-and-nicaragua/423/|accessdate=18 February 2018|title=Costa Rica Star}} The Organization of American States found the Nicaraguan government was supporting the rebels and as soon as this was announced, the Nicaraguan government ended its support of the rebels. The United States sold Costa Rica four fighter planes, while the rebels were overwhelmed by the popularly backed government forces. After some fierce fighting in a handful of northern towns, the rebels were pushed out of Costa Rica.