Calusa language
{{short description|Extinct language of Florida, United States}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Calusa
| nativename =
| region = Florida
| extinct = ca. 1800
| family = unclassified (Calusa–Tunica?)
| familycolor = American
| iso3 = none
| glotto = calu1239
| glottorefname = Calusa
| states = United States
| ethnicity = Calusa
| map = CalusaTerritory_without_borders.png
| mapcaption = Map of Calusa territory
}}
The Calusa language is an unclassified language of southern Florida, United States that was spoken by the Calusa people.
Classification
Circumstantial evidence, primarily from Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, suggests that all of the peoples of southern Florida and the Tampa Bay area, including the Tequesta, Mayaimi, and Tocobaga, as well as the Calusa, spoke dialects of a common language. This language was distinct from the languages of the Apalachee, Timucua, Mayaca, and Ais people in central and northern Florida.
= Comparison with Tunica =
{{Main|Calusa–Tunica languages}}
Julian Granberry (1994) has suggested that the Calusa language was related to the Tunica language of the lower Mississippi River Valley, with Calusa possibly being relatively a recent arrival from the lower Mississippi region. Another possibility was that similarities between the languages were derived from long-term mutual contact.{{cite book|last=Granberry|first=Julian|title=The Calusa: Linguistic and Cultural Relationships|year=2011|publisher=The University of Alabama Press|location=Tuscaloosa, Alabama|isbn=978-0-8173-1751-5|pages=19–24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xrfs5iF9EV4C&q=feliciano+lopez+calusa&pg=PA19}}
Phonology
Granberry (2011) provides the following inventory of Calusa phonemes.{{Cite book|chapter=Evidence for a Calusa-Tunica Relationship|last=Granberry|first=Julian|year=1994|url=http://hdl.handle.net/1808/22990|title=Papers of the Mid-America Linguistics Conference (MALC)|pages=505-519|location=Lawrence, Kansas|publisher=University of Kansas}}
| class="wikitable"
|+Consonants ! !Labial !Apical !Palatal !Velar !Glottal |
| align="center"
!Plosive |p |t |tʃ |k |ʔ |
| align="center"
!Fricative | |s | | |h |
| align="center"
!Rhotic | |r | | | |
| align="center"
!Nasal |m |n |ɲ | | |
| align="center"
!Lateral | |l | | | |
| align="center"
!Approximant |w | |j | | |
| class="wikitable"
|+Vowels ! !Front !Central !Back |
| align="center"
!Close |i | |u |
| align="center"
!Close-mid |e | |o |
| align="center"
!Open-mid |ɛ | |ɔ |
| align="center"
!Open | |a | |
Vocabulary
Little is known of the language of the Calusa. A dozen words for which translations were recorded and 50 or 60 place names form the entire known corpus of the language.
A few vocabulary examples from Granberry (2011) are listed below:Granberry 2011: 27-38
- tepe 'join'
- kuči 'destroy'
- ñoka 'war'
- ño 'village'
- *śahka 'tree'
- mayai 'on the other side'
(*) denotes earlier century Calusa language records.
Some Calusa words, proper nouns, and phrases from Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda's writings (including his 1575 memoir Memoria de las cosas y costa y indios de la Florida) that are cited in Zamponi (2024) include:{{cite book |last=Zamponi |first=Raoul |title=The Languages and Linguistics of Indigenous North America |chapter=Unclassified languages |publisher=De Gruyter |date=2024 |isbn=978-3-11-071274-2 |doi=10.1515/9783110712742-061 |pages=1627–1648 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110712742-061/html}}
:
| class="wikitable sortable"
! Calusa !! English gloss (Zamponi 2024) !! Spanish gloss (original) !! notes | |||
| carlos | ferocious people | quiere desir en su lenguaje pueblo feros | Spanish corruption of caalus |
| Certepe | chief king and great lord | Rey mayor y gran señor | |
| ño | beloved town | quiere dezir pueblo querido | |
| seletega | Run, see if people are coming! | Corre mira si biene jente | |
| tejiEue | lookout, vantage point | miradero quiere dezir | |
| cañogacola | wicked people without respect | gente bellaca sin Respeto | from regions above Tampa on the Gulf Coast |
| cuchiaga | place where there has been torture | quiere dezir lugar Amartirisado | from the Keys |
| guarugunbe | town of weeping | quiere desir en rromanse pueblo de llanto | from the Keys |
| guasaca Esgui | river of reeds | quiere desir Rio de cañas | from regions above Tampa on the Gulf Coast |
| mayaimi | (very) large | llamase laguna de mayaimi porqués muy grande | from the Lake Okeechobee region |
| tocobaga chile | principal chief of the Tocobaga | el Rei casique mayor (...) llamase tocobaga chile | from the area around Tampa Bay |
Sipi is the name of a main idol in a Calusa temple, according to a 1743 report (Informe) by Fr. Joseph Xavier de Alaña that was sent to his superiors.Sturtevant, William C. 1978. "The last of the south Florida aborigines". In Jerald T. Milanich & Samuel Proctor (eds.), Tacachale: essays on the Indians of Florida and southeastern Georgia during the historic period, 141–162. Gainesville, FL: The University Presses of Florida.