Camp X#Hydra

File:Camp X Site - Sunday, October 9, 2011.jpg

Camp X was established December 6, 1941, by the chief of British Security Co-ordination (BSC), Sir William Stephenson, a Canadian from Winnipeg, Manitoba and a close confidant of Winston Churchill and Franklin Delano Roosevelt.{{cite book |title=Camp X |first=Eric |last=Walters |year=2002 |publisher=Puffin Canada |location=Toronto |isbn=0-14-131328-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/campx0000walt/page/229 229] |url=https://archive.org/details/campx0000walt/page/229 }} The camp was originally designed to link Britain and the US at a time when the US was forbidden by the Neutrality Act to be directly involved in World War II.

On the day before the attack on Pearl Harbor and America's entry into the war, Camp X had opened for the purpose of training Allied agents from the Special Operations Executive (SOE), Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and American Office of Strategic Services (OSS) intended to be dropped behind enemy lines for clandestine missions as saboteurs and spies.

However, even before the United States entered the war on December 8, 1941, agents from America's intelligence services expressed an interest in sending personnel for training at the soon to be opened Camp X. Agents from the FBI and the OSS (forerunner of the Central Intelligence Agency, or CIA) secretly attended Camp X in early 1942; at least a dozen attended at least some training.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol.-54-no.-2/pdfs-vol.-54-no.-2/Chambers-OSS%20Training%20in%20WWII-with%20notes-web-19Jun.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707003431/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol.-54-no.-2/pdfs-vol.-54-no.-2/Chambers-OSS%20Training%20in%20WWII-with%20notes-web-19Jun.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 7, 2010|title=-Office of Strategic Services Training During World War II -Dr. John Whiteclay Chambers II -June 2010|website=Cia.gov|accessdate=17 December 2017}}

After Stephenson established the facility and acted as the Camp's first head, the first commandant was Lt. Col. Arthur Terence Roper-Caldbeck.{{cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/xcompany/dispatches/camp-x-75th-anniversary-a-brief-history |title=Camp X 75th anniversary: a brief history |author= |date=December 6, 2016 |website=CBC |access-date=March 16, 2017}} Colonel William "Wild Bill" Donovan, war-time head of the OSS, credited Stephenson with teaching Americans about foreign intelligence gathering. The CIA even named their recruit training facility "The Farm", a nod to the original farm that existed at the Camp X site.Stafford, David. Camp X: Canada's School for Secret Agents. (pp 86–89, 193). Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1986.

Camp X was jointly operated by the BSC and the Government of Canada. There were several names for the school: S 25-1-1 by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), Project-J by the Canadian military, and Special Training School No. 103. The latter was set by the Special Operations Executive, administered under the cover of the Ministry of Economic Warfare (MEW) which operated the facility. In 1942 the Commandant of the camp was Lieutenant Colonel R. M. Brooker of the British Army.Stafford, David. Camp X: Canada's School for Secret Agents. (centre section, unpaged). Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1986.

In addition to operating an excellent document forging facility,{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/aug/19/military.secondworldwar|title=William Boyd on the largest covert operation in UK history|first=William|last=Boyd|date=19 August 2006|accessdate=17 December 2017 |website=The Guardian}} Camp X trained numerous Allied covert operatives. An estimate published by the CBC states that "By war's end, between 500 and 2,000 Allied agents had been trained (figures vary) and sent abroad..." behind enemy lines.{{cite web |url=http://www.rcinet.ca/en/2016/12/06/history-december-6-1941-war-spies-even-james-bond/ |title=History: December 6, 1941 – War, spies, even James Bond |last=Montgomery |first=Marc |date=December 6, 2016 |website= RCI Net|publisher=Radio Canada International |access-date=March 16, 2017}}

Reports indicate that graduates worked as "secret agents, security personnel, intelligence officers, or psychological warfare experts, serving in clandestine operations". Many were captured, tortured, and executed; survivors received no individual recognition for their efforts."{{Cite web |url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/APPS/CP-NR/release_e.asp?bgid=1790&andor1=bg |title=Parks Canada – News Releases and Backgrounders|access-date=2017-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924065713/http://www.pc.gc.ca/APPS/CP-NR/release_e.asp?bgid=1790&andor1=bg |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}

The predominant close-combat trainer for the British Special Operations Executive was William E. Fairbairn, called "Dangerous Dan". With instructor Eric A. Sykes, they trained numerous agents for the SOE and OSS. Fairbairn's technique was "Get down in the gutter, and win at all costs ... no more playing fair ... to kill or be killed."{{cite web|url=http://www.trainedtobeanossspy.com/camp-x/#.WMr5N-82wdd|title=Camp X « Trained to be an OSS Spy|website=Trainedtobeanossspy.com|date=5 December 2014 |accessdate=17 December 2017}} Another group operated Station M for developing and making covert devices for the British Security Co-ordination. Casa Loma in Toronto is often stated as the location of this station, claiming that the book Inside Camp X is the source.{{cite web|url=http://www.insidehalton.com/news-story/2893583-camp-x-trained-second-world-war-spies-inspiration-for-literature-s-james-bond-007/|title=Camp X trained Second World War spies; inspiration for literature's James Bond 007|date=11 November 2011|website=Insidehalton.com|accessdate=17 December 2017}} In 2015, however, author Lynn Philip Hodgson rejected this in an interview with the Toronto Star. "Nobody knows where Station M was. You won't read where it was in any book."{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2015/11/07/the-names-bond-maybe-st-james-bond-ian-flemings-toronto-inspirations.html|title=The name's Bond, maybe St. James Bond: Ian Fleming's Toronto inspirations|first=Oliver|last=Sachgau|date=7 November 2015|accessdate=17 December 2017|newspaper=Toronto Star}} It is more likely, though not certain, that the Casa Loma stables housed the development and production of ASDIC sonar devices for U-boat detection.Casa Loma: The House that Henry built: how a castle in downtown Toronto helped us win the battle of the Atlantic in WWII. Eric Leclerc. Esprit de Corps. 18.6 (July 2011) p. 32|url=[https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Casa+Loma%3A+the+house+that+Henry+built%3A+how+a+castle+in+downtown...-a0263521196] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317233404/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Casa+Loma%3A+the+house+that+Henry+built%3A+how+a+castle+in+downtown...-a0263521196|date=2017-03-17}}

Gustave Biéler, a Montrealer of Swiss origin, worked with SOE agents and French Resistance in Northern France before the D-Day invasion.{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/a-fallen-hero-a-daughter-left-behind-1.932847|title=A fallen hero, a daughter left behind|website=Cbc.ca|accessdate=17 December 2017}} "The group destroyed railways, bridges, troop transports and gasoline stores and hampering enemy movement and supplies," according to a CBC report. He was captured and executed by the Nazis in 1944.{{cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/xcompany/dispatches/camp-x-75th-anniversary-a-brief-history |title=Camp X 75th Anniversary: A Brief History |author= |date=December 6, 2016 |website=Cbc.ca|access-date=March 16, 2017}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ef9yCgAAQBAJ&q=Gustave+Bi%C3%A9ler++++Buckmaster&pg=PT164|title=Setting France Ablaze: The SOE in France During WWII|first=Peter|last=Jacobs|date=30 September 2015|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=978-1-4738-6662-1|accessdate=17 December 2017|via=Google Books}}

After the US entered the war, the OSS operated an "assassination and elimination" training program that was dubbed "the school of mayhem and murder" by George Hunter White.Albarelli, H. P., Jr. (2009). [http://aterriblemistake.com/ A Terrible Mistake: The Murder of Frank Olson and the CIA's Secret Cold War Experiments] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128134836/http://aterriblemistake.com/ |date=2011-01-28 }}. Walterville, OR: TrineDay Publishers. [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0977795373#reader_0977795373 pg. 67] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211212536/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0977795373#reader_0977795373 |date=2021-02-11 }}. {{ISBN|0-9777953-7-3}}.{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/melissa-roddy/a-terrible-mistake-hp-alb_b_485774.html|title=A Terrible Mistake: H.P. Albarelli's Investigation into CIA Scientist's Murder, at the Crossroads of Mind Control and Assassination|first=Melissa|last=Roddy|date=4 May 2010|website=Huffintonpost.com|accessdate=17 December 2017}} William Donovan later started similar programs in Maryland and Virginia, as well as in Cairo, Egypt. The Virginia Quantico training center was initially based on Camp X programs.[https://nationalpost.com/m/news/blog.html?b=news.nationalpost.com/2013/11/07/set-europe-ablaze-daughter-of-canadian-saboteur-who-sowed-chaos-among-nazis-discovers-heroic-legacy] {{dead link|date=December 2017}}

File:Rockex.jpg equipment invented by Benjamin deForest Bayly]]

One of the unique features of Camp X was Hydra, a highly sophisticated telecommunications relay station established in May 1942 by engineer Benjamin deForest Bayly. Bayly was the assistant director, with British army rank of lieutenant colonel.{{cite web|url=http://alumni.engineering.utoronto.ca/alumni-bios/bayly-benjamin-de-forest-pat/|title=Bayly, Benjamin de Forest (Pat) |publisher=University of Toronto |website=Engineering Alumni & Friends |date=10 October 2012 |accessdate=17 December 2017}} He also invented a very fast offline, one-time tape cipher machine for coding/decoding telegraph transmissions labelled the Rockex or "Telekrypton".

The book Inside Camp X indicates that the facility was located on Lake Ontario, 30 miles across from the U.S., because it was an ideal location for receiving radio communications from Europe and South America via the U.S. The camp was an appropriate location for the safe transfer of code due to the topography of the land; it was also an excellent site for picking up radio signals from the United Kingdom. A news article also indicates that "HAM Operators at Camp X used transmitters to send and receive coded messages from Britain behind enemy lines".

Hydra sent and received Allied radio (including telegraph) signals from around the world. The Government of Canada later stated that Hydra provided "an essential tactical and strategic component of the larger Allied radio network, secret information was transmitted securely to and from Canada, Great Britain, other Commonwealth countries and the United States".{{cite web |url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/APPS/CP-NR/release_e.asp?bgid=1790&andor1=bg |title=Secret Intelligence Activities at Camp X |author= |date=1 May 2015 |website=Canada |publisher=Government of Canada |access-date=23 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924065713/http://www.pc.gc.ca/APPS/CP-NR/release_e.asp?bgid=1790&andor1=bg |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}

The Hydra station was valuable for both coding and decoding information in relative safety from the prying ears of German radio observers and Nazi detection. Hydra also had direct access via land lines to Ottawa, New York City and Washington, D.C. for telegraph and telephone communications. The main transmitter was previously used as that of American AM station WCAU's shortwave sibling W3XAU, and upon severance of W3XAU in 1941, the transmitter was refurbished and became the transmitter for Hydra. Other radio apparatus was purchased discreetly from amateur radio enthusiasts, brought to the building in pieces and assembled on site."Hydra", in Lynn-Philip Hodgson, Inside – Camp X, 2000, pp. 77–84.

After use by the Canadian Forces during the Cold War, the transmitter was scrapped in 1969.

One of the trainees, or at least a visitor, may have been Ian Fleming, later famous for his James Bond books, according to the book Inside Camp X by Lynn Philip Hodgson. (While in Toronto, Fleming stayed at a hotel near St. James-Bond United Church, but many believe the name was borrowed from a noted American ornithologist.){{cite web|url=https://www.guelphmercury.com/opinion-story/6213551-james-bond-s-creator-found-inspiration-in-this-part-of-the-world/|title=Opinion – James Bond's creator found inspiration in this part of the world|first=Andrew|last=Vowles|date=31 December 2015|website=Guelph Mercury|accessdate=17 December 2017}} There is however evidence against this claim.{{cite book |last=Chancellor |first=Henry |year=2005 |title=James Bond: The Man and His World |publisher=John Murray |isbn=0-7195-6815-3}} The character of James Bond was "a highly romanticised version of the true spy" William Stephenson, and what Fleming once learned from him.{{cite web|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20160425/celebrating-wartime-spy-chief|title=Celebrating a wartime spy chief |website=The Royal Gazette (Bermuda) |first=Tim|last=Hodgson |date= April 25, 2016|accessdate=17 December 2017}}

Children's book writer Roald Dahl and British screenwriter Paul Dehn also trained at the camp.{{cite book |last=Conant |first=Jennet |year=2008 |title=The Irregulars: Roald Dahl and the British Spy Ring in Wartime Washington |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-7432-9458-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/irregularsroaldd00cona_0 }}

After it had closed in the fall of 1945, Camp X was used by the RCMP as a secure location for interviewing Soviet embassy cypher-clerk Igor Gouzenko, who had defected to Canada on 5 September and revealed an extensive Soviet espionage operation in the country. Gouzenko and his family spent two years at the facility.

Later, until the buildings were destroyed in 1969, the camp became the Oshawa Wireless Station under operation by the Royal Canadian Corps of Signals as a secret listening location. Any records not previously destroyed were stored under the Official Secrets Act. The site, located on Boundary Road in Whitby, Ontario, is now a passive park named "Intrepid Park". In recent years, the park has been the site of annual Remembrance Day ceremonies hosted by 2 Intelligence Company, a military intelligence unit based in Toronto, Ontario.

A damaged building from Camp X had been found and was being restored in 2016.{{Cite web |url=https://chronicle.durhamcollege.ca/2016/10/remaining-camp-x-building-whitby-ont/ |title=Remaining Camp X building in Whitby, Ont.|access-date=2017-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317054818/https://chronicle.durhamcollege.ca/2016/10/remaining-camp-x-building-whitby-ont/ |archive-date=2017-03-17 |url-status=dead }} Artifacts from the spy camp are still occasionally found in the park. In August 2016, a hobbyist with a metal detector uncovered a rusty World War II smoke mortar round, triggering a visit from Canadian Forces Base Trenton's bomb disposal team.[https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2016/08/24/man-finds-mortar-shell-at-whitby-park.html "Fire in the hole: Whitby man finds Second World War mortar bomb in lakefront park"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828163004/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2016/08/24/man-finds-mortar-shell-at-whitby-park.html |date=2016-08-28 }} (print version headline: "Whitby man finds Second World War bomb under park". Toronto Star, August 26, 2013. by Christopher Reynolds.

The historic plaque erected at Intrepid Park commemorates the school, which taught the techniques of secret warfare, and Hydra, which became an essential communications centre. An adjacent plaque is dedicated to the memory of Sir William Stephenson.

File:Camp X - Plaques.jpg|Plaque and memorial at the site of Camp X

File:Camp X - Monument.jpg|Monument at the site of Camp X in Whitby, Ontario

Camp X has been featured in movies and television programs, including the CBC series of X Company, three seasons, 2015 to 2017, and the History Channel's documentary Camp X: Secret Agent School, July 2014, by Toronto's Yap Films. The latter included recreations of scenes and featured interviews with actual individuals who had been associated with the camp.{{cite web |url=http://www.rcinet.ca/en/2014/07/14/the-mystery-of-camp-x-canadas-secretive-spy-school/ |title=The mystery of Camp-X, Canada's secretive spy school |last=Montgomery |first=Marc |date=July 14, 2014 |publisher=Radio Canada International |access-date=March 16, 2017 |quote=The documentary, Camp-X, uses recreations of scenes along with actual recent archeological digging at the site to recover artefacts, and interviews with former 'agents' and people associated with the training facility.}}{{cite news | author=Ian Robertson | url=http://www.torontosun.com/2014/07/12/camp-x-has-rich-history-as-canadian-spy-school | newspaper=Toronto Sun | date=12 July 2014 | title=Camp X has rich history as Canadian spy school }}

{{Reflist}}

• {{official|https://web.archive.org/web/20161026113930/http://www.camp-x.com/camp-x.html}} (archived in 2016)

Category:Locations in the history of espionage

Category:Military history of Canada during World War II

Category:Ministry of Economic Warfare

Category:Oshawa

Category:Special Operations Executive

Category:Whitby, Ontario

Category:World War II espionage

Category:World War II sites in Canada